牛红细胞生成性卟啉症的研究进展

EPP是一种常染色体隐性遗传缺陷病。由亚铁螯合酶基因缺陷导致编码酶的活性降低引起,该酶活性不足时使动物体内血红素含量降低和卟啉及其前体过度增加。文章就牛、人EPP的主要症状、检测方法、亚铁螯合酶及其基因的研究进展进行较为详细的论述。     

寡糖螯合亚铁对妊娠母猪繁殖性能和血红蛋白含量的影响

试验旨在探究妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加一种新型的寡糖螯合亚铁替代甘氨酸亚铁对母猪繁殖性能的影响。选用40头妊娠85 d、平均胎龄为4.37、体况相近的长×大二元经产母猪，完全随机分为2个处理组，每组20个重复，每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂含有甘氨酸亚铁（150 mg/kg）的饲粮，试验组饲喂寡糖螯合亚铁（150 mg/kg）的饲粮。试验期从妊娠85 d至母猪分娩。结果表明：妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加寡糖螯合亚铁等量替代甘氨酸亚铁对产活仔数、初生健仔数（≥1 kg）、产死胎数、木乃伊数、仔猪初生重和初生窝重均无显著影响；妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加寡糖螯合亚铁等量替代甘氨酸亚铁对分娩时母猪血液和初生仔猪脐带血中血红蛋白含量影响没有显著差异。由此可见，妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加寡糖螯合亚铁等量替代甘氨酸亚铁对母猪繁殖性能和母仔猪血红蛋白含量没有负面影响。     

大鼠高剂量铜对不同铁源吸收的影响

本试验用50日龄Wistar纯系雄性大鼠 ,采用放射性同位素示踪技术结合灌注体内原位结扎肠段技术 ,研究了饲粮中添加高剂量铜对氯化亚铁、赖氨酸螯合铁和甘氨酸螯合铁吸收的影响。试验中观察了向结扎肠段灌注含不同形态铁的吸收液后 ,不同时间点(5、15、30、60、90、120分钟)血液中59Fe比放射性的动态变化 ;120分钟(试验结束)时不同组织器官中59Fe的放射性大小和总铁含量以及主要血液学指标的变化。试验结果表明 :①在一定时间内(28天) ,采食缺铁纯合日粮和纯合高铜日粮(250mg/kg) ,大鼠体内铁的耗竭程度有显著差异 ,纯合高铜日粮使大鼠体内铁耗竭程度更大。②在本试验条件下 ,向日粮中添加高剂量铜(250mg/kg) ,对氯化亚铁、赖氨酸螯合铁和甘氨酸螯合铁的吸收影响都不显著。③与氯化亚铁相比 ,赖氨酸螯合铁和甘氨酸螯合铁能更有效地被大鼠吸收     

日粮中添加复合氨基酸螯合盐对异育银鲫生理机能的影响

为研究复合氨基酸螯合Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn对异育银鲫生理机能的影响,试验采用正交设计L9(34),添加复合氨基酸螯合Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn4种微量元素,配制9种试验饲料饲喂异育银鲫当年鱼种,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明,在4种复合氨基酸螯合微量元素中,螯合Fe对粘液LSZ酶活力影响最大,螯合Cu对血清LSZ、血清CuZnSOD、血清GPT、肝脏GPT和血红蛋白的影响最大,螯合Mn对血清T-SOD、粘液T-SOD、肝脏T-SOD和肝脏CuZnSOD酶活力的影响最大。     

甘氨酸亚铁稳定常数的检测方法及意义

<正>氨基酸亚铁作为一种新型饲料添加剂,以其良好的稳定性、高效的生物利用率广泛应用到饲料添加剂领域。甘氨酸亚铁产品优次的评定指标主要有螯合率、稳定常数及络合强度。其中稳定常数是评判甘氨酸亚铁稳定性的重要指标。文中就甘氨酸亚铁稳定常数的检测方法及检测意义作一综述,为广大消费者选择优质甘氨酸亚铁提供技术支持。     

铁添加剂在动物生产上的应用

正目前饲料中使用的铁添加剂经历了三个发展阶段,第一代产品即无机铁:硫酸亚铁、碳酸亚铁、三氧化铁、氯化铁、氯化亚铁等;第二代产品即有机盐铁:乳酸铁、葡聚糖铁、柠檬酸亚铁、延胡索酸铁等;第三代为蛋白源或氨基酸螯合铁:蛋氨酸螯合铁、苏氨     

多元螯合与多重螯合微量元素的理论及其在饲料业中的应用

本文针对有机微量元素存在的问题,特别是许多有机微量元素产品实际是少量螯合物和大量无机和有机微量元素的混合物等情况,根据有机微量元素中无机微量元素与有机物结合的螯合率、转化率、螯合常数、螯合强度的机理,应用系统动物营养学原理,提出有机微量元素多元螯合和多重螯合的理论.多元螯合是指在同一反应体系中,一种有机物与多种无机元素分别结合的工艺.多重螯合是指在同一反应体系中,一种无机金属元素与多种有机物分别结合的工艺.研究和开发单一螯合、多元螯合和多重螯合等系列产品,可以满足饲料业与养殖业不同目的的需要.     

蛋氨酸亚铁制备方法的研究

以蛋氨酸、氢氧化钠和氯化亚铁为主要原料.添加剂为食品级水溶性高分子表面活性剂和阴离子表面活性剂(二者共同作为蛋氨酸亚铁的抗氧化剂).研究了蛋氨酸亚铁的制备条件.结果表明,pH值为影响产率的主要因素,抗氧化剂应用与否以及是否真空干燥是影响产品质量的主要因素.确定了较佳的反应条件:蛋氨酸与亚铁的物质的量之比为2,pH=6.5～7,产品得率为96%.产品中含亚铁15.0%,蛋氨酸82.7%.水溶性高分子和阴离子表面活性剂的添加量均为蛋氨酸用量的1%.     

丛枝菌根真菌和糖醇螯合钙对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活及其关键基因表达的影响

以盆栽‘红颜’草莓为试材，研究了摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和糖醇螯合钙不同浓度（0.10%、0.15%、0.20%）处理对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活的变化，同时，初步探究了不同处理对草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1、FaβGal4的表达水平的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，以糖醇螯合钙单独施用（0.15%和0.20%）、接种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）配施糖醇螯合钙均能显著提高草莓果实硬度。同时，不同处理均抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性的上升，草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1和FaβGal4在处理后均下调表达。在接种AMF条件下，随着糖醇螯合钙浓度的增加，果实硬度逐渐增强，其中以接种AMF联合施用0.20%糖醇螯合钙溶液效果最好。     

氨基酸螯合铁在养猪生产中的研究与应用

铁是动物体的必需微量元素.本文主要对氨基酸螯合铁在养猪生产中的研究与应用进行介绍,旨在阐述氨基酸螯合铁的优势及其良好的应用效果.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。