红安格斯牛杂交改良云南黄牛的效果报告

[目的]云南省自1974年、1997年和2003年先后从奥地利、美国、澳大利亚引进安格斯等肉牛品种对云南本地黄牛进行杂交改良,效果较好。[方法]对安×云杂交一代牛犊牛初生重6月龄、12月龄、24月龄、48月龄体重进行了测定。[结果]引进的种公牛对云南高原的气候条件适应性良好,在农村饲养条件下,安×云杂交一代牛犊牛初生重平均为21.21kg,6月龄体重平均为134.34kg,12月龄体重平均为187.18kg,24月龄体重平均为268.45kg,48月龄体重平均为324.92kg,分别比本地黄牛提高50.32%,57.45%,49.33%,38.89%和37.27%。[结论]杂交后代表现出较好的经济早熟性,效益显著。     

良种牛与本地黄牛杂交改良效果初探

用西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛与本地黄牛杂交,其效果:西×本、利×本杂交公、母犊牛初生重分别比本地黄牛公、母犊牛初生重增加3.9、4.7、3.6和4.3kg;分别提高了16.67%、24.61%、15.30%和22.51%。西×本、利×本6月龄杂交公、母牛体重分别比本地黄牛6月龄公、母牛体重增加61.3、50.6、58.2和47.2kg,分别提高48.69%、45.87%、46.23%和42.79%;西×本、利×本12月龄杂交公、母牛体重分别比本地黄牛12月龄公、母牛体重增加98.0、56.2、92.1和52.2kg,分别提高60.98%、43.57%、57.31%和40.47%。西×本、利×本杂交牛初生重、6月龄体高、体斜长、胸围、体重、12月龄体高、体斜长、胸围、体重分别与本×本后代相比差异均极显著;西×本与利×本杂交牛相比差异不显著。利用西门塔尔、利木赞良种牛作父本改良本地黄牛效果十分显著。     

BMY牛杂交利用的初步研究

[目的]以BMY牛为父本,云南黄牛、西本杂、短本杂等为母本的多元肉牛杂交,以期为云南省肉牛改良及其肉牛生产模式提供发展基础。[方法]通过应用BMY公牛及冻精与云南黄牛及其杂交母牛进行杂交改良中试。[结果]截止2009年底累计完成杂交改良14 734头,产犊12 738头,产犊率86.45%。进行了1 485头次体重体尺测定,BMY牛对云南黄牛及云南现有杂交组合的杂交后代初生体重为12.40 kg,较云南黄牛（YY）高1.64 kg,提高幅度较小（P〉0.05）,但6月龄体重为108.96 kg,较YY高74.99 kg,有明显的改良效果（P〉0.01）,估计的BMY牛对云南黄牛改良后代的初生重与6月龄体重杂种优势率分别是-8.02%和2.91%。[结论]以BMY牛为父本的杂交组合后代各生长性能都表现出较好的杂交优势,初生重、6月龄体重体尺有较大提高,为云南省、南方肉牛改良及其肉牛生产模式的探索提供了坚实基础。     

安格斯肉牛杂交改良青海黄牛效果分析

青海省首次引进安格斯肉牛细管冻精,利用人工授精技术杂交改良青海黄牛,并对安本F1牛进行试验测定,结果表明：安本F1牛初生重平均为29.21kg,比本地黄牛初生重15.00kg相对提高了94.73%,安本F1牛3月龄、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄平均体重分别为73.63kg、112.78kg、195.85kg、268.50kg,比同龄本地牛分别提高了111.58%、109.23%、113.34%、156.45%,各阶段体尺指标比同龄本地牛相应提高。安本F1牛18月龄日增重为0.44kg,比本地黄牛日增重0.17kg,相对提高了158.8%。安本F1牛表现出了较强的杂种优势,杂交效果显著。     

安格斯肉牛与本地黄牛杂交试验

应用安格斯肉牛杂交改良青海省本地黄牛,经试验测定,杂一代犊牛初生重28.6kg,比青海本地黄牛15.09kg提高89.53%,1月龄、3月龄、6月龄平均体重分别为39.22kg、72.90kg和101.51kg,比同龄当地黄牛分别提高83.27%、109.45%和56.53%,杂交优势明显(P<0.01)。     

肉牛改良河西黄牛效果的调查

引进皮埃蒙特、德国黄牛、利本赞等肉牛品种改良本地西杂牛(西门塔尔牛与河西黄牛杂交后代)。测试结果,皮×西黄、德×西黄、利×西黄F代犊牛平均初生重分别为39.5、38.2和36.6kg,分别比本地西杂牛初生重27.8 kg提高 42.0%、37.4%和31.7%;6月龄的平均体重分别为 188、175和163 kg,分别比西杂牛6月龄体重127kg提高48.0%、37.8%和28.3%;12月龄的平均体重分别为271、257和246 kg,分别比西杂牛12月龄体重223 kg提高21.5%、15.2%和10.3%。经F检验,组间差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

婆罗门牛及其改良云南黄牛的效果研究

通过婆罗门牛(种牛或冻精)与云南黄牛杂交改良比较,其F1代的初生重、6月龄断奶重、12月龄和18月龄体重分别比云南黄牛高64.53%、13.37%、24.87%、37.91%。24月龄F1代牛市场价每头比云南黄牛高出1500元。     

肉用型西门塔尔与安格斯不同杂交方式杂交效果研究

[目的]为检验肉用型西门塔尔牛云南本地黄牛的改良效果.[方法]云南省种畜繁育推广中心肉牛纯繁场分别利用XM♂×本地西门塔尔高代杂交黄牛♀（Ⅰ组）;XM♀×AG♂（Ⅱ组）;AG♂×本地西门塔尔高代杂交黄牛♀（Ⅲ组）.[结果]在相同的饲养管理条件下,Ⅱ组初生、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄平均体重明显高于I组和Ⅲ组,工组结果明显高于Ⅲ组;6月龄、18月龄日增重Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异不显著,Ⅰ组12月龄、24月龄日增重明显高于和Ⅲ组,而Ⅱ组6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄日增重明显高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组.[结论]通过实验结果可以看出,肉用型西门塔尔牛与安格斯种公牛杂交效果优势明显,而肉用型西门塔尔种公牛与本地黄牛杂交效果又明显高于安格斯种公牛.     

西门塔尔牛冻精改良会泽本地黄牛的效果研究

[目的]为研究西门塔尔牛对会泽本地黄牛的改良效果,开展了西本F1牛和本地黄牛的生长性能测定。[方法]对654头(西本F1354头,会泽本地黄牛300头)牛各项生产性能指标进行了测定。[结果]表明,西本F1牛的各阶段体尺、体重、增重效果、产肉性能等指标均高于本地黄牛。其中西本F1牛从初生到24月龄的体高、体斜长、胸围、管围等主要体尺指标比同龄的本地黄牛均极显地著提高(P0.01);西本F1牛初生、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄的体重,分别比会泽本地黄牛增加11.78kg、50.23kg、83.06kg、92.15kg、114.53kg,提高了83.67%、64.54%、66.27%、54.28%、57.36%。[结论]西本F1牛与本地黄牛不同年龄段体重差异均表现为极显著(P0.01),杂种优势十分明显。     

皮德蒙牛杂交改良青海黄牛的效果研究

2003年,湟中县引进皮特蒙牛细管冻精对青海黄牛进行改良,2004年产皮杂牛136头。据测定,杂种牛初生重平均为37.51kg,青海黄牛初生重为15.00kg,前者相对提高了150.07%;6月龄体重为133.82kg,比同龄青海黄牛提高148.27%;12月龄体重为262.27kg,比同龄青海黄牛提高185.70%。杂种牛表现出了较强的杂种优势,杂交效果显著。     

楚雄州不同杂交牛6月龄生长性能研究

[目的]为探讨BMY牛及各种杂交牛在楚雄区域常规饲养状态下的生产性能,给该区肉牛改良方向提供科学依据。[方法]测定楚雄区域内各杂交牛的初生、6月龄体尺、体重。[结果]平均初生、6月龄体重以西本杂的为最高,分别为24kg、122．7kg,其次是短本杂交牛,分别为22．25kg、118．3kg,第三为BMY杂交牛,分别为20．15kg、98．8kg,第四是滇中牛,分别为15．90kg、75．5kg。[结论]不同品种杂交牛的生长性能都比滇中牛有很大的提高,改良效果好。     

贵州威宁黄牛杂交改良效果初步研究

本研究对农户饲养条件下的984头威宁黄牛及西×威F1、安×威F1、利×威F1初生、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄的体尺、体重进行了测定。结果表明:(1)西×威F1、安×威F1、利×威F1代牛的体斜长、胸围、体高、管围和十字部高分别平均增加16.69%~22.25%,20.20%~25.93%,16.38%~20.46%,18.03%~28.46%,15.96%~19.80%(P<0.01);(2)杂交F1代♂牛24月龄体重平均提高76.46%(P<0.01),日增重平均提高78.76%,生长系数平均提高12.13%;杂交F1代♀体重提高80.54%(P<0.01)、日增重平均提高67.16%,生长系数平均提高7.18%;(3)三种杂交F1代牛之间体尺差异不明显(P>0.05),增长速度以安×威F1提高幅度最大(P<0.05)。从而认为,用安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛改良威宁黄牛可以取得良好的杂交效果,其中以用安格斯牛改良的效果更为明显。     

5个黄牛群体垂体转录因子基因变异研究

 为了阐明云南黄牛垂体转录因子(POU1F1)基因的群体变异特征,采用DNA序列分析和PCR-RFLP技术对云南地区5个黄牛群体（3个本地群体和2个引进品种）的垂体转录因子(POU1F1)基因的第5内含子和第6外显子进行了基因克隆测序和群体变异检测分析。在5个群体中均发现存在A和B两个等位基因,在国外引进的短角牛和安格斯牛中,A等位基因为优势等位基因,其基因频率分别为0.944和0.700;而在云南的昭通黄牛、迪庆黄牛和荷斯坦奶牛中B等位基因占优势,其基因频率分别为0.645,0.727和0.917;在短角牛和安格斯牛中,BB基因型频率为0;而在云南荷斯坦奶牛中,AA基因型频率为0。在所检测的座位中,昭通黄牛、迪庆黄牛和安格斯牛具有较高的杂合度,而其他群体该座位杂合度较低。     

Birth and weaning traits in crossbred cattle from Hereford, Angus, Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, Wagyu, and Friesian sires

The objective of this study was to characterize breeds representing diverse biological types for birth and weaning traits in crossbred cattle (Bos taurus). Gestation length, calving difficulty, percentage of unassisted calving, percentage of perinatal survival, percentage of survival from birth to weaning, birth weight, weaning weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG was measured in 1,370 calves born and 1,285 calves weaned. Calves were obtained by mating Hereford, Angus, and MARC III (1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Angus, 1/4 Pinzgauer, and 1/4 Red Poll) mature cows to Hereford or Angus (British breeds), Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, Wagyu, and Friesian sires. Calves were born during the spring of 1997 and 1998. Sire breed was significant for gestation length, birth weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Offspring from Swedish Red and White and Friesian had the shortest gestation length (282 d), whereas offspring from Wagyu sires had the longest gestation length (286 d). Progeny from British breeds were the heaviest at birth (40.5 kg) and at 205 d (237 kg), and grew faster (0.97 kg/d) than offspring from other breeds. Offspring from Wagyu sires were the lightest at birth (36.3 kg) and at 205 d (214 kg), and had the slowest growth (0.91 kg/d). Dam breed was significant for gestation length (P < 0.001), birth weight (P = 0.009), BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Offspring from Hereford cows had the longest gestation length (284 d), whereas offspring from Angus cows had the shortest (282 d). Offspring from MARC III cows were the heaviest at birth (39.4 kg) when compared with offspring from Hereford (38.2 kg) and Angus (38.6 kg) cows. Progeny from Angus cows were the heaviest at 205 d (235 kg) and grew faster (0.96 kg/d), whereas offspring from Hereford cows were the lightest at 205 d (219 kg) and were the slowest in growth (0.88 kg/d). Sex was significant for gestation length (P = 0.026), birth weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Male calves had a longer gestation length (284 d) when compared with female calves (283 d). Males were heavier than females at birth and at 205 d, and grew faster. Sire breed effects can be optimized by selection and use of appropriate crossbreeding systems.     

西×蒙F_2代犍牛与蒙古犍牛屠宰对比试验

[目的]为探讨西门塔尔牛杂交改良蒙古牛的产肉性能及效果。[方法]对18月龄西×蒙F2代犍牛和蒙古犍牛进行屠宰对比试验。[结果]18月龄西×蒙F2代犍牛的平均活重、屠体重和净肉重分别达到511.67kg、291.21kg和233.51kg,较同月龄蒙古犍牛高出131.67kg、80.28kg和64.32kg;提高了34.65%、38.06%、和38.01%;差异均极显著(P0.01);18月龄西×蒙F2代犍牛的平均屠宰率和净肉率分别提高了1.40%和1.12%,差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]利用西门塔尔牛杂交改良蒙古牛效果显著,可以明显提高蒙古牛产肉性能。     

Phenotypic ranges and relationships among carcass and meat palatability traits for fourteen cattle breeds, and heritabilities and expected progeny differences for Warner-Bratzler shear force in three beef cattle breeds

Carcass and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) data from strip loin steaks were obtained from 7,179 progeny of Angus, Brahman, Brangus, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, Red Angus, Salers, Shorthorn, Simbrah, Simmental, and South Devon sires. Trained sensory panel (TSP) evaluations were obtained on 2,320 steaks sampled from contemporary groups of progeny from one to five sires of each breed. Expected progeny differences for marbling and WBSF were developed for 103 Simmental sires from 1,295 progeny, 23 Shorthorn sires from 310 progeny, and 69 Hereford sires from 1,457 progeny. Pooled phenotypic residual correlations, including all progeny, showed that marbling was lowly correlated with WBSF (-0.21) and with TSP overall tenderness (0.18). The residual correlation between WBSF and TSP tenderness was -0.68, whereas residual correlations for progeny sired by the three Bos indicus breeds were only slightly different than for progeny sired by Bos taurus breeds. The phenotypic range of mean WBSF among sires across breeds was 6.27 kg, and the phenotypic range among breed means was 3.93 kg. Heritability estimates for fat thickness, marbling score, WBSF, and TSP tenderness, juiciness, and flavor were 0.19, 0.68, 0.40, 0.37, 0.46, and 0.07, respectively. Ranges in EPD for WBSF and marbling were -0.41 to +0.26 kg and +0.48 to -0.22, respectively, for Simmentals; -0.41 to +0.36 kg and 0.00 to -0.32, respectively, for Shorthorns; and -0.48 to +0.22 kg and +0.40 to -0.24, respectively, for Herefords. More than 20% of steaks were unacceptable in tenderness. Results of this study demonstrated that 1) selection for marbling would result in little improvement in meat tenderness; 2) heritability of marbling, tenderness, and juiciness are high; and 3) sufficient variation exists in WBSF EPD among widely used Simmental, Shorthorn, and Hereford sires to allow for genetic improvement in LM tenderness.     

Growth and pubertal development in Brahman-, Boran-, Tuli-, Belgian Blue-, Hereford- and Angus-sired F1 bulls

Growth and testicular development between 7 and 15 mo of age were evaluated in bulls produced by mating sires of six breeds (Hereford, Angus, Belgian Blue, Brahman, Boran, and Tuli) to Angus, Hereford, and MARC III (four-breed composite) cows. At 12 mo of age, Angus- and Hereford-sired bulls had the heaviest body weight (P < 0.08 to 0.001), whereas Brahman- and Belgian Blue-sired bulls were intermediate, and Boran- and Tuli-sired bulls weighed the least. Bulls sired by European breeds grew more rapidly after weaning (P < 0.01) than did Brahman-, Boran-, and Tuli-sired bulls, and these differences in growth rate were maintained through 15 mo of age, indicating that offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds (Brahman, Boran, and Tuli) have lower postweaning rates of gain, particularly during winter months, than do offspring of nonheat adapted sire breeds. Testis size was smaller initially (P < 0.01) and remained smaller in offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds through yearling age. By 15 mo of age, testis size was largest (P < 0.06 to 0.001) in Angus-sired bulls and had become similar among Hereford-, Brahman-, Boran- and Belgian Blue-sired bulls but remained smaller (P < 0.02 to 0.001) in Tuli-sired bulls. Thus, offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds had delayed testicular development compared with that of nonheat adapted sire breeds, particularly through yearling age. At puberty, Angus-sired bulls were 23 to 82 d younger (P < 0.05 to 0.001) than all other sire breeds except Hereford, and Brahman-sired bulls were older at puberty (P < 0.05 to 0.001) than were bulls of all other sire breeds except Boran. Testis size at puberty was quite similar among breeds of bulls (scrotal circumference = 27.9 +/- 0.1 cm) despite large breed differences in age, body weight, and hip height. Thus, measurement of yearling testis size was a reliable indicator of age at puberty among widely divergent breeds of bulls. In addition, the lower postweaning rates of gain and the smaller and slower testicular development in offspring of heat-adapted sire breeds should be noted by cattle producers considering use of such breeds in crossbreeding and breed improvement programs.     

Endocrine Gland and Brain Weights of Market Weight Bulls and Steers Representing the Shorthorn Breed and Several Breed Crosses

Thyroid, adrenal, pituitary and brain weights were first determined in 1971 in 492 market weight cattle representing purebred Shorthorns and crosses of “foreign” breeds, Charolais, Simmental and Limousin with Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn. Thyroid weights were also determined in a similar group of 433 cattle the following year. The data were reported on a per 100 kg body weight basis and analyzed within the subgroups of breed of sire, breed of dam and location.

The average thyroid weight per 100 kg of body weight for males within subgroups over the two years ranged from 3.99 to 8.71 g, while that for steers ranged from 3.81 to 4.41 g. The average thyroid weight for a group of 18 Limousin sired heifers was 3.71 g. The average adrenal weight per 100 kg of slaughter weight ranged from 3.66 to 4.20 g in the males and from 3.66 to 3.86 g in the steers. Pituitary weight per 100 kg body weight at slaughter ranged from 486-511 mg in bulls and from 469-510 mg in steers. Average brain weight ranged from 85.5 to 97.3 g in males and from 92.2 to 94.1 g in steers.

Breed differences existed only for the pituitary gland, with Simmental sired males and steers having heavier glands than Charolais sired males and steers.

Sex differences were significant for the thyroid and the brain. Thyroids of males were generally heavier than those of steers, while brains of steers were heavier than those from males.

Thyroid, adrenal and brain weights were significantly different between two genetically similar purebred herds of Shorthorns.