磷矿周围铅污染情况调查

调查磷矿周围环境和畜禽组织铅含量,为保证磷矿周围畜禽产品安全提供依据。应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)进行测定。结果表明:1地表水、粮食和作物均不同程度被铅污染,辣椒牧草萝卜大米玉米白菜地表水土壤2土壤1;2鸡和鸭组织中均有铅污染,其中鸡和鸭肌肉为重度污染(Pi3);3猪和羊组织中均有铅污染,其中猪肉重度污染(Pi3)。说明磷矿周围环境及畜禽铅污染严重。     

2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。     

微波消解法测定乳制品中砷、汞、铅、铬含量的方法研究

依据食品安全国家标准,检测铅、砷、汞和铬的前处理方法均不统一,无法实现统一处理检测。本文建立微波消解方法对乳制品进行消解,消解后的样品可同时满足用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测铅、铬和用原子荧光光谱方法检测砷、汞。试验结果表明,采用微波消解法处理的样品可以同时用于铅、砷、汞和铬含量的检测,微波消解法测定乳制品中铅、砷、汞和铬的含量相对偏差小,回收率高,且得到的数据参数满意,检测数据准确,大幅度缩短了样品中铅、砷、汞和铬的检测时间。     

长顺苹果园土壤重金属含量水平及其评价

摘要：对长顺县7个苹果生产村代表苹果园土壤样品中镉、汞、砷、铅和铬含量进行了测定，结果表明，土壤中镉、汞、砷、铅和铬含量均未超过无公害食品产地环境规定的标准，单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1，适合无公害食品生产。     

乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量测定的实验室间比对分析

[目的]通过开展乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量检测的实验室间比对活动,考查集团化实验室检测能力水平。[方法]以自主研制的乳粉基质铅、铬、汞、砷质量控制样品为试验材料,经过均匀性、稳定性验证,采用稳健（Robust）统计技术的算法A,评价乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量的实验室检测能力。[结果]质量控制样品的均匀性和稳定性检验结果均满足实验室间比对计划要求;乳粉中铅、铬、汞、砷含量检测的满意率分别为98.4%、98.4%、96.7%、95.2%,无不满意结果,参试实验室整体检测能力良好。[结论]通过对乳粉中重金属元素含量检测过程进行技术比对分析,为提升集团化实验室检测技术能力和质量控制水平提供了良好基础。     

防止饲料污染对畜禽的危害

1　饲料的金属毒物污染污染饲料的金属毒物有:汞、镉、铅、砷、铬、镍、锌、铜以及非金属氟、硒等。上述有毒元素的污染源主要有:(1)我国广大地区存在着生物地球化学环境的异常,某些地区土壤、饲料和饮水中某些有毒元素含量过多,例如,青海、宁夏等省区有不少地区是高氟区;(2)工业三废污染,提高周边饲料中某些毒物含量。如汞污染多来源于制药、电镀、仪表、氯碱等工业;镉污染多来源于锌冶炼、矿山、电镀、化工、涂料等工业;铅污染多来源于铅矿、冶炼厂、印染厂、塑料厂、橡胶厂、电池厂以及汽车尾气排铅等。我国饲料卫生标准(ＧＢ13078-91)规…     

磷矿周围环境汞污染情况调查

对贵州省开阳某磷矿周围环境和畜禽进行汞污染调查,为掌握磷矿周围汞污染情况提供依据。采用原子荧光吸收法测定。结果表明:环境中土壤、牧草、白菜、地表水汞含量均超标;畜禽中鸭肾脏、猪脾脏、羊肝脏、牛肾脏、羊肺脏、羊脾脏、牛肠、羊肌肉汞含量超标。研究表明磷矿周围环境以及饲养的畜禽存在汞污染现象。     

伊犁地区肉牛产业链中土壤、饲料及牛肉中重金属残留分析

为了解新疆伊犁地区肉牛产业链中重金素元素的残留情况,本研究采用原子吸收法对新疆伊犁地区肉牛养殖场的土壤、饲料及屠宰场的牛肉进行重金属砷、铅、汞、铬、镉的检测。结果表明土壤样品中重金属铅、砷、汞、铬、镉元素含量分别为0.03~0.20、3.87~8.30、0.15~0.23、0.09~0.48和0.41~0.86 mg/kg。饲料样品中铅、砷、汞、铬、镉元素含量分别为3.01~18.09、75.35~94.27、19.65~24.37、0.06~1.04和1.81~8.46 μg/kg。牛肉中铅、砷、汞、铬、镉元素含量分别为0.23~0.54、1.22~7.12、0.28~0.53、0.01~0.27及0.02~0.03 μg/kg。土壤和饲料、饲料和牛肉、土壤和牛肉中重金素含量的相关系数分别是0.96、0.99、0.98。综上所述,伊犁地区肉牛养殖场的土壤和饲料,屠宰场的牛肉中重金素铅、砷、汞、铬、镉元素的含量均没有超标,三者中重金属含量具有较高的相关性。     

环洪泽湖农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复对策研究

为了研究环洪泽湖地区农田土壤重金属污染状况,试验采用常规方法测定了农田土壤环境中汞、镉、铅、铬、砷等重金属含量。结果表明:环洪泽湖地区农田土壤中重金属汞和镉重度污染,其中汞含量较高的是泗洪县和洪泽县农田,泗阳县和盱眙县次之,淮阴区最低;泗阳、泗洪县农田土壤中镉含量较高,洪泽、盱眙县次之,淮阴区含量最低。     

畜产品质量问题剖析及提升措施

1畜产品质量存在的问题 近年来,随着养殖业的快速发展,规模化、集约化的养殖场和养殖小区不断增加,畜禽的粪便和污水排放量剧增,养殖污染问题越来越突出。一些养殖场的粪便随地堆积,污水任意排放,这些粪便进入水体或渗入浅层地下水后,对环境造成严重污染。环境的污染导致金属如汞、砷、铅及其他有毒成分等污染物直接进入动物体内,并在畜禽体内大量蓄积。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.