科尔沁草甸草地土壤呼吸特征

在2010年,利用便携式CO2分析仪(Li-6400)对科尔沁草甸草地生态系统土壤呼吸进行测定,并根据同步观测的温度数据建立了土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系模型.结果表明:土壤呼吸速率日变化表现为单峰型,最高值出现在下午14:00左右,最低值出现在凌晨;季节变化为夏季最大,为6.70～15.29 μmol·m-2·s-1,冬季最小,为0.02～3.21 μmol·m-2·s-1;土壤呼吸速率与土壤5cm温度呈显著指数相关,土壤温度能反映该草甸草地土壤呼吸的78.7％,Q10值为2.88;根呼吸约占土壤总呼吸的6.6％～29.4％,平均值为18.9％.     

短期增温对亚高山草甸生物量和土壤呼吸速率的影响

以滇西北亚高山草甸为研究对象,利用开顶式生长室(OTC)提高土壤温度模拟全球气候变暖,探讨增温对夏季和冬季草地土壤水分,土壤呼吸速率和植被生物量等方面的影响。结果表明:在开顶式生长室的作用下,滇西北亚高山草甸地表年均温度较对照提高了1.56℃,冬季增温效果好于夏季。增温显著提高了草地的地上生物量(P<0.05),比对照高出148.76 g/m~2。同时增温促进了根系向10～20 cm土层扩展。在夏季和冬季,增温处理和对照的土壤呼吸速率均呈现单峰曲线,在14∶00时出现峰值,夏季的最高值为5.66μmol/(m~2·s),冬季为2.79μmol/(m~2·s),夏季的土壤呼吸速率较冬季高出2.87μmol/(m~2·s)。相关性分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤温度和土壤含水量则呈现出了极显著的负相关(P<0.01)。     

牦牛放牧强度对甘南高寒草甸群落特征与牧草品质的影响

为探究长期牦牛放牧干扰对高寒草地的影响,本研究分析了不同放牧强度下的牧草地上、地下生物量,植物物种丰富度、种群密度,表层(0-10 cm)土壤含水量、土壤温度,以及牧草营养品质等。结果表明,1)牦牛放牧强度对牧草地上、地下生物量有极显著影响(P0.01)。其中,在放牧压力为零的对照区牧草地上生物量最大,约418.15 g·m-2;在高强度(6.5牦牛·hm-2)放牧下,牧草地下生物量显著高于其他各处理(P0.05);2)高强度放牧干扰降低了植被物种丰富度,但对植被群落密度、可食与不可食牧草生物量比重影响不显著(P0.05);放牧强度对高寒草甸表层土壤(0-10 cm)含水量和地表温度(0-10 cm)有显著影响(P0.05),随着放牧强度增大,表层土壤含水量总体呈下降趋势,地表温度呈递增趋势;3)放牧强度对牧草品质也有一定影响,但各放牧强度之间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,适宜强度的牦牛放牧可能会促进牧草地下生物量生长,潜在影响不同经济类群的比重,维持高寒草甸生态系统健康。     

京西百花山区六种植物群落凋落物及土壤呼吸特性研究

利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统,对京西百花山区6种植物群落夏季土壤呼吸作用的昼夜变化进行了对比研究.结果表明,6种植物群落土壤呼吸速率日变化成明显的单峰曲线,高峰值一般出现在13∶00～16∶00之间,最低值出现在03∶30～07∶30之间;不同植物群落土壤表层凋落物呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率在6.62%～40.83%之间;土壤CO2日释放量以野艾蒿群落最高,其值为254880μmol·m-2·d-1,刺槐群落最低,其值为190944 μmol·m-2·d-1;凋落物CO2日释放量油松群落最大,达91368μmol·m-2·d-1,对土壤呼吸的贡献率为40.83%,而杂类草群落最低,日释放量只有13608μmol·m-2·d-1,对土壤呼吸的贡献率仅为6.62%.相关分析表明,土壤表层凋落物呼吸速率与凋落物厚度、蓄积量成正相关关系(n=6,P＜0.05),而与凋落物有机质含量无明显的相关性;土壤呼吸速率与环境因子具有显著的相关性,其中与土壤表层(5cm)温度呈极显著正相关关系(n=48,P＜0.001),而与近地面气压和CO2浓度呈负相关关系.     

三江源区高寒草甸退化对土壤呼吸的影响

为了探讨退化对高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响及不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤呼吸基本特征,在具有典型高寒草甸退化特征的样地采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤呼吸速率。结果表明:不同退化程度高寒草甸间土壤CO2释放速率差异极显著(P0.01),变化范围为4.42~7.67 g/(m2·d)。说明随着高寒草甸退化程度的加剧,土壤CO2释放速率呈下降趋势。不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤CO2释放速率呈明显的日变化特征,土壤CO2释放速率在14:00最高,在凌晨4:00最低,土壤CO2释放速率白天大于夜晚。不同退化程度下土壤CO2释放速率在一天中各时刻均表现为未退化轻度退化中度退化重度退化极度退化,土壤CO2释放速率日动态与5 cm土壤温度的日动态趋势一致;土壤温度和土壤湿度是影响高寒草甸土壤呼吸速率的重要因子,土壤呼吸双因素关系模型中b值变化范围为0.112~0.168,c值变化范围为1.166~3.119,拟合模型R2值变化为0.832~0.907,且呈极度退化重度退化中度退化轻度退化未退化的变化趋势,不同退化程度高寒草甸Q10值变化范围为2.775~3.424。     

增温对青海湖流域高寒沼泽草甸主要温室气体通量的影响

全球变暖下的温度升高对陆地生态系统碳循环产生了较大影响,而高寒沼泽草甸生态系统是气候变化的敏感区域.以青海湖流域两种类型高寒沼泽草甸(小泊湖湖滨湿地和瓦颜山河源湿地)为研究对象,利用开顶箱法(OTC)模拟全球变暖,采用静态箱—气相色谱仪法探究了2018年9月两地在增温处理下三种主要温室气体(CH4、CO2和N2O)的日间排放变化特征.研究结果表明:9月中旬日间小泊湖湿地表现为CH4和CO2的源、N2O的汇,增温提高了小泊湖湿地CH4及CO2排放通量的吸收能力,使CH4及CO2排放通量相较于对照分别减少了48.43％和20.65％,对N2O无显著影响;瓦颜山湿地分别表现为CH4的汇及CO2、N2O的源,增温使瓦颜山湿地CH4由弱汇转为弱源,N2O由弱源转为弱汇,并促进了CO2的排放,使CO2排放通量增加了15.79％.两地不同处理下土壤10、20 cm温度及土壤表层含水量与三种温室气体通量相关性分析表明:除小泊湖湿地对照样地CO2通量与土壤10 cm、20 cm温度存在显著的相关性(P＜0.05),其他样地相关性均不显著(P＞0.05),主要由表土温度及含水量的滞后效应所导致.表明全球变暖对青海湖高寒沼泽草甸温室气体排放通量有一定影响,不同类型高寒沼泽草甸对全球变暖的响应也不尽相同.研究对了解未来青海湖流域乃至青藏高原的碳氮平衡有重要意义.     

划破草皮对祁连山不同地形高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤呼吸特征的影响

以青藏高原东北缘祁连山高寒矮嵩草草甸为对象,用土壤呼吸测量仪分别进行了平地和缓坡地两种地形草甸经划破改良后的土壤呼吸排放速率测定。结果表明:经划破处理的高寒草甸土壤呼吸排放速率呈明显的季节动态,最大值出现在7月。土壤呼吸排放速率与地表温度、5 cm处土壤温度均呈指数正相关关系,与土壤含水量具有拟合度较高的二次多项式相关性,与地上、地下生物量存在正相关关系。土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数Q_(10)显示,划破干扰均增加了两种地形地表温度的Q_(10)值,而5 cm土壤温度仅增加了缓坡地的Q_(10)值。通过随机森林变量重要性评估可知,影响该区域平地土壤呼吸的主导因素为土壤含水量,影响缓坡地土壤呼吸的主导因素为5 cm处土壤温度。因此,在应用划破草皮改良技术时应充分考虑制约条件,因地制宜,才能真正达到改良草地的目的。     

3种高寒草甸土壤CO2通量及碳密度差异变化

在祁连山东缘选择珠芽蓼草甸(P)、针茅草地(S)、杜鹃灌丛草甸(R)3种高寒草甸,利用LI-8100A土壤CO2通量自动测定系统与室内分析相结合的研究方法,分析了土壤有机碳密度、碳通量的动态及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同植被类型的土壤有机碳密度差异显著,大小顺序为R>S>P,随土壤深度的增加,土壤碳密度降低;土壤CO2通量大小顺序为S>P>R,样地P、S呈单峰变化。峰值均出现于14∶00～15∶00;土壤CO2通量与近地面的空气湿度、碳含量显著负相关,与土壤温度、近地大气温度显著正相关,与土壤含水量无明显相关性。     

海口城市草坪绿地土壤CO2通量时间变化及其环境解释——以海南师范大学南校区为例

利用LI-8100A土壤碳通量测量系统对热带城市草地土壤CO_2通量进行定点系统监测,阐明土壤CO_2通量时间变化特征及其对环境因子响应。结果表明,1)草坪绿地土壤CO_2通量日变化呈单峰曲线,最高值一般出现在09:00-16:00,不同月份、不同天气条件有所差异;土壤CO_2通量的日平均值6月份最大,为4.27μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),12月份最小,为0.86μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),年内变化趋势总体呈单峰曲线;2)草坪绿地土壤CO_2通量变化与气温、土壤温度呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),而与土壤体积含水量之间的关系较为复杂,相关性不显著(P0.05)。3)较小强度降水对土壤CO_2通量变化影响较小,而强降雨对土壤CO_2通量变化产生明显的挤出作用。一次大的降水过程初期,随着降水量增加,土壤呼吸速率持续增大;而当土壤水分含量较高时,降雨则对土壤呼吸产生抑制作用。     

高寒湿地旱化过程及其对CO2交换的影响

为研究青藏高原高寒湿地旱化对碳通量的影响,探讨高寒湿地旱化碳通量变化规律,本研究于7-8月生长高峰期以高寒湿地、沼泽化草甸和高寒草甸为研究对象,利用TARGAS-1静态箱法,比较高寒湿地不同退化阶段碳交换的动态差异。结果表明：与高寒湿地相比,沼泽化草甸与高寒草甸植被群落光合速率、生态系统呼吸速率、净生态系统碳交换显著提高（P<0.05）;不同退化阶段土壤温湿度及植被群落生物量存在显著差异（P<0.05）,土壤电导率差异不显著;相比于土壤湿度和土壤电导率,土壤温度对CO₂交换的影响更大,其与净生态系统碳交换呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,高寒草甸的碳交换对土壤温度的敏感性要大于高寒湿地和沼泽化草甸的碳交换对土壤温度的敏感性;在植物生长高峰期,高寒湿地旱化过程土壤温度显著上升,土壤湿度和植物群落生物量显著下降,导致其碳汇功能呈下降趋势。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.