巨型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株的选育

对巨型艾美耳球虫(长春株)经20代的早熟选育,其潜隐期由132h缩短到116h,成为早熟株.该早熟株不经选择传递2代,仍保持了早熟的特性.该早熟株比其亲代株繁殖力下降74%,致病力降低,但仍然保持了其免疫原性.     

巨型艾美耳球虫山西早熟株诱导及生物学特性研究

本研究采用早熟选育技术，诱导选育出1株与已获得的山东株免疫原性差异较大的巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)山西株的早熟弱毒株，并对其进行生物学特性研究。结果表明：早熟诱导获得的巨型艾美耳球虫山西早熟株卵囊略小于亲本株，潜隐期为109 h;早熟株各组小肠病变记分差异显著低于(P<0.05)亲本株组，且临床症状较亲本株组弱；等剂量下，早熟株组的卵囊产量及卵囊繁殖力低于亲本株组；早熟株单次免疫剂量≥400个卵囊/只、2次免疫的一免剂量≥100个卵囊/只、二免剂量≥200个卵囊/只时可达到良好免疫效果。本研究结果为制备高效广谱、免疫原性良好的鸡球虫疫苗提供虫株和理论依据。     

和缓艾美耳球虫早熟系选育及其生物学特性研究

按照Jeffers建立的艾美耳属球虫早熟系选育方法，对和缓艾美耳球虫涿州株(Eimeria mitis Zhuozhou strain，EmiZ)进行了早熟选育。经石歧杂肉仔鸡15次传代之后，EmiZ潜在期由96h缩短至77h，缩短了19h。选育出的和缓艾美耳球虫涿州株早熟系(Eimeria mitis Zhuozhou strain precocious line，EmiZP)在致病性与繁殖力上均较母株弱，但保留了母株的免疫原性。经EmiZP免疫的石歧杂肉仔鸡，可抵抗母株EmiZ的攻虫。对选育的早熟系EmiZP进行放松选择传代10代，其潜在期、排卵囊高峰、卵囊产量和致病性均保持了早熟系的特征，说明所选育的EmiZP已在遗传上保持了稳定。     

布氏艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及致病性研究

本实验采用按照Jeffers建立的球虫早熟株选育方法对布氏艾美耳球虫保定株进行早熟选育,经20代的选育获得了布氏艾美耳球虫早熟株。与保定亲本虫株相比,该早熟株潜隐期缩短了37h,即由125h减至88h;卵囊大小为24.4μm×20.0μm,形状指数为1.22;并且繁殖力下降了约40%,致病力显著低于亲本虫株;再经5代非选择性传代后,该虫株的早熟特性和弱毒性均得以保持。     

堆型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株的选育

用早熟选育方法对堆型艾美耳球虫保定株进行了12代早熟选育,获得了潜隐期为74h的P_9株和62h的P_(12)株两个早熟株.两个早熟株不经选择传递2代,仍保持了早熟的特性.早熟株较其亲代株繁殖能力下降,致病力降低,但仍然保持了良好的免疫原性.早熟选育改变了虫体的内生性发育过程,引起了潜隐期的缩短.P_9株的裂体生殖为3代,P_(12)株的裂体生殖为2代.     

鸡和缓艾美耳球虫早熟虫株选育及其生物学特性研究

按照Jeffers1975年建立的艾美耳属球虫早熟虫株选育方法,对鸡和缓艾美耳球虫巴彦淖尔株（SY-MB株）进行了单卵囊分离、扩增和早熟虫株的选育。经SPF鸡15代传代之后,分离株的潜隐期由96 h缩短至77 h,缩短了19 h。按索勋等1998年建立的方法对选育出的和缓艾美耳球虫巴彦淖尔早熟株（SY-mb77株）进行10代非选择性传代,证明该早熟虫株的潜隐期、卵囊产量、免疫原性和致病性均具备早熟虫株特性,并能有效抵抗强毒虫株的攻击。     

堆形艾美耳球虫早熟株选育及相关生物学特性研究

为了选育堆形艾美耳球虫（Eimeria acervulina）早熟株及观测其生物学特性,运用Jeffers创立的艾美耳属球虫早熟株选育方法,对实验室保存的堆形艾美耳球虫进行连续传代早熟选育,并对获得的早熟株与母株孢子化卵囊大小、繁殖能力、致病性以及免疫保护力等指标进行了测定,比较堆形艾美耳球虫早熟株与母株之间的基本生物学特性差异。经过18代早熟选育后,堆形艾美耳球虫的潜在期由母株的99h缩短至84h。与母株相比,早熟株的孢子化卵囊大小明显减小（P〈0．05）,卵囊繁殖能力降低了17％～42%。致病性试验中,早熟株感染组的平均增重均高于母株,而病变记分相当。免疫保护试验中,早熟株与母株的免疫保护力相当,其卵囊抑制率略低于母株,差异不明显（P〉0．05）。结果表明,本研究成功选育出堆形艾关耳球虫早熟株,对母株攻击具有保护力,为鸡球虫疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

和缓艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及生物学特性研究

按照Jefiers 1975年建立的艾美耳球虫属球虫早熟选育方法,对和缓艾美耳球虫保定株进行了早熟选育。通过连续11代的早熟选育后,获得了潜隐期由97h缩短至82h的早熟系。该早熟系经过5代连续非早熟选择性传代,潜隐期仍稳定在82h。排卵囊期为感染后第4~10天,其中第5天为高峰期。该早熟系的致病力较亲本株弱,同样剂量感染后早熟系感染组相对增重率显著高于亲本株感染组。该早熟系免疫原性良好,每羽鸡免疫100个以上卵囊即可较好抵抗1x10^5个亲本株的攻击,相对增重率达80.0%以上和卵囊减少率达90.0%以上。     

巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株选育及其相关生物学特性研究

为了选育巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)早熟株并观测其生物学特性,运用Jeffers创立的球虫早熟株选育方法,对实验室保存的E.maxima进行了早熟株选育,并比较了所获得的早熟株与母株在卵囊大小、繁殖能力、致病性、免疫保护力等生物学特性上的差异。经过17代早熟株选育,E.maxima的潜在期由母株的142 h缩短至107 h,缩短了35 h。早熟株卵囊的长、宽及大小均比母株小,且差异显著(P0.05);卵囊形状指数比母株的稍大,但差异不显著(P0.05)。早熟株的卵囊繁殖能力较母株的低,排卵囊高峰出现在接种后d6,较母株提前1 d。在同等剂量之下,早熟株的致病性低于母株,但免疫保护力和免疫原性与母株相当。早熟株的选育成功,为球虫早熟株弱毒疫苗的研制以及早熟株相关基因的筛选提供了重要材料。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株的初步选育及免疫原性的测定

为选育柔嫩艾美耳球虫的早熟株和了解其免疫原性,本试验通过鸡体的传代培养,初步得到了柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株P9。以早熟株免疫雏鸡后,以亲本株P0半数致死量攻毒,以确定其免疫原性。结果表明:P9的潜隐期由P0的141h缩短至131.5h,免疫后攻毒显示该早熟株具有良好的免疫原性。     

Selection and characterisation of two attenuated vaccine lines of Eimeria tenella in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To attenuate two strains of Eimeria tenella by selecting for precocious development and evaluate the strains in characterisation trials and by field evaluation, to choose one precocious line for incorporation into an Australian live coccidiosis vaccine for poultry. DESIGN: Two strains from non-commercial flocks were passaged through chickens while selecting for precocious development. Each strain was characterised for drug sensitivity, pathogenicity, protection against homologous and heterologous challenge, and oocyst output in replicated experiments in which the experimental unit was a cage of three birds. Oocyst output and/or body weight gain data collected over a 10 to 12 day period following final inoculation were measured. Feed conversion ratios were also calculated where possible. RESULTS: Fifteen passages resulted in prepatent periods reduced by 24 h for the Redlands strain (from 144 h to 120 h) and 23 h for the Darryl strain (from 139 h to 116 h). Characterisation trials demonstrated that each precocious line was significantly less pathogenic than its parent strain and each effectively induced immunity that protected chickens against challenge with both the parent strain and other virulent field strains. Both lines had oocyst outputs that, although significantly reduced relative to the parent strains, remained sufficiently high for commercial vaccine production, and both showed susceptibility to coccidiostats. CONCLUSION: Two attenuated lines have been produced that exhibit the appropriate characteristics for use in an Australian live coccidiosis vaccine.     

Attenuation of Eimeria species: further characterisation of two lines of Eimeria mitis

The immunogenicity of a 'precocious' and attenuated line (HP10) of Eimeria mitis was studied and the stability of attenuation of two precocious lines was compared with that of an embryo-adapted line. Chicks housed in wire-floored cages and given 1 X 10(5) oocysts of the HP10 line were protected against challenge with the parent Houghton strain and two field strains, but remained partially susceptible to the Durham and one other field strain. However, when chicks were kept in litter pens so that reinfection could occur freely, inoculation with as few as 1 X 10(3) oocysts of the precocious line resulted in complete immunity to both the Houghton and Durham strains for at least five weeks afterwards. The stability of attenuation of the precocious and embyro-adapted lines was examined by relaxing the selection pressures used to produce attenuation and then testing the virulence of the resulting lines. The precocious lines remained attenuated after several consecutive relaxed passages, in contrast to the embyro-adapted line which showed a marked reversion to virulence after six passages in chickens.     

布氏艾美耳球虫生物学特性的研究

对来自我国河南省汤阴县的布氏艾美耳球虫的生物学特性进行了较为详细的研究,包括卵囊大小、最短孢子化时间、最小潜在期、致病性、免疫原性以及内生性生活史,建立了一个完整的实验室虫株。布氏艾美耳球虫汤阴株平均大小为29．2μm×22．5μm,最小潜在期为119h,最短孢子化时间为21h,具有很强的致病性和免疫原性。组织学研究显示,这个种至少有3代裂殖生殖。     

Selection for early (precocious) development of Eimeria meleagridis in the turkey

A precocious line of Eimeria meleagridis was developed by repeated propagation of the parasite in young turkeys and collection of the very first oocysts produced following infection. After 20 generations of selection, the prepatent period was reduced by 4-8 hr. Weight gain of poults given this line, from days 0-3 after infection, was significantly greater than that of poults given the parental strain, indicating that selection resulted in a loss of pathogenicity. Poults immunized with the precocious line produced no oocysts following challenge with the parental strain, indicating that immunogenicity was retained following selection. This is the first published report of the selection of a precocious line of Eimeria in the turkey.     

鸡球虫早熟株的生物学特性及其在疫苗中的应用

按照Jeffers建立的艾美耳球虫早熟株选育方法选育出的球虫早熟株，其潜在期明显缩短，繁殖力和致病性显著降低，但保持良好的免疫原性.并且，早熟株的弱毒性和早熟性具有遗传稳定性，通过放松选择压力反复传代后无恢复现象。国内外学者根据早熟株的这些生物学特性，并在深入了解鸡球虫病的保护性免疫机制的基础之上研制了抗鸡球虫病的早熟株弱毒活苗。本文综述了球虫早熟株的生物学特性，并介绍了目前国内外研制出的球虫早熟苗在鸡球虫病防治方面的应用。     

Isolation and selection of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina

Eimeria parasites were isolated from Nanhai Guangdong province (southern China) and studied in chickens in wire cages to evaluate their drug resistance against commonly used ionophores: monensin (100 mg/kg of feed), lasolacid (90 mg/kg), salinomycin (60 mg/kg), maduramicin (5 mg/kg) and semduramicin (25 mg/kg). Chinese Yellow Broiler Chickens were infected with 40,000 crude sporulated Eimeria oocysts at 15 days of age and prophylactic medication commenced a day prior to infection. Drug resistance was assessed for each ionophore drug by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI) and percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA) based on relative weight gain, rate of oocyst production and lesion values. Results revealed that Nanhai Eimeria oocysts comprising of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, were resistant to monensin, sensitive to both salinomycin and lasolacid and partially sensitive to maduramicin and semduramicin. By selection for early development of oocysts during passage through chickens, the prepatent time of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced by 49, 36 and 22 h, respectively. The precocious lines are less pathogenic than the parent strains from which they were selected and conferred a satisfactory protection for chickens against coccidiosis. These ionophore-tolerant precocious lines could have wider applications in the development of anticoccidial vaccines for sustainable control of coccidiosis.