猪伪狂犬病病毒蛋白激酶基因的克隆及其部分生物信息学分析

采用PCR方法扩增出12株伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)的蛋白激酶(Protein Kinase,PK)基因全序列,并测序,使用生物信息学软件对这12株PRV的PK基因序列以及GenBank登录的6条PK基因序列进行了生物信息学分析和预测。结果显示,PRV PK基因开放阅读框的核苷酸长度为1 107~1 170 bp,氨基酸长度为368~389个;核酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为96.7%~100%和73.9%~100%;在PK基因核酸序列1 079~1 099 bp和240~250 bp处有2个高变重复区;蛋白质疏水性、抗原表位的分析结果十分相似,而且PK基因编码的蛋白质均具有真核细胞丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶催化结构域的保守氨基酸共有序列和亚结构域特征序列。结果表明,PRV PK基因在大部分毒株具有较高的保守性。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒XIN-W株gD和gE基因的克隆及序列分析

根据已发表的PRVgD、gE基因序列 ,设计合成了两对引物 ,对猪伪狂犬病病毒XIN W株相关的毒力基因gD、gE序列进行测定和分析。经PCR扩增分别得到了全长为 12 0 9bp,1 743bp的gD、gE全基因序列 ,将它们克隆到pGEM T Easy载体中 ,并转化JM1 0 9,挑取阳性菌落的质粒进行PCR、酶切、测序鉴定 ,与其他参考毒株的gD、gE基因进行比较。结果表明 ,XIN W株与其它毒株相比 ,gD、gE基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为 97.9%～99.3 % ,98.0 %～ 98.7% ;氨基酸序列的同源性分别为 97.0 %～ 99.3 % ,97.1 %～ 98.1 %。不同的PRV毒株间gD、gE基因在核苷酸水平和氨基酸水平高度保守。遗传进化树显示 ,XIN W株和国内其它毒株起源相同 ,属同一进化分支     

猪伪狂犬病病毒野毒株的分离鉴定及gC、gD基因序列分析

2019年河南某猪场暴发疑似猪伪狂犬病疫情,本试验采集发病猪的病料组织,进行伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)毒株的分离鉴定,并分析分离毒株的生物学特性。结果显示：分离毒株HNCY的TCID₅₀为10^-8.48/0.1 mL;一步生长曲线显示,分离毒株在12～24 h复制较快,48 h到达最高峰;分离毒株对小鼠具有较强的致死性,且肺脏中病毒含量最高;序列分析显示,HNCY株gC基因核苷酸序列与国内外PRV分离毒株的同源性为95.9%～100.0%,gD基因同源性为98.9%～100.0%;gC氨基酸序列与国内外PRV分离毒株的同源性为92.9%～100.0%,gD氨基酸同源性为97.5%～100.0%,且国内同源性高于国外;遗传进化分析显示,HNCY分离株gC、gD基因与欧美毒株在不同的大分支上,亲缘关系远;与国内分离株在同一分支上,且与2011年之前分离的PRV毒株在不同的小分支上,表明HNCY分离株属于国内变异毒株。     

猪伪狂犬病毒流行株JL1株主要基因的遗传变异分析

为了解我国吉林省某地区猪伪狂犬病毒流行株JL1株的遗传变异情况,对PRV JL1株TK、gI、gD、gE和gB基因进行克隆测序,并与GenBank上发表的国内外毒株进行序列分析和遗传进化分析。结果显示,JL1株TK、gI、gD、gE和gB基因与国内外其他参考毒株的核苷酸同源性为99.6%~100%,96.4%~99.9%,98.8%~99.9%,98.1%~99.9%,98.4%~99.9%;氨基酸同源性为99.4%~100%,94.3%~99.7%,97.3%~99.8%,95.7%~99.5%,97%~99.7%。氨基酸多序列比对发现,PRV JL1株gE基因第48位和496位各插入一个天冬氨酸(D),与流行变异株的基因特征一致;同时gD基因、gI基因和gB基因分别有不同数量的氨基酸的插入和缺失。遗传进化分析表明,JL1株与国内近年来分离的流行毒株亲缘关系较近,尤其与JS-2012流行毒株亲缘关系相对最近,而与国外分离的经典毒株亲缘关系较远。通过对PRV JL1流行毒株的重要基因进行遗传变异分析,进一步了解PRV变异情况,可为当前流行的猪伪狂犬病防控以及疫苗的研究提供参考依据。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒福建株gB、gD基因的克隆和序列分析

参照已发表的扩增伪狂犬病毒（pseudorabies virus, PRV）gB和gD表位基因的PCR扩增引物合成2对引物,以福建分离株（LY株）提取的DNA为模板,得到目的片段gB、gD基因的长度分别为578和653 bp,并进行了克隆和测序,然后与国内外其他分离株进行了核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分析,并构建了遗传进化关系图。结果表明,LY株与GenBank中收录的国内外有代表性的标准参考分离株相比,gB、gD基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为74.9%～98.8%、97.2%～98.1%;氨基酸序列的同源性分别为62.9%～96.4%、94.5%～96.8%。进化分析结果表明,LY株与目前国内流行的毒株在同一个进化分支内,和Ea株（湖北）、LA株（山东）亲缘关系最近,与国外分离株有一定差异。     

伪狂犬病病毒FJMH1907b株的分离和gD基因的演化分析

为探究福建省新流行的猪伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)gD基因的遗传进化情况,根据GenBank已公布的PRV gD基因序列设计1对特异性扩增引物,对新分离PRV FJMH1907b株的gD基因进行PCR扩增、测序,与国内外已发表的15个毒株进行同源性比对分析,并构建遗传进化树.新分离FJM...     

闽西地区新流行猪伪狂犬病病毒gD基因分子特征

本研究收集闽西不同地区的17株猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)分离株,并对其gD基因进行遗传变异分析,探讨2013—2015年闽西地区PRV流行株的现状、分子生物学特征和遗传演化规律。结果显示,17株PRV分离株与7株PRV国内分离株核苷酸及氨基酸序列的同源性较高均为99.0%~100.0%;与4株国外PRV经典株的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性相对较低,分别为98.6%~99.3%,97.0%~99.0%。核苷酸多序列比对结果显示,17株PRV分离株最具有特征性的变化是在831~836bp插入了连续的6个碱基CCGGCC,进而导致gD氨基酸序列275~276位增加了2个氨基酸RP。抗原性分析结果显示,这2个氨基酸还位于gD蛋白的抗原表位区内。遗传进化树分析结果显示,17株PRV分离株与7株国内分离株、韩国Yangsan株及美国Becker株位于一个相对独立的遗传分支内,亲缘关系较近;与Bartha及Kaplan 2株匈牙利分离株位于不同的大遗传进化分支中,亲缘关系较远。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒福建新分离株gB基因的变异研究

为探究2013年~2014年福建省新流行的猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gB基因的遗传进化情况,根据Gen Bank已公布的PRV gB基因序列设计了2对特异性扩增引物,对4株新分离的PRV的gB基因进行克隆、测序及拼接,与国内外已发表的14个毒株进行同源性比对分析,并构建遗传进化树。结果表明:福建省新流行毒株gB基因序列全长2 742 bp,编码913个氨基酸,与其它参考毒株的核苷酸序列的同源性为98.3%~99.2%;在aa75~aa77处存在连续的3个氨基酸缺失;遗传进化树表明,4株新流行毒株与国外分离毒株同属一分群,分属两个分支,而与国内分离毒株亲缘关系较远。本研究为丰富福建省猪群PRV的分子流行病学和掌握PRV的分子遗传进化规律奠定基础。     

伪狂犬病病毒FJ-2015株主要免疫原基因的遗传进化分析

为了解伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)变异株主要免疫原相关基因的序列遗传特征,本研究对PRV FJ-2015株g B、g C和g D基因进行克隆和测序分析。结果显示,FJ-2015株3个主要免疫原基因推导氨基酸序列与2012年以来国内新分离PRV变异株同源性较高,分别为99.7%~100%、99.6%~100%和98.5%~99.8%;而与国外分离株氨基酸同源性较低,分别为96.9%~97.5%、93.1%~93.3%和97.3%~98.8%,其中与疫苗株Bartha-K61同源性最低,为96.9%、93.1%和97.3%;氨基酸比对显示,与经典病毒株相比,该病毒株发生多个位点的一致性替换、插入或缺失,并处于重要的抗原表位区;遗传进化关系表明,该病毒株g B基因遗传演化与分离时间和分离国家相关,g C基因显示遗传多样性,而g D基因具有一定的福建区域性遗传演化关系。以上结果表明,PRV FJ-2015属于PRV变异株,与其它分离株存在一定的遗传差异。本研究丰富了猪PRV流行的分子特征。     

伪狂犬病病毒BJ/YT株毒力相关基因gE和TK序列分析

本试验对2012年从北京地区约克夏犬体内分离得到的伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)BJ/YT株主要毒力基因gE和TK的分子特征和进化关系进行了分析。结果显示,BJ/YT株gE基因与参考序列的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为98.9%～100.0%和98.3%～100.0%;TK基因核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.2%～99.9%和99.0%～100.0%。BJ/YT株与同期河北猪源分离株进化关系较近,各毒株之间同源性高,并且存在一致的核苷酸突变位点;与其他参考序列比对分析结果显示,BJ/YT株主要毒力基因存在变异位点,但这些位点均不在已知的主要功能区和抗原表位区内。因此,从分子流行病学角度来看,BJ/YT毒株是近年北京及其周边地区PRV流行毒株,但gE和TK基因的变异对流行毒株的毒力无明显影响。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。