禽脑脊髓炎病毒内蒙株(AEV-NH937)病毒含量检测和感染鸡胚病理变化的研究

禽脑脊髓炎（Avian Encephalomyelitis,AE）又称流行性震颤,是由禽脑脊髓炎病毒（Avian Encephalomyelitis Virus,AEV）引起的主侵幼禽的一种病毒性传染病。自1980年以来,我国许多省区,包括内蒙地区均有发生本病的报道,AE给养禽业造成了极大的损失。经鉴定AEV—NH937病毒株,是一株在内蒙古毒力较强的AEV毒株。现将本次试验中AEV—NH937株第8代株毒力测定过程及接毒鸡胚感染后病理变化观察结果总结如下：     

禽脑脊髓炎病毒XY13株的分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

采集患病雏鸡脑组织样品制成组织悬液进行SPF鸡胚传代,通过免疫组化试验、动物试验、RT-PCR扩增VP1基因片段对病原进行鉴定,并对基因序列进行遗传进化分析,结果分离了1株禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV),命名为XY13株。免疫组化结果显示脑组织切片中存在大量的深棕黄色着色区域;动物试验中雏鸡出现了震颤、共济失调等禽脑脊髓炎(AE)临床症状,剖检发现脑组织软化、有散在出血点;RT-PCR扩增出的目的片段长度为288bp,编码96个氨基酸;序列分析表明AEV XY13株分离株与参考毒株的核苷酸同源性为74.6%~99.7%,氨基酸同源性为76.0%~97.9%;进化树分析表明AEV XY13与SX株的处于相同的分支,与1143、YL、L2Z株同处于一个较大的分支上,而与VanReokel、NH-937和204C株则处于不同的分支上,表明亲缘关系较远;进化距离预测结果表明AEV XY13株与1143、L2Z、SX和YL株的进化距离均小于0.011,而与NH-937、Van Reokel和204C株的进化距离则大于0.060。结果表明:本分离株为AEV,与目前已知的AEV毒株在进化关系上存在一定的差异。     

禽脑脊髓炎病毒YL株的分离鉴定

为弄清陕西杨凌某鸡场种鸡产蛋量突然下降,种蛋孵化率降低,死雏、弱雏增多的原因,通过采集发病鸡脑组织进行SPF鸡胚连续传代、琼脂扩散试验(AGP)、人工感染试验、VP1基因的克隆及序列分析等对病原进行鉴定。结果显示,分离毒YL株与AEV标准阳性血清之间出现特异的沉淀线;在人工感染试验中可见雏鸡有震颤、共济失调等症状,剖检大脑有轻微的水肿和软化;成功克隆出AEV YL株的VP1基因,全长810 bp,编码270个氨基酸残基;与AEV参考毒株VP1基因核苷酸同源性92.0%⁹9.8%,氨基酸同源性为89.3%99.8%,氨基酸同源性为89.3%⁹9.3%;进化树分析表明,YL株与1143株、L2Z株和SX株亲缘关系较近,与VR株、HB株、SD株和NH937株亲缘关系较远。结果表明,分离毒株为禽脑脊髓炎病毒,与AEV已知毒株在进化方面存在一定程度的差异。     

禽脑脊髓炎的流行状况及其防控措施

正一、概况禽脑脊髓炎(Avian Encephalomyelitis,AE)是由禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)引起的一种主要侵害幼鸡为主的传染病,其主要特征为雏鸡的共济失调、瘫痪、头部震颤,所以又称流行性震颤;在产蛋鸡,感染后主要表现为一过性产蛋下降。本病呈全世界分布,一年四季均可发生。实际上在全世界凡有商业化养禽的地区都有本病的发生报道,几乎所有鸡群最终都会被AEV污染。     

应用琼脂扩散试验诊断禽脑脊髓炎的研究

应用琼脂扩散试验证明,制备的禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)抗原具有良好的抗原特异性。人工感染AEV后10天的鸡血清,100％呈现阳性反应。感染后120天,抗体效价仍可达到1∶64。该抗原与鸡支气管炎、新城疫、鸡马立克氏病、鸡传染性喉气管炎及腺病毒等感染鸡的血清均不发生交叉反应。     

AE油佐剂灭活疫苗对鸡胚和仔鸡的保护力试验

三批禽脑脊髓炎(AE)油佐剂灭活疫苗免疫开产前种鸡,种鸡免疫2~3个月后所产种蛋对禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)鸡胚易感性试验的受保护率达100%,而同期所产种蛋孵出的仔代雏鸡,在出雏后3周内对AEV VR株攻毒的受保护率亦达100%; 种鸡免疫6~7个月后所产种蛋对AEV VR鸡胚易感性试验的受保护率达75%~80%,而同期所产种蛋孵出的仔代雏鸡,在出雏后3周内对AEVVR株攻毒的受保护率达70%~90%。试验结果表明,AE灭活疫苗AEV鸡胚易感性试验的鸡胚保护率与同期雏鸡对AEV VR肌肉途径攻毒的保护率基本相同。     

鸡脑脊髓炎的诊断及防治

<正>本病是侵害雏鸡中枢神经系统的病毒性传染病,以运动失调和头颈部快速震颤为特征。禽脑脊髓炎(AE)是禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)引起主要侵害幼龄鸡的传染病,其特征为共济失调和快速震颤(特别是头颈部),该病又叫流行性震颤。     

禽脑脊髓炎病毒VR株衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

用冻存的禽脑脊髓炎病毒Van Roekel(AEV VR)株通过SPF鸡胚传代复壮，获得了试验用病毒株样本。根据已知禽脑脊髓炎病毒1143(AEV 1143)株的衣壳蛋白VP0、VP3、VPl基因序列，设计了3对引物，分别扩增AEV VR株的VP0、VP3、VP1基因，将RT-PCR产物进行分子克隆和序列分析。结果表明，AEVVR株与AEV1143株VP0、VP3、VP1基因的核苷酸同源性分别为95．1％、93．6％和93．9％；氨基酸的同源性分别为97．57／6、97．5％和99．6％。     

单抗间接Dot-ELISA检测禽脑脊髓炎病毒抗原的研究

利用制备的禽脑脊髓炎病毒 (AEV)单抗建立了检测AEV抗原的间接Dot ELISA方法 ,对AEV最低检出量为 1 6 0 8μg/mL。人工感染 1日龄SPF鸡 ,取发病鸡 (6～1 3日龄 )相应病料 ,各病料样本阳性检出率分别为 :脑 1 0 0 % ,胰 96 % ,十二指肠 98% ,腺胃 98%。对 40份临床自然发病鸡病料检测 ,阳性检出率为 92 %。对 1 0份AEV病原分离阳性样品 ,检测阳性率为 1 0 0 % ,而SPF鸡对照均为阴性     

禽脑脊髓炎研究进展

禽脑脊(Avian encephalomyelitis，AE)是由禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)引起的主要侵害中枢神经系统的一种禽类传染病，又称为流行性震颤(Epidemic Tremor)。该病主要侵害中枢神经而呈现非化脓性脑脊髓炎的病理变化和特怔性的临床症状，呈世界性分布。现就禽脑脊髓炎的研究进展作一综述。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.