华北驼绒藜胚胎发育研究

在华北驼绒藜进行异株和同株授粉后,观察其胚胎发育过程。结果表明,异株授粉后,完整胚分化完成的时间较同株授粉快,前者需22d,后者需26d。胚胎的发育方式均属于藜型。     

华北驼绒藜胚胎发育研究

在华北驼绒藜进行异株和同株授粉后,观察其胚胎发育过程.结果表明,异株授粉后,完整胚分化完成的时间较同株授粉快,前者需22d,后者需26 d.胚胎的发育方式均属于藜型.     

不同授粉方式对百香果果实性状的影响

生产上发现授粉方式对百香果发育及果实性状产生较大影响，为揭示其影响方式与机理，本试验以紫果百香果为材料，采取异株异花、同株异花、自花3种授粉方式，对百香果发育性状及品质等外在与内在因子进行测定与分析。结果表明：（1）异株异花授粉和自花授粉座果率较高，分别达到98.3%、96.7%；（2）不同授粉方式，百香果单果重和单果种子数具有显著差异，由高到低依次为：自花授粉>异株异花授粉>同株异花授粉；自花授粉和异株异花授粉可食率较高，而自花授粉果实纵径、横径最大。（3）单果重与果果实横径均呈显著正相关，果实横径与果实纵径也呈极显著正相关；异株异花授粉和同株异花授粉果实单果重与单果种子数呈极显著正相关；同株异花授粉百香果果实固酸比与成熟天数呈极显著正相关，与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关。     

二倍体菘蓝开花习性及传粉特性研究

菘蓝是药材板蓝根和大青叶的基原植物,依赖种子繁殖。通过田间观测和人工授粉实验,对民乐县栽培菘蓝开花时序和传粉生物学系统进行研究,旨在为其种子繁育和杂种优势利用提供科学和技术依据。研究表明,菘蓝为无限花序,单株表现异向开花习性,花序从植株顶部向下,单花从花序基部向上依次开放。花两性,雄蕊6,4枚长,2枚短,花萼和花瓣均为4,花萼绿色,花瓣黄色,子房上位,1室。单花寿命6~7 d,异常气候可缩短至3~4 d,群体开花期30 d左右。即将开放的花蕾柱头已成熟,花瓣刚露出花萼后开花当天,花粉鲜黄而散,末花期子房膨大,花粉干枯。短角果结种子0~2粒。自然结籽率95.0%,不去雄和去雄套纸袋均不结实,同株异花去雄授粉结籽率仅4.0%,去雄套纸袋异株异花授粉结籽率72.0%,去雄不套袋结籽率53.3%,自交不亲和指数为0.96~1.00。不去雄套网袋结籽率5.0%,去雄后提高至13.7%,访花者主要有食蚜蝇、黑蜂等。说明菘蓝具有较强的自交不亲和性,不存在无融合生殖现象,属典型的异花授粉类型,需传粉者,传粉媒介以虫媒为主,风媒为辅。     

花粉直感效应对‘杰兔’兔眼蓝莓关键品质形成的影响

本研究以‘杰兔’兔眼蓝莓为试材,以‘芭尔德温’作为授粉品种,开展自然授粉、自花授粉和异花授粉对果实单果重、花青素、类黄酮、总酚、果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖等果实关键品质形成的差异分析,以期阐明花粉直感效应对蓝莓果实关键品质形成的影响,为进一步深入认识花粉直感效应的形成,以及利用其开展人工调控关键品质的形成积累基础资料。研究结果表明,花粉直感效应对‘杰兔’果实品质的形成有着显著影响,‘杰兔’自然授粉和用‘芭尔德温’异花授粉果实的单果重和花青素、果糖、蔗糖与葡萄糖的含量显著高于自花授粉,而自然授粉和异花授粉果实的类黄酮和总酚含量显著低于自花授粉。此外,综合分析自然授粉、自花授粉和异花授粉处理果实的品质形成规律与差异变化表明,花粉直感效应对果实单果重、葡萄糖和蔗糖形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第20d至第30d,对果糖形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第30d至第40d,对花青素形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第60d至第80d,对类黄酮和总酚形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第70d至第80d,为认识花粉直感效应的形成及果实品质调控提供重要基础资料。     

桑树繁殖与嫁接体育苗

１桑树繁殖的特点桑是多年生木本叶用植物 ,可以有性繁殖 ,也可以无性繁殖。桑树大多数种和品种有开花的习性 ,但也有些品种无花无果。桑花有雌雄异株、同株、异穗、同穗 ,由于它的异花授粉特性 ,使桑的遗传性相当复杂。雌花授粉后结下浆果 ,果内有桑子 ,除了三倍体及其他奇倍体品种的桑子不孕不实外 ,大多品种经桑果淘洗取得种子 ,经播种可长成实生苗 ,这就是桑的有性繁殖。由于桑的遗传性杂合 ,实生桑不能保持和延续其亲本品种的优良性状 ,而往往表现出返祖、野生和性状分离。所以在实践上 ,除了经过育种者专门研究配制的杂优组合 ,其种子…     

猕猴桃雄株倍性对果实的影响

正据《果树学报》2016年第6期《不同倍性雄株对软枣猕猴桃着果及果实性状的影响》(作者李志等)报道,为了解不同倍性的雄株对软枣猕猴桃着果及果实性状的影响,选用二倍体、四倍体和六倍体雄株花粉分别为四倍体软枣猕猴桃"红宝石星"授粉。授粉30 d后,统计各授粉组合的着果率。果实收获后,调查单果质量、果形指数、果肉颜色、可溶性固形物含量、种子数和     

建阳橘柚花粉育性与授粉的荧光观察

以建阳橘柚为试材,观察花器官结构、花粉育性、授粉后花粉管生长的荧光显微动态和早期胚胎发育情况。结果表明,建阳橘柚的花为完全花,花粉染色活力为66.42%,花粉萌发率为8.68%；自花和异花授粉4h后花粉都开始萌发,授粉16h后异花授粉的花粉大量萌发,自花授粉萌发量比4h时多,但低于异花授粉,异花授粉24h后少量花粉管伸入子房中完成受精,自花授粉48h后花粉管进入子房,但并没有受精成功,自花授粉72h后可观察到少量受精成功。自花授粉胚胎在第2周观察到胚囊的空泡现象,出现早期败育；异花授粉前2周胚胎发育正常,第3周观察到部分胚囊的空泡现象。     

瓣化型雄性不育胡萝卜的开发与利用

编者按：胡萝卜营养价值高，是新世纪营养保健食品及加工原料。本文报道国内胡萝卜科研新进展，对发展胡萝卜新品种和生产有重要意义。在自然条件下胡萝卜雄性不育株出现的频率因品种、系统、栽培历史的不同而异，一般在0．1％一0．3％左右，而经过多年选择培育的新品种或新品系内出现不育株的机率则更少。如用育成的杂交种进行同株异花自交授粉，套袋隔离采种，经过四五代自交后可望分离出雄性不育株。胡萝卜雄性不育表现为两种，一种是褐药型又叫花粉败育型，一种是瓣化型，又叫雄蕊退化型，均为育种的良好材料。一、瓣化型不育系的获得笔…     

异花授粉对霸王花结果率及果实品质的影响分析

[目的]针对长期以来自然分布的霸王花只开花不能结果的现状,通过异源花人工授粉以检测其结实性能、果实的营养品质,探求实现霸王花 “花果双收”的技术途径。[方法]分别采用霸王花的同株异花、目前主栽的火龙果品种作异源花粉进行人工授粉,对比分析授粉后霸王花的结果率、单果重、其果实与目前主栽的火龙果果实品质差异性。[结果]霸王花经异源花人工授粉后结果率达93%以上、单果重平均达360克左右,VC含量略低于火龙果,还原糖含量高于红肉型和白肉型火龙果,总体上,霸王花异花果实品质可与目前主栽火龙果品种的相媲美。[结论]采用异源花授粉可实现霸王花“花果双收”、大幅度提升霸王花产业经济效益的技术途径之一。     

雏鸭病毒性肝炎的分离与初步鉴定

取北京郊区某鸭场的病鸭肝脏制备病料,通过9~11日龄SPF鸡胚尿囊腔接种,结果显示所分离的毒株能使鸡胚发育迟缓、胚爪发育畸形、肝脏变绿。分离病毒回2日龄健康雏鸭进行动物试验,能使雏鸭在2~3 d内100％发生死亡,其发病症状及剖检病理变化与自然发病的小鸭一致。分离毒株对氯仿不敏感。病毒接种于鸭胚成纤维细胞后没观察到明显的CPE。血清中和试验表明分离病毒能被I型DHV标准血清所中和,证明分离的野毒株血清型为I型DHV,且毒力很强。     

Bovine superfetation by natural conception secondary to an embryo transfer pregnancy

There was only one embryo transferred to the recipient female. There was no chance for natural service to occur from 21 days prior to the transfer of the embryo to 31 days after the transfer of the 7 day old blastocyst. The surrogate female was palpated as being 38 days pregnant 31 days after the transfer of a 7 day old embryo by an experienced professional before being exposed to the natural service sire. The second fetus was of a different sex than the first and was approximately 60 days less mature. All other pregnancies within this well managed herd were accounted for and no other cows calved within the area close to that time. The remaining recipients carried pregnancies to the approximate expected calving date. Conclusion. This case report should support earlier evidence that superfetation in the bovine can and does occur.     

禽流感H9亚型SD696株疫苗生产工艺改进试验

分别采用10日龄和12日龄SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感H9亚型SD696株病毒,并改变后孵化温度,将死亡高峰期、最终死亡率、平均单胚收获量、尿囊液血凝价HA、病毒含量EID50进行对比,结果表明用12日龄SPF鸡胚比用10日龄SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感H9亚型SD696株病毒,死亡高峰期推迟12-24 h,最终死亡率、尿囊液的HA和EID50无差异,平均单胚收获量提高了2-3mL。35℃培养比37℃培养鸡胚死亡高峰期延迟、最终死亡率降低、平均单胚收获量提高、尿囊液的血凝价HA及病毒含量EID50偏高。选择12日龄SPF鸡胚,35℃培养温度为生产工艺,既提高疫苗产量,降低成本,又能够提高产品的质量。     

超声断层扫描观察苏北犬胚胎和胎儿发育

用5MHz线阵探头对14只母犬从配种后18d开始，每2d用B超探查1次；配种后36～48d，每3d探查1次；48d以后，于52、57d各探查1次。结果表明，于配种后18～22d确诊7只犬妊娠，7只空怀。有3只犬分剐在配种后24、36、39d发生流产。观察胎囊、胎儿、胎心、胎动、胎儿脏器、胎儿骨骼出现时间和测量胎囊大小、冠臀长、胎儿身长、头长、双顶径、胸深和心区大小，证明胎囊大小、胎儿冠臀长、身长、头长、双顶径、胸深与胎龄呈显著正相关。在配种后18～30d，观察子宫暗区大小可预测胎龄。在配种32d以后，观测胸深、双顶径或头长。可精确预测胎龄。     

Preliminary observations on reproduction in a female sheep-goat chimaera.

Four oestrous cycles of a female sheep-goat chimaera were monitored by using a vasectomised ram. The mean (+/- se) length of the cycle was 18.5 +/- 0.64 days with a range from 17 to 20 days. The chimaera was superovulated twice, bred to fertile rams, and the embryos recovered by laparotomy 13 or five days after oestrus, so that karyotype analysis could reveal the genotype of the oocyte. After the first superovulation one ovine day-13 embryo was collected; two fragments of another embryo (or embryos) were also collected, but readable chromosome spreads were not obtained from these embryos or from the two four-cell embryos that were collected five days after the second superovulation. Two surgical embryo transfers to the chimaera resulted in pregnancies. The first transfer involved an eight-cell ovine embryo and two caprine morulae and ended in the abortion of an ovine fetus between days 110 and 130. The second pregnancy occurred after the transfer of two ovine and two caprine morulae. A healthy lamb was born on day 147 of pregnancy. Both placentae had small numbers of cotyledons. A histological evaluation of the cotyledons revealed an abnormal placentome structure in the first pregnancy but not in the second.     

Concentrations of luteinising hormone and progesterone in pregnant and non-pregnant heifers

An experiment was conducted to determine if concentrations of luteinising hormone or progesterone were different in pregnant or non-pregnant heifers for seven days before and 20 days after a successful or non-successful insemination. Heifers with an oestrous cycle length of 18 to 24 days only were used and they were bled at 08.00, 16.00 and 24.00 each day for seven days before and for 20 days after insemination with thawed semen (treatment 1) or semen diluent (treatment 2). Animals allocated to treatment 3 had the embryo nonsurgically flushed from the uterus at days 10 to 12 while animals allocated to treatment 4 were inseminated with semen diluent and then had a viable embryo transferred to the uterus between days 10 and 12. All animals were slaughtered between 19 and 21 days after insemination and pregnancy rate determined. There were no differences in basal luteinising hormone levels between treatments. Blood concentrations of progesterone were not different before insemination and for 16 days after insemination for pregnant (11 out of 15) and non-pregnant heifers (14) allocated to treatments 1 and 2. Between days 17 and 20, progesterone concentrations declined in non-pregnant heifers. Transfer of an embryo to non-pregnant heifers on day 10 to 12, did not affect progesterone concentrations, but non-surgical flushing of the embryo caused a decline in blood concentrations of progesterone. It was concluded that basal blood concentrations of luteinising hormone and progesterone, in samples taken three times daily were not different in pregnant or non-pregnant heifers before and for 16 days after insemination.     

Preliminary observations on the effect of parity on first day ultrasonic detection of embryo and its organs in bovine

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parity on the first day of ultrasonic detection of embryo and its organs using 8 MHz frequency. For this purpose, six nulliparous heifers, five primiparous cows and six multiparous cows of the Holstein breed were selected and mated by a single bull from the herd. From day 16 after mating, cows and heifers were examined by ultrasonography thrice weekly for the day of first detection of the embryo and its organs. The mean of first-day detection in heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows was as follows, respectively: allantois on days 22.3, 23 and 25.8; embryo proper on days 21.8, 23 and 27; heartbeat of embryo on days 26.1, 26.6 and 31.1; amnion on days 31, 31 and 30.8; limb buds on days 29.5, 28.8 and 30.6; stomach (abomasum) on days 32.2, 38.6 and 36.8; spinal column on days 32.6, 33.4 and 37.3; placentomes on days 33.3, 37 and 35.3; eyes on days 35.1, 35.4 and 38.6 and lens on days 40, 41.4 and 44. Although the mean of first day observation of all structures in heifers tends to be earlier than in the other groups, statistically, allantois, the embryo proper and its heartbeat in heifers and primipara were visualized significantly earlier than in multiparous cows. However, there were no differences between heifers and primiparous cows.     

淫羊藿种子变温层积过程中胚形态及生理生化变化

为探究变温层积过程中淫羊藿(Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.)种子胚形态及生理生化的变化规律，为淫羊藿种子变温层积提供理论依据，本研究对淫羊藿种子进行变温层积处理(1～90 d为20～25℃，91～150 d为4℃)，观测不同层积温度下，种胚形态、胚率、营养物质含量、呼吸途径关键限速酶活性及内源激素随着时间的变化规律。结果表明，在层积过程中，淫羊藿种子胚形态从球形胚逐渐发育为心形胚，最后为子叶胚，胚率显著升高，变温层积有利于胚形态发育。营养物质的相互转化为种子的形态生理后熟提供能量和物质基础，淀粉是该过程中的主要供能物质，赤霉素(Gibberellin，GA)、吲哚乙酸(Indole-3-acetic acid，IAA)的变化趋势与种子发育进程密切相关，可能有效促进了种子形态后熟。     

秋制越年种超限冷藏的孵化试验

秋制越年种丙1胚子起超限冷藏,可缓解夏秋蚕供种不足的矛盾,现行品种超限冷藏符合生产要求,试验结果显示:复式冷藏种丙1,胚子可安全冷藏80天,三次冷藏种丙1胚子可安全冷藏70天。     

The effects of an advanced uterine environment on embryonic survival in the mare

Reasons for performing the study: During embryo transfer (ET) the equine embryo can tolerate a wide degree of negative asynchrony but positive asynchrony of >2 days usually results in embryonic death. There is still confusion over whether this is due to the inability of the embryo to induce luteostasis or to an inappropriate uterine environment. Objectives: To assess embryo survival and development in an advanced uterine environment. Hypothesis: Embryo–uterine asynchrony, not the embryo's inability to induce luteostasis, is responsible for embryonic death in recipient mares with a >2 days chronologically advanced uterus. Methods: Experiment 1: Thirteen Day 7 embryos were transferred to the uteri of recipient mares with luteal prolongation, occasioned by manual crushing of their own conceptus, such that donor–recipient asynchrony was between +13 and +49 days. Experiment 2: Day 7 embryos were transferred to recipient mares carrying their own conceptus at Days 18 (n = 2), 15 (n = 2), 14 (n = 4), 12 (n = 4) or 11 (n = 4) of gestation. In addition, Day 8 embryos were transferred to 4 pregnant recipient mares on Day 11 of gestation. Results: No pregnancies resulted following transfer of Day 7 embryos to recipients in prolonged dioestrus with asynchronies between +13 and +49 days. However, the use of early pregnant mares as recipients resulted in 5/20 (25%) twin pregnancies, 4 of which came from the transfer of a Day 8 embryo to a Day 11 recipient. All transferred embryos showed retarded growth, with death occurring in 4/5 (80%). Conclusions and potential relevance: The results emphasise the importance of an appropriate uterine environment for embryo growth and the inability of equine embryos to survive transfer to a uterus >2 days advanced even when luteostasis is achieved. It is possible that in normal, non‐ET equine pregnancy, embryo–uterine asynchrony may account for some cases of embryonic death.