三江源区高寒草甸OTCs模拟增温效应的研究

采用温度自动记录系统监测了开顶式生长室(OTCs)增温小室内地上5cm、地下7.5cm以及地下15cm处的增温效果,分析了生长季内OTC小室内温度的日变化、月变化以及植物生长温度的变化规律。结果表明:与对照相比,OTC小室内地上5cm的日平均温度增幅为0.35℃,月平均温度增幅为0.34℃,地下7.5cm的日平均温度增幅为0.70℃,月平均温度增幅为0.66℃,地下15cm的日均温和月均温都没有增加;OTC小室的总积温在地上5cm、地下7.5cm的增温幅度分别为54.55℃、63.37℃,而地下15cm处的积温没有增加。开顶式增温小室能够有效改变微气候环境,对地上5cm、地下7.5cm有一定的增温效应,地温的增幅比气温的增幅高。地下7.5cm土壤温度的响应程度明显大于地下15cm土壤温度;     

锡林郭勒草原东南部近60年的气温变化特征——以多伦县为例

选取内蒙古多伦县1953～2012年的气温资料,利用线性倾向估计、相关分析等方法重点分析了近60年来 多伦县平均气温、极端气温和平均最高(最低)气温的变化特征及趋势.结果表明:多伦县气温呈明显上升趋势,年平均气温倾向率为0.39℃/l0a,冬季和2月的平均气温增温最为显著,对年平均气温上升的贡献率最大;年、季极端最低气温较极端最高气温升温趋势明显,月极端最低气温以3月增温最为突出,倾向率为1.27℃/l0a;平均最高(最低)气温均以冬季和2月增温速率最快,年、季、月平均最低气温较平均最高气温升温趋势明显.     

蚯矧冬季提倡增产养殖两法

冬季在室外按规模大小,因地制宣采用多种增温方法,使蚓床最低温度在10～15℃以上,可以提高蚯蚓生长和繁殖速度.有的养殖户在蚓床上平铺1层薄膜.虽然蚓床温度晴天可比最高气温要高8～10℃,但凌晨气温很低I时,蚯蚓床上只比外界高1～2℃.     

肉鸡的应激及预防

在养鸡生产中 ,应激经常发生 ,往往造成较大的经济损失。因此应尽量减少应激 ,给鸡创造相对适宜的生活环境 ,提高养鸡的经济效益。1　应激反应的因素1 .1　温度、湿度　肉鸡生长的适宜温度随日龄的增加而逐步下降 ,至成年期最适宜温度为 1 0～2 6℃ ,如气温升高至 30℃以上或下降到 0℃以下 ,肉鸡会感到不适 ,影响生长发育 ,导致 VE、VC在体内消耗过多 ,肉鸡发育不良 ,甚至诱发大肠杆菌病、喉气管炎、球虫病等 ,造成大批死亡。高温、低温还能影响鸡的免疫 ,甚至使防疫失败。湿度对肉鸡的影响主要表现在与温度结合时作用明显 ,高温、高湿 ,…     

长白山高寒地区浅窖越冬法

经10多年的考察与实验,探索出长白山高寒林区蜜蜂安全越冬法即室外浅窖越冬法;实践证明此越冬法温度、湿度适宜,节省饲料。当外界气温降低到-30℃以下时,越冬浅窖温度始终能保持在-2℃±3之间,蜂群越冬正常,无下痢腹泻现象,死亡率在5％左右,平均每框蜂耗蜜1.2公斤左右。     

高温季节对奶牛生产的危害及防治

奶牛养殖的适宜温度范围是-4～18℃.一旦气温高于26℃,奶牛便出现采食量下降,产奶量减少;气温达到或超过38℃,湿度为20%时,奶牛会出现热应激;38℃气温,湿度为80%时,可能导致奶牛死亡.夏季减少高温对奶牛生产造成的不利影响是获得全年高产的关键.     

配种季节对奶牛受胎率的影响

选取广州市两家大型奶牛场 1998～ 1999年不同配种季节奶牛情期受胎率的原始数据 ,统计分析当年、当地主要气候因素气温和湿度对奶牛受胎率的影响。结果表明 ,奶牛情期受胎率受气温变化影响较大 ,统计的月气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和月内气温超过 3 0℃的天数等指标 ,与情期受胎率呈强的负相关 ,相关性极显著 ;气湿对情期受胎率的影响不大 ,相关系数只有 - 0 .16,相关性较弱。情期受胎率以冬春的 12～ 3月份最高 ,夏秋季的 6～ 9月份最低     

屋顶隔热奶牛舍内的温热环境分析

在芜湖市三山奶牛场,测定了舍内气温、湿度及钟楼内侧和屋顶内、外表面温度。春季舍内空气温度14:00时最高为20.3℃,屋面外表面温度达到40℃以上,比屋面内表面温度高约20℃;全天湿度范围在80.8%～86.1%。夏季屋顶隔热层的热阻实测值(0.1589 m2.K.h/kJ)为设计热阻(0.2344 m2.K.h/kJ)的67.79%,舍内温度与屋顶内表面辐射热强度呈正相关,屋顶辐射热每增加1 mW/m2(屋顶内表面温度上升0.4℃),舍内空气温度就升高0.21℃。经测算屋顶高4 m以上可减缓太阳辐射对舍温的影响,应因地制宜选择畜舍类型、屋顶高度与隔热层厚度。     

甘肃省玛曲县1981～2010年气候变化动态

根据甘肃省甘南州玛曲县河曲马场地面气象站提供的日气温,降水量和日照时数等观测数据,对玛曲县1981~2010年的温度、降水量及日照时数进行了统计分析。结果表明:30年间年平均温度为1.7℃,年际变化呈波动上升趋势;1998年和1999年温度上升剧烈,增温异常;同一年内1~12月平均温度接近于正态分布。年际降水量呈下降趋势,气候向干旱方向发展,同一年内最高气温与最高降水量均出现在7月,雨热同期。平均日照时数为2 594h,呈缓慢上升趋势。降水量与日照时数负相关,月平均温度与降水量极显著正相关。     

导致母羊不育的原因

1母羊环境气候性不育母羊的生殖机能与日照、气温、湿度、饲料成分的变化,以及其他外界因素都有密切关系,这些因素可以协同影响母羊的发情。环境温度对羊的繁殖往往产生最为直接的影响,对繁殖母羊,最适温度在10℃～15℃之间,生产中较为可行的温度范围在7℃～24℃。如果温度变化     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.