复方氟苯尼考注射液组分含量测定方法的研究

采用HPLC法,建立复方氟苯尼考注射液中氟苯尼考和甲氧苄啶的含量测定方法。以十八烷基烷键合硅胶为填充剂,乙腈-水-冰醋酸(25∶75∶1)为流动相,检测波长为224 nm,流速1.0 m L/min,进样量为20μL的色谱条件,进行了回收率试验、精密度试验、线性回归试验、干扰试验、耐用性试验。3个浓度氟苯尼考(0.04、0.05、0.06 mg/m L)和甲氧苄啶(0.008、0.01、0.012 mg/m L)的回收率均在98.0%~102.0%,相对偏差RSD值(%)均小于1.50。取含量测定项下的对照品溶液,重复进样6次,以峰面积计算,氟苯尼考和甲氧苄啶的RSD值(%)分别为0.72和0.44,具有良好的重复性。氟苯尼考在0.02~0.08 mg/m L浓度范围内,色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其回归方程Y=347 555X+698 784(r2=0.999 7);甲氧苄啶在0.008~0.03 mg/m L浓度范围内,色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其回归方程为Y=472 586X+478 231(r2=1.000 0)。通过改变流动相比例、色谱柱、柱温等色谱条件进行的干扰性和耐用性试验,显示出含量测定结果无明显差异,且系统适应性均符合要求。结果表明:用HPLC方法测定复方氟苯尼考注射液中氟苯尼考和甲氧苄啶的含量,稳定可靠、重现性好、回收率高、结果准确等,可作为该制剂的含量测定方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定大黄末中大黄蒽醌的含量

建立了大黄末中大黄蒽醌含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶15)为流动相,流速1.0 m L/min,荧光检测器检测,激发波长为442 nm,发射波长为514 nm。大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的浓度分别在0.2108-10.540 0μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、0.200 0-10.000 0μg/m L(r=0.999 6)、0.209 2-10.460 0μg/m L(r=0.999 5)范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=3)分别为103.5%(RSD为3.0%)、102.3%(RSD为2.6%)、98.76%(RSD为2.9%)。结果提示,本方法准确灵敏,可用于大黄末的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

建立了反向高效液相色谱法检测四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃;穿心莲内酯检测波长226 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长252 nm;穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围分别为2.32~37.14μg/m L(r=1.0000),2.00~31.94μg/m L(r=1.0000);加样平均回收率分别为99.12%、98.84%;RSD分别为0.60%、0.62%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC法测定白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量

建立反向高效液相色谱法检测白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以0.5%三乙胺水溶液(用85%磷酸调p H值至3.0)-甲醇(60:40,v:v)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃;进样量为10μL;检测波长为270 nm;龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量测定范围分别为4.09~102.2μg/m L(R=0.999 7),3.93~98.26μg/m L(R=1.000 0);加样平均回收率分别为98.63%,97.78%;RSD分别为0.96%,1.23%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量。     

兽药氟尼康中主要成分的高效液相色谱分析

建立了HPLC法同时测定药物氟尼康中盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考的含量,实现了氟尼康中盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考的较好分离。采用Hypersil-ODS2（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈∶甲醇∶磷酸二氢铵（0.1 mol/L）=1∶2∶5,pH=3.50,检测波长为254 nm,流速为1 mL/m in。结果表明,盐酸多西环素在6.25~200μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 4,平均回收率为99.29%,RSD为0.51%;氟苯尼考在6.25~250μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.87%,RSD为0.32%。该方法快速简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,可用于药物氟尼康质量控制的测定方法。     

HPLC法同时测定麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱及苦杏仁苷含量

建立一种HPLC法同时测定麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱及苦杏仁苷含量。使用Waters C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm,)色谱柱,样品前处理使用初始流动相稀释,乙腈∶磷酸盐缓冲液梯度洗脱,采用二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD),波长采集范围为200～400 nm,记录色谱图波长为210 nm,流速为1 m L/min,进样量为10μL。结果表明,盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱在0.5～200μg (r2=0.9993,R2=0.9997)、苦杏仁苷在5～20 0μg (r2=0.9992)呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为92.16%,92.03%,90.24%(n=6),RSD分别为0.53%,1.08%、3.20%。该方法简单、准确、重复性好,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

氟苯尼考纳米乳含量测定方法的建立及稳定性研究

为了建立高效液相色谱法测定氟苯尼考纳米乳中氟苯尼考含量的方法并对其稳定性进行研究,采用Iner Sustain C18(5μm,4.6 mm×250mm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水-磷酸(35∶65∶0.02,V/V/V)为流动相,流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长224 nm,进样量20μL,柱温25℃,考察方法的系统适用性、线性、精密度、加样回收率等,并通过影响因素试验及加速试验考察氟苯尼考纳米乳的稳定性。结果显示:氟苯尼考纳米乳在该色谱条件下,系统适应性良好,在4.12~67.74μg/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性回归方程为:A=49 295C+2 967.2(R2=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为101.48%(n=6),RSD为0.26%;氟苯尼考纳米乳在50℃、75%相对湿度(RH)条件下稳定。结果表明:建立的含量检查方法专属性强、准确度高、精密度、重复性良好,适用于氟苯尼考纳米乳含量测定,制备的氟苯尼考纳米乳稳定性良好,强光对其含量略有影响。     

RP-HPLC法测定术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷和苦参碱含量

为了建立测定术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷、苦参碱含量的反相高效液相色谱法,采用Wonda Sil?C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,黄芩苷以甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节p H值至3.0)(52∶48,V/V)为流动相,检测波长为274 nm。苦参碱以乙腈∶甲醇∶0.2%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节p H值至7.0)(22∶13∶65,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长220 nm;柱温30℃。术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷和苦参碱分别在浓度为10μg/m L~150μg/m L和10μg/m L~400μg/m L范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系,r=0.99991和r=0.99994,平均加样回收率分别为99.32%和98.37%,其相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.625%和1.206%。用上述方法分别测定黄芩苷和苦参碱含量条件简单、稳定、快速,可用于检测术苦芩颗粒的质量控制标准。     

高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中氟苯尼考的含量

建立了猪血浆中氟苯尼考含量测定的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。采用C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-水(24:76)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长223nm,进样量20μL,柱温为25℃。氟苯尼考浓度在0.1～16μg/mL时,标准曲线线性关系良好(r0.9998),无杂质干扰,回收率高于94%,批内变异系数和批间变异系数均低于5%。本方法操作简便,分析快速,结果准确,适用于猪血浆中氟苯尼考含量的测定及相关药代动力学研究。     

高效液相色谱荧光检测法同时检测鸡肉中氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺残留

经丙酮、二氯甲烷提取,饱和正己烷脱脂,氮吹仪吹干浓缩后,以乙腈-磷酸二氢钠溶液(0.01 mol/L,含0.005mol/L十二烷基硫酸钠和0.1%三乙胺)(35 :65)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,荧光检测激发波长为225 nm,发射波长285 nm.氟苯尼考在0.01～10.0 mg/L、氟苯尼考胺在0.002 5～2.5 mg/L浓度范围内,本方法线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 7和0.999 8.当添加水平氟苯尼考为15～500 μg/kg、氟苯尼考胺为5～500μg/kg时.该方法平均回收率分别为79.5%～84.6%和80.7 0A～88.2%,相对标准偏差分别为2.8%～6.4%和2.4%～5.3%;检测限分别为5μg/kg和μg/kg.该方法样品处理简单,可同时检测氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留,且准确度和精密度均符合残留分析的要求.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.