间接ELISA法禽霍乱抗体的动态监测

将４０只５０日龄健康禽霍乱非免疫鸡随机分为四组,每组１０只。用禽霍乱蜂胶佐剂灭活疫苗对和组鸡进行不同水平的免疫,同时设非免疫对照组。各组鸡间隔５－７天采血,以间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定血清Ｐ／Ｎ值,并确定临界值。将Ｐ／Ｎ值在２．１－４．７的１３只试验以一个最小致死量进行攻毒试验,同时设攻毒对照,在１周内３只对照鸡均表现感染发病并死亡,而试验鸡均健活,从而初步证明所确定的临界值是合理的。     

禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗不同剂量的免疫效果比较

将47只28日龄SPF鸡分为4组，第1～3组为试验组，每组12只，分别肌肉注射禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗0．1、0．3、0．5mL／只，第4组11只为对照组。各组鸡在免疫后1、2、3周采血，测定H9抗体水平；在免疫后3周用1：10稀释的AIV H9N2攻毒，0．2mL／只。攻毒后第2、3、4周继续测定H9抗体水平，观察了疫苗对鸡的保护效果。结果显示，0．5mL／只剂量的免疫效果比0．1mL／只和0．3mL／只剂量的免疫效果好；攻毒用的AIV H9N2的致病力低，对所有试验鸡均不致死。     

AE灭活疫苗ELISA抗体与攻毒保护效果试验

用禽脑脊髓炎灭活疫苗免疫28日龄SPF鸡10只,5只对照不免疫,免疫后21d采血分离血清,ELISA抗体效价检测,采血后马上进行攻毒,攻毒后观察统计发病情况,在试验鸡出现典型症状及攻毒后21d试验结束日,存活鸡全部采血测抗体,对比抗体与攻毒保护效果之间的关系。结果表明:攻毒前免疫鸡ELISA抗体阳性率为80%,攻毒保护效果80%,对ELISA抗体阳性鸡攻毒均有保护。     

应用小白鼠代替鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检的研究

为寻找其他有效的禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的效检方法,应用小白鼠代替本动物鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检.结果表明,小白鼠免疫时体重15～18 g,疫苗免疫剂量0.3 mL/只,免疫10 d后攻毒,攻毒时体重20～25 g,攻毒剂量5～9 CFU/只时,可代替本动物鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检,判定标准为免疫组8/10以上保护,对照组5/5死亡为合格.本效检方法可缩短检验期限7 d,降低检验成本,具有敏感、特异、客观、简便等特点.     

应用琼脂扩散法检测禽霍乱蜂胶苗免疫效果试验

应用禽霍乱琼脂扩散抗原对禽霍乱免疫鸡进行抗体检测,攻毒试验表明:血清抗体效价在1∶8倍以上时,免疫鸡可获得坚强保护力。因抗体效价与攻毒保护呈正相关,所以在不具备攻毒条件时,可应用该方法检测鸡群的抗体水平和疫苗的免疫效果。     

鸡新城疫与禽霍乱高效联免技术应用研究

通过对鸡新城疫与禽霍乱免疫抗体的测定,弄清和掌握了鸡新城疫母源抗体消长规律及对雏鸡免疫力的影响和最佳免疫时间。同时应用禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗与新城疫I、Ⅱ系疫苗进行了联合免疫试验。并对联合免疫鸡群进行了禽霍乱攻毒保护试验。在此基础上,探索出了鸡新城疫与禽霍乱联合免疫程序和农户散养鸡“两病”防制的方法。     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗与弱毒冻干苗免疫效力对比试验报告

本文报告禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗与弱毒冻干苗（Ｇ１９０Ｅ４０）分别对鸡免疫，在免疫后２０ｄ、９０ｄ、１８０ｄ作３次攻毒，结果：禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗的保护率依次为１００％（５／５）、８０％（４／５）、６０％（３／５）；禽霍乱弱毒冻干苗的保护率依次为６０％（３／５）、４０％（２／５）、０％（０／５）。     

表达禽流感HA和NP双基因重组禽痘病毒的免疫保护性

将分别来自禽流感病毒A／Goose／Guangdong／3／96(H5N1)毒株的HA基因和A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)NP基因重组到禽痘病毒基因组中，获得了能同时高效表达这两种蛋白的重组禽痘病毒(rFPV—HA—NP)。将rFPV—HA—NP经翅膀刺种途径接种8周龄SPF鸡，并设亲本禽痘病毒免疫和非免疫对照组。免疫后4周分别用10LD50的高致病力禽流感病毒(HPAIV)A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)和A／FPV／Rostock／34(H7N1)毒株进行攻击。结果重组禽痘病毒rFPV—HA—NP免疫鸡群后能够诱导产生高水平的特异性抗体，可完全抵抗H5N1毒株的致死性攻击，并可有效阻止H7N1病毒攻击后病毒在泄殖腔的排出。而禽痘病毒免疫组和非免疫对照组在攻毒后全部发病并死亡。结果表明NP在与HA共同表达时，在诱导交叉保护性方面有一定的免疫增强功能。     

禽白血病病毒对禽流感疫苗免疫效果的影响

为研究禽白血病病毒(ALV)对禽流感(AI)疫苗免疫效果的影响,本研究将1日龄SPF鸡经腹腔接种ALV HLJ09DH02株后,于21日龄免疫重组禽流感病毒(AIV)灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-8)或禽流感-新城疫重组二联活疫苗(r LH5-8),免疫后与未感染ALV的免疫对照鸡同时检测血清HI抗体并采用H5N1亚型高致病性AIV攻毒。结果显示:实验鸡感染ALV后HI抗体滴度均显著低于相应的未感染ALV的免疫对照组(p0.05)。感染ALV后,免疫Re-8灭活疫苗及其对照组攻毒后的排毒鸡数分别为4/10和0/10,存活率分别为90%和100%;感染ALV后,免疫r LH5-8活疫苗及其对照组攻毒后的排毒鸡数分别为10/10和0/10,存活率分别为0和100%;未感染ALV的AI免疫鸡均不发病、不死亡、不排毒;空白对照鸡攻毒后3 d内全部死亡并且排毒。本研究表明,ALV对AI灭活疫苗和活疫苗均具有显著免疫抑制作用,建议加强种鸡ALV的净化,降低对AI等疫苗免疫效果的影响。     

万年青和玉槐姜治疗禽霍乱试验

以禽霍乱C48—1菌株对鸡攻毒8个菌,攻毒后6小时肌注槐姜液,保护率75％。效果和肌注青霉素同,对照鸡全部死亡。本文并介绍玉槐姜的特征、产地和加工方法。目前,虽有禽霍乱菌苗预防本病,也有抗生素、如青霉素、链霉素和磺胺类等药物治疗。但药物较贵,所以笔者试选中草药玉槐姜与万年青对人工感染禽霍乱强毒的鸡作试验治疗,取到可喜的结果。报告如下:     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。