Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.     

不同性别生长猪所需最佳苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率

本研究通过调查苏氨酸与赖氨酸的比率对猪生长性能、表观可消化能和血液尿素氮 (BUN)浓度的影响 , 估测生长阉公猪和小母猪所需最佳苏氨酸与赖氨酸的比率 . 试验采用 150头杂交猪 (长白×约克夏×杜洛克 , 平均体重为 16.75± 0.45 , 其中阉公猪 75头 , 小母猪 75头 ), 按 2× 3析因设计 , 随机分成 6个处理 阉公猪日粮含赖氨酸 1.12% , 按苏氨酸与赖氨 酸比率为 50% 、 60% 和 70% 分成 3个处理 小母猪日粮含赖氨酸 1.33% , 按苏氨酸与赖氨酸比 率为 50% 、 60% 和 70% 分成 3个处理 . 经整个试验期 (体重从 16至 56 ). 在平均日增重、平均 日采食量和饲料转化率方面 , 动物性别和苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率之间无相互影响 . 在生长性能 方面 , 有明显的性别影响 与小母猪相比 , 阉公猪表现出较好的生长性能 , 消耗较多的饲料 (P< 0.01)以及生长的较快 (P< 0.01). 随着苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率的增大 , 阉公猪的 ADG和 FCR有增加的倾向 , 但差异不显著 . 在除粗灰分 (CA)外的可消化性养分方面 , 动物性别和苏氨 酸与赖氨酸比率之间无相互影响 . 在性别之间 , 除小母猪对钙具有较高的可消化性 (P< 0.01)外 , 可消化性养分没有存在的差异 . 而日粮苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率对可消化性养分无影响 . 可消化性必需氨基酸 (EEA)、非必需氨基酸 (NEAA)和总氨基酸 (TTA)的平均值没有受到性别 和苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率的影响 . 没有发现性别和日粮中苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率相互影响的证据 . 在性别之间 , 小母猪的总 BUN浓度比阉公猪低 (P< 0.05). 可以得出结论 " 阉公猪日粮 (赖氨 酸水平为 1.12% )中 , 苏氨酸与赖氨酸比率为 70% , 小母猪日粮 (赖氨酸水平为 1.33% )中 , 苏 氨酸与赖氨酸比率为 60% , 较其它比率的苏氨酸与赖氨酸 , 分别获得较好的生长性能、养分 利用和较低的 BUN浓度 .     

Histo-and Cytochemical Studies on the Distribution of Acetylcholinesterase-positive Nerve Fibers in the Goat Adrenal Gland

The distribution patterns of acetylcholine esterase positive nerve fibers in the goat adrenal gland is described. Some positive cells are observed within the capsule. Terminals were identified in both the medulla and the cortex of the gland.     

Electrons in finite-sized water cavities: hydration dynamics observed in real time

We directly observed the hydration dynamics of an excess electron in the finite-sized water clusters of (H2O)n- with n = 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35. We initiated the solvent motion by exciting the hydrated electron in the cluster. By resolving the binding energy of the excess electron in real time with femtosecond resolution, we captured the ultrafast dynamics of the electron in the presolvated ("wet") and hydrated states and obtained, as a function of cluster size, the subsequent relaxation times. The solvation time (300 femtoseconds) after the internal conversion [140 femtoseconds for (H2O)35-] was similar to that of bulk water, indicating the dominant role of the local water structure in the dynamics of hydration. In contrast, the relaxation in other nuclear coordinates was on a much longer time scale (2 to 10 picoseconds) and depended critically on cluster size.     

Development of a textile sensibility evaluation system

As the demand in the market for a product with a high sensibility has dramatically increased, research has been conducted in designing products for better sensibility; however, most studies have employed a paper-and-pencil (P&P) questionnaire in administering a sensibility evaluation, causing a lack of efficiency and systematicity in sensibility research. The present study developed a computerized textile sensibility evaluation system which can be used to efficiently evaluate the visual, tactile, visual-tactile, and auditory sensibilities of textiles and examined its effectiveness in visual sensibility evaluation compared with the traditional P&P evaluation method. The computerized evaluation system has capabilities of managing information of textile properties, designing a sensibility evaluation experiment, administering a sensibility evaluation, and managing evaluation data for post hoc analysis. The test-retest protocol was administered with a within-subject design for 15 females in their 20 s and 30 s to examine the difference in visual sensibility evaluation between the P&P method and the computer-based method. A high correlation (r=.88～.97) was found in sensibility evaluation between the two methods and the computer-based system showed a higher repeatability within a rater in repeated evaluation (a decrease of 25 % in intra-rater SD), which indicates the computer-based method is an effective alternative to the P&P method in visual sensibility evaluation. The findings of the present study support use of a computerized system for practitioners to efficiently identify preferred characteristics of textiles for the design of sensible clothing.     

Fluorescence and NIR spectroscopic study on the water interaction in polycarbonate film

Water interactions in polycarbonate films have been studied using fluorescence and NIR Fourier transform spectroscopy. During water sorption process, the fluorescence emission spectra showed sensitive changes with the peak at 332 nm red shifted by 18 nm with water sorption. This red-shifted peak could be due to phenyl-2-phenoxybezoate, which is one of two major thermal degradation products in polycarbonate. In the spectra of phenyl-2-phenoxybenzoate in dimethyl formamide solution, a progressive red shift was also observed with the water addition. By using the NIR spectra, hydrogen-bonding interactions of the sorbed water with polycarbonate were investigated. It was found that water can be analyzed as free water S₀ or single hydrogen bonded water, S₁ while double hydrogen bonded water was negligible. During water immersion, most water species which are present as S₀ species decrease slightly, with a small increase in S₁ species. During desorption, S₀ species decrease sharply, while S1 species is reduced gradually. Two examples of S₁ structure in water-sorbed polycarbonate are proposed.     

Isolation and characterization of water-soluble intermediates of blue pigments transformed from geniposide of Gardenia jasminoides

Gardenia blue dye was obtained through the reaction of methylamine with genipin, the aglycone of geniposide isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides. The resulting blue pigments were passed through Bio-Gel P-2 resin yielding five fractions, GM1-GM5. Four fractions (GM1-GM4) were all blue pigments, and the first eluted higher molecular weight fraction GM1 had a higher tinctorial strength than the later eluted lower molecular weight fractions, GM2-GM4. The last eluted GM5 fraction with lambda(max) of 292 nm was colorless and was confirmed as the true intermediate of the blue pigments on the basis of UV-vis spectrophotometric evidence. The GM5 fraction was composed of two epimeric isomers, and their structures were characterized by (1)H NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, (13)C NMR, and HMQC and HMBC spectral measurements.     

Intrinsic UV reflection and fluorescence studies for water sorption in polycarbonate, polyurethane and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films

Intrinsic UV reflection and fluorescence behaviors of polycarbonate, polyurethane and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films were investigated in order to characterize the interaction of water in these films. During water sorption process, UV reflection spectra of polycarbonate and polyurethane films showed little peak position changes. Fluorescence emission spectra of polycarbonate films showed red spectral shifts from 332 nm with water immersion time. This red-shifted peak could be due to phenyl-2-phenoxybenzoate, which is one of the major thermal degradation products in polycarbonate. Fluorescence peaks of polyurethane films appeared at two different positions and the ratio of these peak intensities increased with increasing immersion time. In the case of PET films, the UV reflection spectrum showed the peak intensity around 340 nm to change in response to water sorption. The fluorescence near 388 nm probably due to ground state dimer exhibited sensitivity with water sorption, when excited at 340 nm.     

Synthesis and thermal properties of polyhydroxyamide copolymer and its derivatives

We synthesized a polyhydroxyamide (PHA) copolymer via low-temperature solution polymerization of 3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine with terephthaloyl chloride (80.0 mol%) and isophthaloyl chloride (20.0 mol%) in N,Ndimethylacetamide with the aid of LiCl. We prepared the PHA copolymer derivatives containing the fluorine-based substituents and investigated their solubility, cyclization behavior, and thermal properties using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and the simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer (STA-MS). The chemical structures of the PHA copolymer and its derivatives, as well as the polybenzoxazoles (PBOs) obtained through thermal cyclization of the copolymer and derivatives, were determined by a fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis. The PHA copolymer could be dissolved in organic solvents only with the aid of LiCl, while its derivatives were readily soluble in DMA_c and NMP without LiCl at room temperature. The DSC and TGA results demonstrated that the PHA copolymer derivatives could be converted to PBOs at a lower temperature than the PHA copolymer.