养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素及减排措施

21世纪以来温室气体大量排放造成的全球气候变暖已经引起了全世界的高度重视,如何减少二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、一氧化二氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHG)的排放,减缓温室气体带来的全球气候变暖已经成为亟待解决的战略性问题。养殖业温室气体的排放量,约占全球温室气体排放总量的18%,寻找有效途径减少温室气体排放迫在眉睫。本文主要从养殖场管理模式和粪污处理、不同家畜种类及其饲料组成,以及反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控等三方面阐述养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素,并据此提出温室气体减排措施。     

低碳经济与绒毛用羊业发展之路

气候变暖已引起了国际社会的强烈关注.人类活动产生的温室气体累积导致的全球气候变暖已成为科学界的共识.备受世界瞩目的歌本哈根世界气候大会已经落幕,来自192个国家的环境部长和政府官员们郑重承诺在2012年前共同削减温室气体排放,并帮助脆弱地区应对变暖带来的灾害.发展低碳经济是应对全球气候变化、减少温室气体排放的紧迫要求.世界观察研究所(WWI)在《世界观察》杂志(2009年11/12月刊)中刊登的一篇题为《牲畜与气候变化》的报告中指出:"牲畜和它们的副产品实际上至少排放了325.64亿tCO2当量的温室气体,占世界总排放的51％",远远超过联合国粮农组织先前估计的数值18％.     

科学家建议对养殖业征税以削减甲烷排放

科学家提出，应对养殖业征税，以减少绵羊、牛和山羊排放温室气体甲烷。此前，包括联合国气候科学小组首席专家以及经济学家斯特恩爵士在内的一些知名人士都曾提倡少吃肉，以应对全球变暖。     

全球气候变暖对我国畜牧业的影响与分析

全球气候变暖已是一个不争的事实,未来的气候变暖趋势将进一步加剧,它给人类、给地球带来的影响是不可估量的。本文简要介绍了全球气候变化现状,并重点分析了全球气候变暖对我国畜牧业的影响,从控制温室气体排放、增强可持续发展能力2个方面,提出畜牧业应对气候变化的一些建议。     

畜牧业温室气体排放及其减排研究进展

温室气体排放是造成当今全球气候变暖的重要原因,而畜牧业中的温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O等)特别是反刍动物中甲烷的排放是造成温室气体排放量增加的重要因素。大量温室气体的排放不仅加剧了温室效应,同时也造成动物饲料营养成分的损失和畜舍内环境的污染。本文综述了畜牧业温室效应的发展状况及减排影响的研究进展,以期为畜牧业的绿色发展提供参考。     

皂甙在反刍动物瘤胃发酵中的研究进展

近年来,随着全球气温不断的升高,温室气体的排放受到广泛关注。反刍动物体内甲烷的产生不仅导致了能量利用的低效性,而且大量排放的甲烷会促使全球气候变暖。因此,各种措施来减少反刍动物甲烷的排放量,不仅可以提高反刍动物对能量的利用效率,还将带来良好的生态效益。     

反刍动物甲烷排放的测定及调控技术研究进展

反刍动物排放的甲烷是温室气体的重要来源,降低甲烷排放对减缓气候变暖和保护环境具有重要意义.本文就反刍动物甲烷排放的测定方法、预测模型和营养调控进行综述,为准确估测甲烷的产量和减少甲烷排放提供参考.     

养猪业温室气体排放及减排策略研究

随着全球气温的不断攀升,对环境造成的影响也越发严重,如粮食减产、洪涝干旱现象频发,传染性疾病的大肆蔓延等威胁着人类及下一代的健康。而温室气体是造成气候变暖主要元凶。中国是养猪大国,养猪过程,尤其是饲料加工和粪便处理过程产生的温室气体排放是不容忽视的。论文对养猪业温室气体排放源进行分析,并提出相应的减排措施。     

电力企业碳盘查核算方法讨论

全球气候变暖,根本措施是减少温室气体的人为排放。中国提出二氧化碳排放下降指标,碳盘查工作正在中国各地开展起来。本文选取二氧化碳排放比例最大的电力行业为研究对象,对电力企业碳盘查的主要方法和步骤进行讨论,包括确定组织边界、设定运营边界、选择基准年、核算方法,并且对如何确定用于计算碳排放的参数进行分析。     

全球气候变暖对世界农业的影响

近几十年来,由于受到自然的气候波动与人类活动排放的大量温室气体的影响,使全球气候发生显著的变化,而这种变化主要体现为全球气候变暖.由于整个生态系统是一个相互联系、密不可分的整体,所以全球气候变化会对全球生态系统的结构、功能及分布产生重要影响,同时会扩大和加深物理反馈过程.     

Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: A review of plant tannin mitigation options

Methane gas from livestock production activities is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which have been shown to influence climate change. New technologies offer a potential to manipulate the rumen biome through genetic selection reducing CH₄ production. Methane production may also be mitigated to varying degrees by various dietary intervention strategies. Strategies to reduce GHG emissions need to be developed which increase ruminant production efficiency whereas reducing production of CH₄ from cattle, sheep, and goats. Methane emissions may be efficiently mitigated by manipulation of natural ruminal microbiota with various dietary interventions and animal production efficiency improved. Although some CH₄ abatement strategies have shown efficacy in vivo, more research is required to make any of these approaches pertinent to modern animal production systems. The objective of this review is to explain how anti-methanogenic compounds (e.g., plant tannins) affect ruminal microbiota, reduce CH₄ emission, and the effects on host responses. Thus, this review provides information relevant to understanding the impact of tannins on methanogenesis, which may provide a cost-effective means to reduce enteric CH₄ production and the influence of ruminant animals on global GHG emissions.     

基于IPCC方法的新疆畜禽温室气体排放时空分析

在IPCC方法的基础上,对1980-2016年新疆畜禽温室气体排放的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:新疆畜禽温室气体从1980年的1224.01×10^4 tCO2-eq波动升高至2016年的2032.80×10^4 tCO2-eq,增幅为66.08%,年均增长1.41%;畜禽肠道发酵甲烷排放是新疆畜禽温室气体的主要贡献者,占温室气体排放总量的84%,其次是畜禽粪便管理氧化亚氮和甲烷的排放;而主要畜禽温室气体排放以牛和羊为主,其次是马、驴、猪、骆驼和骡;最后通过对2015年新疆畜禽温室气体排放空间变化分析可知,伊犁州直属县(市)温室气体排放量最大,为456.78×10^4 tCO2-eq,而温室气体排放量最小的克拉玛依市仅有4.37×10^4 tCO2-eq,说明新疆畜禽温室气体排放空间差异性较大。     

2010年至2011年奶牛养殖中碳减排的研究概况

碳排放是关于温室气体排放的总称或简称.在全球气候变化背景下,碳排放空间将逐渐成为经济发展关键的资源约束,农业的低碳排放亦势在必行.在政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)发布的温室气体排放清单中,反刍动物肠胃发酵甲烷排放与粪便管理系统中的甲烷和一氧化二氮的排放均是农业温室气体的主要排放源,奶牛生产作为反刍动物生产的主要形式之一加之其巨大的粪污排放量,如何实现奶牛生产中温室气体减排对于奶牛生产实现环境友好型发展至关重要.本文从营养调控、减少粪便中碳排放、奶牛业碳减排模型、温室气体减排技术与减排规律等方面对2010年至2011年国内外致力于减少奶牛生产中碳排放的相关研究进行了综述,期望为奶牛生产实现低碳、生态型转变提供帮助.     

硝基化合物抑制瘤胃发酵甲烷生成的机理研究进展

在畜牧业生产实践中,反刍动物瘤胃发酵会产生大量甲烷(CH_4),对环境温室效应具有重要影响。此外,瘤胃CH_4的产生会导致日粮能量的浪费,降低饲料转化效率。因此,如何控制瘤胃发酵CH_4生成已成为国内外反刍动物营养研究领域的热点科学与技术问题。以硝基乙烷、硝基乙醇、硝基丙醇等为代表的硝基化合物正在以其高效、持续、低剂量等优势在抑制瘤胃发酵CH_4生成研究方面备受青睐。本文重点围绕硝基化合物抑制瘤胃发酵CH_4生成机理及其作用方面的研究进展进行了综述分析。     

Long-term trends in greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian poultry industry

As people become more aware of the environmental footprint of different foods, consumers may modify their diets to reduce the impact of their diets on the environment. For this to occur, it is necessary to know the impact that individual food types have on the environment. This publication presents the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as the GHG emission intensity associated with various types of poultry production in Canada for the census years 1981 to 2006. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated using the methodology from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change adjusted for conditions in Canada. Direct emissions of CH₄, N₂ O, and CO₂ from birds, their facilities, and the avian crop complex, corresponding to the area used to grow the crops that feed Canadian poultry, were estimated using poultry diet surveys. Between 1981 and 2006, because of the strong growth of broiler production, GHG emissions from the poultry industry increased by 40%. The main GHG was N₂ O, representing approximately 57% of the total emissions. Fossil fuel CO₂ accounted for approximately 38%, whereas CH₄ accounted for 5%. In western Canada, GHG emission intensities decreased owing to a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels associated with the adoption of reduced- and no-tillage cropping systems, whereas in eastern Canada, the reduction was due to lower N₂ O emissions. The emissions of all 3 GHG from turkeys decreased because of the more rapid turnover of a marketable product (shortened life span) in later census years. Compared with other Canadian meat protein commodities in 2001, poultry emitted only 47% as much GHG per unit of live weight as pork and only 10% as much GHG per unit of live weight as beef.     

Pasture intensification in beef cattle production can affect methane emission intensity

Increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from anthropogenic activities have contributed to global warming and consequently to climate change. Among all sources of emissions, the agricultural sector accounts for just under a quarter, mainly because of the intensification of food production systems necessary to supply the growing demand of the population. As ruminal fermentation is the largest source of methane emission in the livestock industry, emission by cattle has become the focus of studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate enteric methane emission and emission intensities of Nellore cattle at different ages submitted to levels of intensification of the grazing system. Twenty-four animals per cycle (age of 21.8 and 13.1 mo in cycles 1 and 2, respectively) were randomly distributed across different grazing systems: irrigated pasture with a high stocking rate (IHS), dryland pasture with a high stocking rate (DHS), recovering dryland pasture with a moderate stocking rate (DMS), and degraded pasture with a low stocking rate (DP). Methane emission was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride technique in each season of the cycle. Intensive systems provided higher yields of good-quality forage as well as superior animal performance when compared with DP. Methane yields were different between seasons and cycles. Methane emissions per average daily weight gain and dry matter digestible intake were different between treatments. Differences in the results were observed when they were analyzed per hectare, with the highest gain yield (P = 0.0134), stocking rate, weight gain, carcass production, and total methane emission (P < 0.0001) being found for the intensive systems. There were no differences in emissions per weight gain or carcass production between production systems, while a difference was observed between cycles (P = 0.0189 and P = 0.0255, respectively), resulting in lower emission intensities for younger animals. We conclude that more intensive systems resulted in a higher kilograms production of carcass per hectare; however, animals at 19 mo of age raised in the IHS and DMS systems had a lower emission intensity in kilogram of CO₂-eq. per kilogram of carcass. Moderate intensification (DMS) using animals at about 19 mo of age might be an effective strategy to mitigate GHG emissions from Brazilian tropical pastures. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between increasing productivity and decreasing environmental impacts, especially methane emission from ruminants.     

Factors affecting methane production and mitigation in ruminants

Methane (CH₄) is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) and that emitted from enteric fermentation in livestock is the single largest source of emissions in Japan. Many factors influence ruminant CH₄ production, including level of intake, type and quality of feeds and environmental temperature. The objectives of this review are to identify the factors affecting CH₄ production in ruminants, to examine technologies for the mitigation of CH₄ emissions from ruminants, and to identify areas requiring further research. The following equation for CH₄ prediction was formulated using only dry matter intake (DMI) and has been adopted in Japan to estimate emissions from ruminant livestock for the National GHG Inventory Report: Y = −17.766 + 42.793X − 0.849X², where Y is CH₄ production (L/day) and X is DMI (kg/day). Technologies for the mitigation of CH₄ emissions from ruminants include increasing productivity by improving nutritional management, the manipulation of ruminal fermentation by changing feed composition, the addition of CH₄ inhibitors, and defaunation. Considering the importance of ruminant livestock, it is essential to establish economically feasible ways of reducing ruminant CH₄ production while improving productivity; it is therefore critical to conduct a full system analysis to select the best combination of approaches or new technologies to be applied under long-term field conditions.     

放牧对草地生态系统温室气体的影响

放牧主要通过影响草地生态系统中土壤的理化性质(土壤含水率、孔隙度、微生物和有机物含量的构成)来影响整个生态系统温室气体的排放。草地生态系统土壤中,植物根系的呼吸作用、土壤微生物的活动以及各种物理、化学和生物作用为温室气体的主要来源。本文在阐述草地生态系统温室气体排放机制和作用的基础上,主要从放牧管理模式、放牧强度、放牧动物等放牧作用对草地生态系统温室气体的排放情况进行了综述,就今后放牧对草地生态温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望,总结了适合不同放牧条件下整个生态系统温室气体的减排措施。     

A review of farm level modelling approaches for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant livestock systems

Ruminant livestock systems contribute to global warming through the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). This paper discusses a general framework for a whole-farm approach to develop cost-effective GHG mitigation strategies. A dairy farm is a complex system with different interacting components. Generally, whole-farm approaches distinguish at least an animal component and a soil–crop component. Whole-farm models should be able to give an accurate representation of the internal cycling of materials and its constituents as well as the exchange between the farming system and its environment. The paper gives an overview of current whole-farm models that are able to simulate GHG emissions for dairy farms. These models are DairySim, FarmGHG, SIMS_DAIRY and FarmSim. All models are able to calculate CH₄ and N₂O emissions, but differences appear in the ability to calculate CO₂ emissions, economics and other parameters. The effects of selected mitigation strategies are demonstrated with some of the models. It is concluded that a whole-farm approach is a powerful tool for the development of cost-effective GHG mitigation options as it reveals relevant interactions between farm components. Model calculations underlined the relationship between farm gate N surplus and GHG emissions, and thus the possibility to use N surpluses as an indicator for GHG emissions.     

Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.