华北驼绒藜胚胎发育研究

在华北驼绒藜进行异株和同株授粉后,观察其胚胎发育过程。结果表明,异株授粉后,完整胚分化完成的时间较同株授粉快,前者需22d,后者需26d。胚胎的发育方式均属于藜型。     

华北驼绒藜胚胎发育研究

在华北驼绒藜进行异株和同株授粉后,观察其胚胎发育过程.结果表明,异株授粉后,完整胚分化完成的时间较同株授粉快,前者需22d,后者需26 d.胚胎的发育方式均属于藜型.     

不同授粉方式对百香果果实性状的影响

生产上发现授粉方式对百香果发育及果实性状产生较大影响，为揭示其影响方式与机理，本试验以紫果百香果为材料，采取异株异花、同株异花、自花3种授粉方式，对百香果发育性状及品质等外在与内在因子进行测定与分析。结果表明：（1）异株异花授粉和自花授粉座果率较高，分别达到98.3%、96.7%；（2）不同授粉方式，百香果单果重和单果种子数具有显著差异，由高到低依次为：自花授粉>异株异花授粉>同株异花授粉；自花授粉和异株异花授粉可食率较高，而自花授粉果实纵径、横径最大。（3）单果重与果果实横径均呈显著正相关，果实横径与果实纵径也呈极显著正相关；异株异花授粉和同株异花授粉果实单果重与单果种子数呈极显著正相关；同株异花授粉百香果果实固酸比与成熟天数呈极显著正相关，与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关。     

二倍体菘蓝开花习性及传粉特性研究

菘蓝是药材板蓝根和大青叶的基原植物,依赖种子繁殖。通过田间观测和人工授粉实验,对民乐县栽培菘蓝开花时序和传粉生物学系统进行研究,旨在为其种子繁育和杂种优势利用提供科学和技术依据。研究表明,菘蓝为无限花序,单株表现异向开花习性,花序从植株顶部向下,单花从花序基部向上依次开放。花两性,雄蕊6,4枚长,2枚短,花萼和花瓣均为4,花萼绿色,花瓣黄色,子房上位,1室。单花寿命6~7 d,异常气候可缩短至3~4 d,群体开花期30 d左右。即将开放的花蕾柱头已成熟,花瓣刚露出花萼后开花当天,花粉鲜黄而散,末花期子房膨大,花粉干枯。短角果结种子0~2粒。自然结籽率95.0%,不去雄和去雄套纸袋均不结实,同株异花去雄授粉结籽率仅4.0%,去雄套纸袋异株异花授粉结籽率72.0%,去雄不套袋结籽率53.3%,自交不亲和指数为0.96~1.00。不去雄套网袋结籽率5.0%,去雄后提高至13.7%,访花者主要有食蚜蝇、黑蜂等。说明菘蓝具有较强的自交不亲和性,不存在无融合生殖现象,属典型的异花授粉类型,需传粉者,传粉媒介以虫媒为主,风媒为辅。     

花粉直感效应对‘杰兔’兔眼蓝莓关键品质形成的影响

本研究以‘杰兔’兔眼蓝莓为试材,以‘芭尔德温’作为授粉品种,开展自然授粉、自花授粉和异花授粉对果实单果重、花青素、类黄酮、总酚、果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖等果实关键品质形成的差异分析,以期阐明花粉直感效应对蓝莓果实关键品质形成的影响,为进一步深入认识花粉直感效应的形成,以及利用其开展人工调控关键品质的形成积累基础资料。研究结果表明,花粉直感效应对‘杰兔’果实品质的形成有着显著影响,‘杰兔’自然授粉和用‘芭尔德温’异花授粉果实的单果重和花青素、果糖、蔗糖与葡萄糖的含量显著高于自花授粉,而自然授粉和异花授粉果实的类黄酮和总酚含量显著低于自花授粉。此外,综合分析自然授粉、自花授粉和异花授粉处理果实的品质形成规律与差异变化表明,花粉直感效应对果实单果重、葡萄糖和蔗糖形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第20d至第30d,对果糖形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第30d至第40d,对花青素形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第60d至第80d,对类黄酮和总酚形成的影响关键时期为授粉后第70d至第80d,为认识花粉直感效应的形成及果实品质调控提供重要基础资料。     

桑树繁殖与嫁接体育苗

１桑树繁殖的特点桑是多年生木本叶用植物 ,可以有性繁殖 ,也可以无性繁殖。桑树大多数种和品种有开花的习性 ,但也有些品种无花无果。桑花有雌雄异株、同株、异穗、同穗 ,由于它的异花授粉特性 ,使桑的遗传性相当复杂。雌花授粉后结下浆果 ,果内有桑子 ,除了三倍体及其他奇倍体品种的桑子不孕不实外 ,大多品种经桑果淘洗取得种子 ,经播种可长成实生苗 ,这就是桑的有性繁殖。由于桑的遗传性杂合 ,实生桑不能保持和延续其亲本品种的优良性状 ,而往往表现出返祖、野生和性状分离。所以在实践上 ,除了经过育种者专门研究配制的杂优组合 ,其种子…     

猕猴桃雄株倍性对果实的影响

正据《果树学报》2016年第6期《不同倍性雄株对软枣猕猴桃着果及果实性状的影响》(作者李志等)报道,为了解不同倍性的雄株对软枣猕猴桃着果及果实性状的影响,选用二倍体、四倍体和六倍体雄株花粉分别为四倍体软枣猕猴桃"红宝石星"授粉。授粉30 d后,统计各授粉组合的着果率。果实收获后,调查单果质量、果形指数、果肉颜色、可溶性固形物含量、种子数和     

建阳橘柚花粉育性与授粉的荧光观察

以建阳橘柚为试材,观察花器官结构、花粉育性、授粉后花粉管生长的荧光显微动态和早期胚胎发育情况。结果表明,建阳橘柚的花为完全花,花粉染色活力为66.42%,花粉萌发率为8.68%；自花和异花授粉4h后花粉都开始萌发,授粉16h后异花授粉的花粉大量萌发,自花授粉萌发量比4h时多,但低于异花授粉,异花授粉24h后少量花粉管伸入子房中完成受精,自花授粉48h后花粉管进入子房,但并没有受精成功,自花授粉72h后可观察到少量受精成功。自花授粉胚胎在第2周观察到胚囊的空泡现象,出现早期败育；异花授粉前2周胚胎发育正常,第3周观察到部分胚囊的空泡现象。     

瓣化型雄性不育胡萝卜的开发与利用

编者按：胡萝卜营养价值高，是新世纪营养保健食品及加工原料。本文报道国内胡萝卜科研新进展，对发展胡萝卜新品种和生产有重要意义。在自然条件下胡萝卜雄性不育株出现的频率因品种、系统、栽培历史的不同而异，一般在0．1％一0．3％左右，而经过多年选择培育的新品种或新品系内出现不育株的机率则更少。如用育成的杂交种进行同株异花自交授粉，套袋隔离采种，经过四五代自交后可望分离出雄性不育株。胡萝卜雄性不育表现为两种，一种是褐药型又叫花粉败育型，一种是瓣化型，又叫雄蕊退化型，均为育种的良好材料。一、瓣化型不育系的获得笔…     

异花授粉对霸王花结果率及果实品质的影响分析

[目的]针对长期以来自然分布的霸王花只开花不能结果的现状,通过异源花人工授粉以检测其结实性能、果实的营养品质,探求实现霸王花 “花果双收”的技术途径。[方法]分别采用霸王花的同株异花、目前主栽的火龙果品种作异源花粉进行人工授粉,对比分析授粉后霸王花的结果率、单果重、其果实与目前主栽的火龙果果实品质差异性。[结果]霸王花经异源花人工授粉后结果率达93%以上、单果重平均达360克左右,VC含量略低于火龙果,还原糖含量高于红肉型和白肉型火龙果,总体上,霸王花异花果实品质可与目前主栽火龙果品种的相媲美。[结论]采用异源花授粉可实现霸王花“花果双收”、大幅度提升霸王花产业经济效益的技术途径之一。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.