脱毒菜籽饼对鸡饲养效果的评价——Ⅱ.代谢能与氨基酸消化率的测定

在京黄肉鸡和京白蛋鸡上应用 Sibbald“鸡真代谢能”快速测定法,测定了脱毒菜籽饼,菜籽饼、豆饼和鱼粉的表观代谢能含量和氨基酸的消化率。试验结果表明:(1)酸法脱毒工艺生产的脱毒菜籽饼与原菜籽饼的表观代谢能含量相近,分别为8.91和9.41MJ/kg(蛋鸡);(2)在13种饲料氨基酸中,脱毒菜籽饼和菜籽饼低于鱼粉和豆饼,各占21.65%,20.41%;(3)脱毒菜籽饼在蛋鸡体内氨基酸的平均消化率为87.73%,比鱼粉或豆饼中氨基酸的平均消化率仅低4.25%或2.36%,但比原菜籽饼高15.32%,说明脱毒工艺提高了菜籽饼中氨基酸的消化率。试验证明,用脱毒菜籽饼代替鸡饲粮中的豆饼是可行的。同时,还测得肉鸡对饲料中能量的利用和氨基酸的消化率高于蛋鸡,用四种蛋白质饲料饲喂京黄肉鸡的 AME 值平均比京白蛋鸡高3.74%,氨基酸的消化率京黄肉鸡比京白蛋鸡高5.79%。     

季节因素对真代谢能法测定鸡饲料氨基酸消化率影响的初步研究

本文分别在夏季(平均温度22℃,光照15小时)和秋季(平均温度12℃,光照12小时)采用Sibbalcl“真代谢能法”测定了菜籽饼、棉仁粕、豆饼和豆粕的氨基酸利用率和鸡内源氨基酸排泄量。结果表明,试鸡夏季内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于秋季(P<0.01)。4种饲料样品氨基酸平均表观消化率夏季测定值分别为57.0,67.6,70.7,87.8;秋季测定值分别为70.4,75.4,72,4,91.9。菜籽饼、棉仁粕和豆粕氨基酸消化率夏季测定位显著低于秋季测定值(P<0.05)。4种饲料平均真氨基酸消化率夏季测定值分别为63.6,74.1,75.8,91.1;秋季测定值分别为72.7,79.1,74.2,93.4。夏季测定值除豆饼外,仍低于秋季测定值,但除菜籽饼外,差异不显著(P>0.01)。因此,在进行鸡饲料氨基酸利用率测定时,有必要考虑温度和光照的季节影响因素。     

去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡测定饲料氨基酸消化率的比较研究

应用Sibbald“TME”方法,比较了去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡对饲料氨基酸的消化率。试验测定了10种饲料的去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡的氨基酸消化率。结果表明,未去盲肠鸡对10种饲料的氨基酸表观和真消化率均高于去盲肠鸡。轻度受热鱼粉、重度受热鱼粉、脱毒棉籽饼、未脱毒棉籽饼和豆饼的表观氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),未受热鱼粉和芝麻饼的表观氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。轻度受热鱼粉、重度受热鱼粉、豆饼的真氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间存在显著差异(P<0.05);未受热鱼粉、脱毒棉籽饼、未脱毒棉籽饼和芝麻粕的真氨基酸消化率在去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排出量显著高于未去盲肠鸡(P>0.05)。微生物对未消化食糜中的肽类、氨基酸具有降解作用。     

菜籽饼和棉仁饼对饲粮中矿物质有效性的影响

菜籽饼和棉仁饼是我国仅次于豆饼的另两类丰富的蛋白质饲料资源.美国NRC中鸡的营养需要量是按玉米-豆饼型饲粮制订的,而我国鸡的营养需要量标准,又主要引自美国NRC.所以,这样的营养需要量、能否应用于含有菜籽饼和棉仁饼的饲粮,则必须进行生物学有效性差异的试验研究.这对于我国养鸡生产中合理利用各地饼类蛋白饲料资源,具有重要意义.然而,目前国内外这方面的报道却很少见.本次试验的目的,是研究以菜籽饼和棉仁饼分别代替玉米-豆饼型饲粮中1/2豆饼     

鸡对胱氨酸废液中17种氨基酸真利用率

用脱盐后生产胱氨酸废液制备的氨基酸添加剂为试样，以生长正常的20周龄罗曼公鸡为试禽，测得了鸡对试样中17种氨基酸真利用率；试验结果表明：胱氨酸废液中10种动物必需氨基酸平均真利用率稍高于豆粕和鱼粉，但无显著性差异（P分别＞0．5和0．2），但显著高于棉籽粕，肉粉和血粉（P分别＜0．001、0．002和0．001）。     

几种鸡常用饲料可消化氨基酸测定报告

对血粉、鱼粉、豆粕、大豆、菜籽饼、玉米及麦麸等７种鸡常用饲料进行可消化氨基酸测定，以血粉的表观可消化总氨基酸含量最高，但其蛋氨酸含量较低，依次为鱼粉、豆粕、大豆、菜籽饼、麦麸和玉米。扣除试难内源氨基酸的干扰，７种饲料的真可消化氨基酸含量较其表观可消化氨基酸含量有所提高，提高的百分点依次为２．６０、１．３４、１．３３、１．１９、１．１６、０．３５６和０．５３。     

鸡对饲料氨基酸有效利用率的研究

采用Sibbald“真代谢能”法测定饲料原料的氨基酸有效利用率。试验鸡分别强饲玉米、大豆粕和鱼粉 ,测定鸡强饲后的氨基酸排出量。结果表明 ,不同种类饲料原料的氨基酸利用率存在差异 ,玉米与大豆粕、鱼粉间差异显著 (P <0 0 5)。不同种类氨基酸之间利用率也有差异。 3种饲料原料的氨基酸真利用率均大于表观利用率 ,其中玉米的差异达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 1 ) ,表明内源性氨基酸对氨基酸利用率有影响 ,且这种影响随饲料原料中粗蛋白质水平的下降而增大。 3种饲料原料的氨基酸利用率在去盲肠鸡与正常鸡之间存在差异。盲肠微生物对饲料原料的氨基酸利用率有影响 ,且对不同种类氨基酸的影响有差异 ,这种影响不能通过内源性氨基酸的校正而消除。另外 ,内源性氨基酸的排泄量在去盲肠鸡大于正常鸡。表明内源性氨基酸也受到盲肠微生物的影响     

发酵菜籽饼用作肥育猪饲料的营养价值评定

为研究微生物混菌固态好氧发酵菜籽饼并评价其在肥育猪上的营养价值,选择植物乳杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌混菌固态好氧发酵菜籽饼,制得发酵菜籽饼,选择3头(75±1.34)kg健康回肠末端安装"T"型瘘管的杜长大杂种阉公猪,采用指示剂法进行氨基酸回肠末端消化率试验;试验期共3期(27 d),每期试验包括4 d预试期、3 d粪尿收集期和2 d回肠食糜采集期,在3个时期内依次饲喂普通菜籽饼、发酵菜籽饼和酪蛋白为唯一蛋白质来源的半纯合饲粮,在各试验期内3头猪饲喂相同饲粮,酪蛋白用于测定内源氮损失,对发酵菜籽饼进行营养价值评定。结果显示,最优发酵条件下测得硫苷、异硫氰酸酯和唑烷硫酮的降解率分别为67.26%、60.38%和53.24%,粗蛋白质和小肽含量分别提高2.74和2.4个百分点。发酵菜籽饼组的消化能和代谢能分别为12.11和10.99 MJ/kg,显著高于普通菜籽饼组。发酵菜籽饼组的干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率比普通菜籽饼组分别显著提高7.67%和13.66%;回肠粗蛋白质表观消化率和真消化率分别为79.38%和86.67%,均显著高于普通菜籽饼组。除缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸和胱氨酸外,发酵菜籽饼组必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的回肠表观和真消化率均显著高于普通菜籽饼组(P0.05)。说明混菌固态发酵有效地改善了菜籽饼的饲用品质,显著提高了菜籽饼养分消化利用率。     

不同豆饼与豆粕氨基酸利用率对肉仔鸡生产性能影响的研究

本研究采用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ（１９７６）真代谢能（ＴＭＥ）法测定了八种不同来源的豆饼与豆粕的氨基酸表现和真利用率，同时测定了其蛋白溶解度（ＰＳ），并选择四种ＰＳ值梯度不同的豆饼、粕作为唯一的蛋白质来源配制无鱼粉日粮供作试验日粮。结果表明：两种生豆饼除组氨酸外，其它１６种氨基酸表现和真利用率均低于正常豆饼、粕，两种过热豆饼赖和精氨酸利用率分别比正常豆粕低７％和５％。正常豆粕配制的三个不同蛋白或赖氨酸水平     

应用Sibbald“TME”方法测定鸡饲料氨基酸利用率的研究

饲料氨基酸利用率的测定是进行可利用氨基酸营养研究的一项基础性工作。本研究利用去盲肠公鸡,应用Sibbald“TME”方法,测定了玉米、次粉、高粱、菜籽饼、棉籽饼、棉仁粕、胡麻饼、豆饼、豆粕、鱼粉、豌豆蛋白粉、绿豆蛋白粉、蚕豆蛋白粉的氨基酸表观和真消化率。氨基酸平均真消化率超过90%的依次为豆粕、蚕豆蛋白粉、鱼粉、绿豆蛋白粉、豌豆蛋白粉。消化率低于85％、高于80％的依次为高粱、玉米、次粉,消化率低于80％的依次为棉仁粕、豆饼、菜籽饼、胡麻饼、棉籽饼。所测饲料各氨基酸的平均真消化率大于85％的依次为谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸、门冬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸;消化率在80％～85％之间的依次为丝氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸;小于80％的依次为苏氨酸、赖氨酸和胱氨酸。研究结果表明,不同饲料和不同氨基酸之间消化率存在很大的差异。内源氨基酸排泄量对低蛋白饲料氨基酸利用率存在较大的影响。适当的加工处理对于提高饼粕类饲料的氨基酸消化率具有重要意义。     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定大豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了豆粕、棉仁粕和菜籽粕的氨基酸消化率。试验结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在大豆粕中，胱氨酸、苏氨酸等５种氨基酸的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在棉仁粕和菜籽粕中，除个别氨基酸外，大多数氨基酸及氨基酸总和的消化率未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５），可见，饲料种类、试鸡有无盲肠均影响饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ。盲肠微生物对内源及饲料中未消化蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸具有分解作用，干扰饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ测定。对于不易消化，氨基酸含量相对不平衡的低品质蛋白质饲料干扰尤其严重。因此用去盲肠公鸡测定的饲料ＡＡＤ值更接近氨基酸在消化道内消化吸收的真实情况。     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定花生粕、胡麻粕、芝麻粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了花生粕、胡麻粕和芝麻粕的氨基酸消化率。结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在花生粕中，胱氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的ＡＡＤ未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在胡麻粕和芝麻粕中，除酪氨酸和脯氨酸外，其它各种氨基酸及１６种氨基酸总和的ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。鸡盲肠微生物对内源及饲料中未消化蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸具有分解作用，干扰饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ测定。对于不易消化、氨基酸含量相对不平衡的低品质蛋白质饲料干扰尤其严重。在测定的３种饼粕中，花生粕氨基酸消化率最高，胡麻粕次之。过度热处理的芝麻粕氨基酸平均消化率为４７．３％，赖氨酸消化率为２１．７％。     

鸡盲肠对饲料磷的消化作用

本文采用去盲肠和有盲肠公鸡的对比试验方法研究了盲肠对饲料磷的消化作用。结果表明：（１）去盲肠鸡内源磷排泄量为４９ｍｇ／日．只,有盲肠鸡的内源磷排泄量为４２ｍｇ／日．只,两者差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,可见,盲肠能够消化吸收内源磷;（２）当公鸡采食含豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕、花生粕或胡麻粕的半纯合日粮时,植酸磷采食量较高,有盲肠鸡磷的排泄量显著低于去盲肠鸡,真消化率显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）,表明     

Digestibilities of amino acids in soyabean, sunflower and groundnut meals, determined with intact and caecectomised cockerels

1. Three isonitrogenous diets were formulated in which soyabean (dehulled), sunflower (hulled) and groundnut (dehulled) meals were the sole protein sources. 2. 50 g of each diet was tube-fed to each of 24 intact and 24 caecectomised cockerels, which had been previously starved for 48 h. Excreta were collected, individually, for 48 h. The concentrations of amino acids in the diets and excreta were determined, and digestibility coefficients calculated. 3. Differences between intact and caecectomised birds for true digestibility evaluations reached significance for threonine, glycine and lysine only. Deamination of threonine and glycine, and synthesis of lysine, in the caeca was implied. 4. Neither the true digestibility of nitrogen, nor that of the sum of the amino acids differed between protein sources. 5. True digestibilities of most essential amino acids, considered individually, in sunflower and groundnut meals were similar to or greater than, those of soyabean meal. Exceptionally, lysine was more digestible in soyabean (0.879) than in sunflower (0.722) or groundnut (0.788) meals.     

Digestibilities of amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meals, determined with intact and caecectomised cockerels

1. Maize, wheat and barley meals, and a protein-free diet were each force-fed to 24 intact and 24 caecectomised adult cockerels. For each test, birds were starved of solid food for 48 h, fed, and then excreta collected for 48 h. 2. Quantities of nitrogen (N) and amino acids excreted after feeding the protein-free diet did not differ between intact and caecectomised birds. 3. True digestibility coefficients of N and amino acids did not differ between intact and caecectomised birds. 4. Differences between cereals in apparent digestibility of amino acids were inconsistent and more readily attributed to differences between amino acid intake than bioavailability. 5. Differences between cereals in true digestibility of amino acids were confined to higher values for N, aspartic acid, alanine and leucine in maize than in barley or wheat meals.     

The influence of caecectomy on amino acid availability of three feedstuffs for ganders

1. Experiments were conducted to assess the influence of caecectomy on amino acid availability (AAA) of three feedstuffs for goose. 2. Nine caecectomised and 9 intact Yangzhou ganders, 24 weeks old, were used in these experiments. Fish meal, soybean meal and cottonseed meal were used as the sole source of protein. The endogenous amino acid (AA) losses were evaluated by a nitrogen (N)-free diet method. The influence of caecectomy on apparent amino acid availability (AAAA) in fish meal, soybean meal and cottonseed meal was assessed in experiment 1 and true amino acid availability (TAAA) of three protein diets was determined in experiment 2. 3. Results showed that, in the soybean meal and cottonseed meal, the AAAA and TAAA of most AA determined by the intact ganders were higher than in the caecectomised ganders; in the fish meal, the AAAA and TAAA of most AA determined by the intact ganders were lower than in the caecectomised ganders. 4. Results of the present study suggest that the effect of caecectomy on AAA in geese was dependent on the feedstuff assayed, and it was better to use caecectomised poultry for AAA assessment.     

近红外光谱技术快速测定豆粕、玉米真可消化氨基酸含量的研究

本试验应用近红外光谱技术（ＮＩＲＳ）预测了豆粕、玉米中的真可消化氨基酸含量。氨基酸消化率用去盲肠公鸡作试验动物,用修正的Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲法进行测定。定标的结果表明,豆粕中除与胱氨酸有关的几个方程外,其它氨基酸的定标经检验证明具有良好的预测性能。玉米真可消化氨基酸的定标性能不如豆粕好,目前还不能进行实际的应用,但大部分氨基酸定标方程的相关系数经Ｆ检验达到极显著水平,说明用ＮＩＲＳ预测玉米真可消化氨基酸是可行的。近红外光谱技术提供了一种可用于日常测定鸡真可消化氨基酸的即时分析方法,它能够替代查书面值以及使用耗时而昂贵的体内法测定真可消化氨基酸含量。营养学家可根据真可消化氨基酸数据进行饲料配方,起到准确、及时、低投入、高产出、低污染、高效利用饲料资源的作用。     

Utilization of alternative protein meals with or without multiple-enzyme supplementation in broilers fed low-energy diets

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different protein meals, with or without enzyme supplementation, on the performance of broilers. A diet based on a combination of protein meals (15% soybean meal, and 5% each of sunflower meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, and cottonseed meal) was compared with 4 other diets containing 15% soybean meal and 20% of sunflower meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, or cottonseed meal. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 2,630 kcal of ME/kg and 0.95% digestible lysine, with all other essential amino acids set to meet or exceed the ideal protein ratios. Each diet was fed with or without supplemental exogenous enzyme (Rovabio Excel at 500 g/metric ton of feed) to 6 replicate pens of 50 chicks from 1 to 35 d posthatch as coarse mash. In the cottonseed meal-based diet, supplemental enzyme resulted in high 35-d feed intake and FCR compared with the cottonseed meal-fed groups with no enzyme. There was a significant (P < 0.05) diet × enzyme interaction for 35-d feed intake and FCR. Birds fed the sunflower meal-based diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher final BW gain and lower FCR as compared with those fed rapeseed meal- or cottonseed meal-based diets, whereas the BW gain of birds fed the rapeseed meal-based diet was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with birds in all other groups. In conclusion, in low-ME broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis, up to 20% sunflower meal and canola meal can be safely incorporated into the diet. Supplementation of Rovabio failed to exert any positive effect on production parameters when used with diets containing high levels of each of the common protein meals.     

Determination of amino acid digestibility using caecectomised and intact adult cockerels

Four subsamples of meat and bone meal (MBM) were heated (150 degrees C) for 0, 1.5, 3 and 5 h and then incorporated into four individual diets (100 g MBM/kg diet). The diets were precision-fed to 10 caecectomised and 10 intact adult cockerels. The apparent amino acid digestibility (ApAAD) and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) of the diets were determined by analysis of the excreta. The digestibility coefficients measured using caecectomised birds were lower than those determined with intact birds. Coefficients of digestibility were statistically examined by analysis of variance for the effects of bird type (caecectomised or intact), type of calculation (apparent or true) and diet (heat-treatment) with and without accommodation for individual bird variability. If individual bird variability was not considered in the analysis the bird type X diet interactions (P less than 0.01) included glutamic acid, tyrosine and serine. When individual bird variability was included in the analysis, significant (P less than 0.01) bird type X diet interactions occurred for aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, leucine, tyrosine and lysine and the precision of the data was markedly improved. Amino acid digestibility using the precision-feeding procedure is affected by the selection of either intact or caecectomised birds.