牦牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病防制中间试验

从１９９１￣１９９３年，应用牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病（ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ）Ｏ系弱毒冻干苗６０万头份对我省青南地区玉树、称多、泽库三个ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ发病严重的县进行了大面积的预防注射，调者被注射牛７６７９７头；同时在该地区应用猪瘟弱毒苗预防注射牛２０万头份，调查被注射牛４８０００头。试验结果：应用ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ Ｏ系弱毒冻干苗使牦牛ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ死亡率由６．６１％降至０．２４％，应用猪瘟弱毒苗亦对该病有较好的防制效     

鸡马立克氏病活疫苗免疫效力比较试验

用ＨＶＴ冻干苗、ＨＶＴ细胞结合苗、ＣＶＩ９８８细胞结合苗、ＳＢ１＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗、３０１Ｂ／１＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗和Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗等６种鸡马立克氏病（ＭＤ）疫苗免疫ＳＰＦ白来航鸡或普通伊莎鸡，用鸡马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）强毒ＧＡ株、京－１血毒以及鸡马立克氏病超强毒ｖｖＭＤＶ－Ｍｄ５毒株分别攻击进行免疫效力比较试验。试验表明，ＭＤ单价苗的免疫效力强弱顺序依次是ＣＶＩ９８８、ＨＶＴ细胞结合苗和ＨＶＴ冻干苗，这３种ＭＤ单价苗均能给免疫鸡群提供有效的免疫保护力。ＳＢ１＋ＦＣ１２６、Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６和３０１Ｂ／１＋ＦＣ１２６等３种ＭＤ双价苗免疫效力显著高于ＭＤ单价苗，均能给免疫鸡群提供较强的免疫保护力，并能有效地抵抗ｖｖＭＤＶ－Ｍｄ５毒株的致瘤作用。Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６和３０１Ｂ／１＋ＦＣ１２６ＭＤ双价苗免疫效力无显著差异     

传染性法氏囊病的免疫预防研究进展

传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）是由传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）引起的一种急性接触性传染病。ＩＢＤＶ的主要靶细胞是表面带有ＩｇＭ的Ｂ淋巴细胞，造成以淋巴细胞成分衰竭、坏死为特征的一种免疫缺陷性和免疫抑制性疾病。因此本病的免疫预防倍受世界各国的重视，目前控制本病的有效方法是疫苗接种和增加母源抗体。１　ＩＢＤ疫苗种类及特性１．１　ＩＢＤ经典疫苗　选用ＩＢＤＶ经典毒株制成弱毒苗或灭活苗，其中弱毒苗根据毒株的特点以及免疫抑制作用的程度，可将其分为弱毒株（温和型）、中等毒力弱毒株（中间型）和强毒株（高毒型）疫苗…     

犬瘟热,细小病毒,腺病毒三联弱毒疫苗的研究

以犬瘟热（ＣＤＶＡ）、猫细小病毒（ＦＰＶ）、犬腺病毒（ＣＡＶ１）三个弱毒株为毒种,用ＳＰＦ鸡胚成纤维细胞、ＣＲＦＫ细胞、ＭＤＣＫ细胞分别增毒制苗,按一定比例与冻干保护剂混合,经冻干工艺精制成冻干三联弱毒疫苗。试验对制苗工艺参数、半成品与成品的检验、疫苗的安全性与免疫原性、疫苗的临床应用等内容进行了研究。结果显示：三联苗对犬、貉、狐等动物预防三种病毒性传染病效果显著。     

PRVFB弱毒冻干苗中间试产和田间试用总结报告

ＰＲＶ＿（ＦＢ）弱毒冻干苗中间试产和田间试用总结报告魏振明，吴平，李怡英，程由铨，陈霖普１９８６～１９９０年，省生物制品厂与省农科院牧医所协作，共同试产１１批伪狂犬病弱毒冻干苗中试产品。现将９００１、９００３、９００４３批冻干苗（约５万余头份）检验和...     

新城疫与传染性法氏囊疫苗疫苗对雏鸡联合免疫的研究

将１１４只１１日龄海赛克斯褐公鸡随机分成５组：Ⅰ组为空白对照，Ⅱ组用新城疫弱毒苗和ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗同时免疫，Ⅱ组用传染性法氏囊病地方毒株油佐剂灭活苗免疫，Ⅳ组用ＮＤ弱毒苗，ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗，ＩＢＤ地方毒株油佐剂灭活苗同时免疫，Ｖ组在Ⅳ组的基础上增加ＩＢＤ弱毒苗免疫。５组鸡分别隔离饲养，定期测定血清ＮＤＨＩ效价与ＩＢＤ琼扩效价。选择时机用强毒攻击，观察各组鸡的保护情况。结果：（１）Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡均能     

雏鸡在感梁IBDV后血浆cAMP,cGMP和IL—2水平变化

在经ＩＢＤ弱毒苗免疫和未免疫的３０－５９日龄ＡＡ鸡研究了感染ＩＢＤＶ后血浆ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ和ＩＬ－２水平动态变化。结果表明：示免疫攻毒鸡（Ａ组）、免疫攻毒鸡（Ｂ组）和未免疫未攻毒鸡（Ｃ组）在ＩＢＤＶ攻毒前１天血浆ＣＡＭＰ和ＣＧＭＰ水平Ｂ组明显高于Ａ和Ｃ组,ＣＡＭＰ／ＣＧＭＰ幽会同样是Ｂ组高于或明显高于Ａ和Ｃ组,ＩＬ－２水平三组之间无明显差异。在攻毒后的头５天内,Ｂ和Ｃ组ＣＡＭＰ明显升高,而Ａ组     

新城疫与传染性法氏囊病疫苗对雏鸡联合免疫的研究

将１１４只１１日龄海赛克斯褐公鸡随机分成５组：Ⅰ组为空白对照，Ⅱ组用新城疫（ＮＤ）弱毒苗和ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗同时免疫，Ⅲ组用传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）地方毒株油佐剂灭活苗免疫，Ⅳ组用ＮＤ弱毒苗、ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗、ＩＢＤ地方毒株油佐剂灭活苗同时免疫，Ⅴ组在Ⅳ组的基础上增加ＩＢＤ弱毒苗免疫。５组鸡分别隔离饲养，定期测定血清ＮＤＨＩ效价与ＩＢＤ琼扩效价。选择时机用强毒攻击，观察各组鸡的保护情况。结果：（１）Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡均能很好地抵抗ＮＤＶ强毒的攻击，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡无论对ＩＢＤＶ人工感染，还是自然感染，均有坚强的保护力；（２）ＩＢＤ地方毒株油佐剂灭活疫苗不干扰ＮＤ疫苗的免疫应答；（３）ＩＢＤ弱毒苗对ＮＤ疫苗的免疫应答有一定影响，在免疫初期能促进机体尽快对ＮＤ疫苗产生应答，但后期ＮＤ疫苗的ＨＩ抗体降低较快；（４）ＮＤ疫苗对ＩＢＤ疫苗的免疫效果无显著影响。作者提出，对雏鸡首免（无论有、无母源抗体）可采用ＮＤ弱毒苗＋ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗＋ＩＢＤ（地方毒株）油佐剂灭活苗同时进行免疫，至少可以保护到上笼后或开产前免受ＮＤＶ和ＩＢＤＶ的感染，既简化了免疫程序，又可减少对鸡群的应激，值得推广应用。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病细菌弱毒苗的研制

采用ＩＢＤＶ－Ｄ７８株种毒，由细胞培养研制的ＩＢＤ弱毒疫苗，经安全试验和免疫试验，证明适合本地流行毒株，试验免疫保护率１００％，对照鸡均发病。     

牦牛病毒性腹泻—粘膜病病毒的分离及鉴定

一九八三年从四川某地区一牦牛分离到牛病毒性腹泻－粘膜病（ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ）病毒，定名为牦牛Ⅰ号毒株。该病毒可在牛肾或牛睾丸原代细胞上繁殖继代，但均不产生可见病变（ＣＰＥ），用荧光抗体染色检查，可见到ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ特异性荧光，其滴度在１Ｏ￣（－３）－１０￣（－５）之间。用细胞培养第１５代病毒做系列试验表明，该病毒为ＲＮＡ病毒，对乙醚敏感，不耐酸，对胰蛋白酶有一定抗力；回归黄牛，血清中和抗体呈ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ阳性。     

牦牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病的防制研究

20世纪80年代以来，我国牦牛群中陆续发现牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病(BVD／MD)，血清阳性率在30％～42．4％之间，病死率在30％左右，本研究先后从四川、西藏等地牦牛中分离出病毒，并对其进行各种生物学特征鉴定后，表明该病毒与标准毒属同一种，所不同的是四川牦牛病毒株属非致细胞病变型，即属NCP型。但回归本动物能复制出典型病例。目前尚无国产牛粘膜病疫苗用于生产。本研究依据猪瘟病毒与牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病病毒具有交叉免疫性的原理，用猪瘟弱毒苗对牦牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病进行预防，试验证明用猪瘟弱毒苗可以预防牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病，且安全可靠，具有实用价值。     

安徽、江苏、广西部分地区水牛牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病血清学监测

用微量细胞中和试验,对安徽、江苏和广西的１２个县部分水牛群血清样品（ｎ＝３４３）牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病（ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ）中和抗体进行检测。结果从１０个县的血清中检出了ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ抗体,其中安徽水牛血清（ｎ＝１５０）ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ抗体平均阳性检出率为２４．２％（范围１０％～４６．７％）,江苏（ｎ＝１４３）ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ平均阳性检出率为８．４％（０％～１１．１％）,广西（ｎ＝５０）ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ平均阳性检出率为１０．０％（０％～１５．４％）。本调查说明我国水牛群中ＢＶＤ／ＭＤ流行在扩大。     

重庆市部分地区牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病血清流行病学调查

为了解牛病毒性腹泻／粘膜病（BVD／MD）的流行情况,从重庆市辖区内11个区县（自治县）采集奶牛、黄牛、水牛血清共;369头份,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测BVD／MD抗体。结果从9个区县（自治县）检测出阳性样品,阳性率介于8．33％～50．00％之间,总阳性率为22．49％;规模奶牛场、散养奶牛、散养黄牛、散养水牛的阳性率分别为42．16％、9．62％、21．31％、9．76％。提示该病在我市各种牛群中存在,污染较广,应引起重视。     

Isolation and identification of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (BVD-MD virus) from an atypical case resembling malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

The clinical and pathological picture of the BVD/MD complex is most protean, and the majority of cases run a subclinical course (Bruner & Gillespie 1966). The disease complex has been recorded in many countries and on all continents (Mills et ah 1965). In Scandinavia a BVD/MD-like disease, the “Umeå disease”, was described by Nystedt in northern Sweden in 1960 and later proved to be a mixed infection of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 and BVD/MD virus (Dinter & Bakos 1961). In 1961 the Umea syndrome was reported in Denmark by Borgen & Dinter and in Finland by Rislakki. In Norway the picture of the BVD/MD complex has been known for many years although no isolation of the virus has yet been described*. The isolation and identification of the virus from an atypical case of BVD/MD in a heifer is described in the following.     

Demonstration of the agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD/MD) in comparison between organ fluoresence freezing method and the direct cultivation in tissue culture]

Organs of 100 calves whose clinical symptoms indicated a BVD/MD viral infection have been examined in the laboratory by different methods on BVD/MD virus in order to compare the effectivity of the single test-systems. By inoculation of organ material into tissue culture from foetal calf kidneys and additional staining with swine-fever conjugate in the CCSC-system 59 calves were detected as BVD/MD virus carriers. Taking this result for comparative purposes equal to 100% there could be stated an effectivity of 73% by inoculation of tissue cultures and judging cpe instead of staining with fluorescent antibody as above. Only 34% reactions could be demonstrated by means of heterotypic immunofluorescence in organ tissues. For diagnostic purposes a combination of the easy and quick method of heterotypic immunofluorescence in organ tissues and a cultural virus isolation from organ material with additional immunofluorescence is recommended.     

A study of some infectious causes of reproductive disorders in cattle owned by resource-poor farmers in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Two hundred and thirty-nine cattle from Gauteng Province in South Africa were tested for various pathogens causing reproductive diseases includingbovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) virus, Neospora caninum and Brucella abortus usingvarious tests. For BVD/MD virus, 49.37% tested positive, 74.47% for IBR/IPV virus, 8.96% for Neospora caninum and 3.8% for Brucella abortus. The result for Brucella abortus is higher than the national average, possibly due to the small sample size. A high seroprevalence of antibodies to both BVD/MD virus and IBR/IPV virus was evident. These 2 viruses should be considered, in addition to Brucella abortus, when trying to establish causes of abortion in cattle. The clinical significance of Neospora caninum as a cause of abortion in Gauteng needs further investigation. One hundred and forty-three bulls were tested for Campylobacter fetus and Trichomonas fetus, and a low prevalence of 1.4% and 2.1% respectively was found in this study. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Response of cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus to vaccination for bovine viral diarrhea and to subsequent challenge exposure with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus

Nine steers persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus were allotted into 3 groups (3 cattle/group). Cattle in group A were vaccinated with a modified-live BVD virus vaccine of porcine cell origin, cattle in group B with a modified-live BVD virus vaccine of bovine cell origin, and cattle in group C with a killed BVD virus vaccine of bovine cell origin. Detrimental effects due to vaccination were not seen. Six weeks after vaccination, the steers were challenge exposed with a cytopathic BVD virus. All steers developed mucosal disease after challenge exposure, produced antibodies that neutralized various isolates of BVD virus, and remained persistently infected until death. Steers given killed virus vaccine had a minimal neutralizing-antibody response and developed mucosal disease as quickly as reported for challenge-exposed, nonvaccinated, persistently infected cattle. Steers given modified-live virus vaccines had higher neutralizing-antibody response and longer intervals from challenge exposure to development of mucosal disease. The specificity of the neutralizing-antibody response differed between groups of vaccinated cattle.     

Serologic detection and practical consequences of antigenic diversity among bovine viral diarrhea viruses in a vaccinated herd.

Samples of sera were obtained from 5,725 cows in a semiclosed herd. In each of the preceding 7 years, the herd was vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) with killed virus. Neutralizing antibody tests were done on all samples of sera, using cytopathic virus, BVD-TGAC virus, that was antigenically distinct from the vaccine virus. Most samples of sera had high titers of neutralizing antibodies against BVD-TGAC virus. In 48 samples of sera, neutralizing antibodies were not detected against BVD-TGAC virus, but were detected against the vaccine virus. Neutralizing antibodies against selected noncytopathic BVD viruses were not detected in several samples of serum that had neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine virus and BVD-TGAC virus. Noncytopathic BVD virus was isolated from sera obtained from 3 cows less than 4 years old. Two cows were available for further testing, and persistent infection with BVD virus was confirmed in both cows. The BVD viruses isolated from those cows were not neutralized by several samples of sera. Immunoprecipitation of polypeptides induced by the vaccine virus was done with selected samples of serum. Two patterns of immuno-precipitated viral-induced polypeptides were identified. One pattern was consistent with exposure of cows with live virus. The other pattern was consistent with exposure of cows with only the killed virus vaccine.     

BVD/MD and its control in Lower Saxony (after the support of the Lower Saxony animal epidemic fund)]

A report is given on the development of the subsidies granted by the "Nieders?chsische Tierseuchenkasse" für BVD/MD since 1973. The article shows the cyclic procedure and regional differences as well as the participation of vaccinations and embryo transfer at the frequent occurrence of persistent viraemic animals in single herds. According to the authors' opinion the struggle against BVD/MD must have two aims: 1. to search for and to cull out persistent viraemic animals 2. to prevent the arise of new persistent viraemic animals.