大环内酯类抗寄生虫药耐药性研究进展

近年来,世界各国陆续报道了寄生虫对大环内酯类抗寄生虫药物的耐药性。影响这类药物耐药性产生和发展的因素很多,包括药物的结构、性质、药物选择压力、耐药基因的遗传特性、用药频率、用药时机、治疗效果以及用药剂量等。谷氨酸门控氯离子通道亚基构象的突变,是引起寄生虫对依赖其作用的药物产生耐药的主要原因。但是,这类药物的耐药机制比较复杂,还存在着γ-氨基丁酸门控氯离子通道受体结构改变引起的耐药以及P-糖蛋白基因结构改变引起的耐药。     

Caco-2细胞模型及其P-gp转运功能研究

Caco-2细胞单层模型是研究药物吸收特性的重要工具,而P-糖蛋白(P-gp)对许多药物的药代动力学和药效学具有调控作用。对Caco-2细胞单层模型及P-gp功能进行研究,以便研究药物的体外转运机制。常规培养下,Caco-2细胞以2×105个/m L的密度接种400μL于Millicell培养皿中,通过观察细胞形态,绘制生长曲线,测定跨膜电阻值,检测细胞极性和罗丹明转运效率等对构建的细胞模型进行验证。结果:培养21 d后,细胞间形成紧密连接;跨膜电阻值达到恒定值,为(849±17)Ω·cm2;肠腔侧碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于基底侧酶活性,细胞形成极性分化,P-gp底物罗丹明在Caco-2单层细胞的表观通透系数(Papp)比值大于1.5(P(B→A)/P(A→B)1.5),加入P-gp抑制剂后P(B→A)/P(A→B)小于1.5。研究表明,构建的Caco-2细胞模型结构和生化作用与小肠上皮细胞相似,细胞模型具有完整性、紧密性,细胞发生极性分化形成肠绒毛结构,且P-gp功能良好,可作为研究药物体外转运的模型。     

兽药如何在动物性食品中残留和消除?

正动物给药后,药物在动物体内会经过吸收、分布、代谢和排泄的过程。"吸收"是从药物从给药部位进入血液循环的过程。"分布"是药物吸收后从血液向各组织和细胞转运的过程。这两个过程主要影响药物在动物体内各组织中的存留。"代谢"是动物体通过一定的机制,改变药物结构或活性的过程。"排泄"是药物原     

生理药动学模型在兽医药学领域应用的研究进展

生理药动学模型作为一种数学机制模型,能够模拟药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程,近年来在药物研发领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。文章主要对生理药动学模型的定义与分类、特征与意义、在兽医药学领域的应用3方面作一简要综述,以期更好地指导兽医临床合理用药。     

药物动力学基础知识

一、药物动力学的发展史作为治疗手段之一的药物进入机体后,在发挥生物效应的同时,也受到机体方面对它的作用,其中包括吸收、分布、代谢和排泄。这些过程统称为药物的体内过程,或称为药物的体内配置(Disposition),也称药物的体内命运(Fate)。许多药物的药理作用强度与作用部位药物浓度密切相关。但是,由于种种原因,作用部位的药物浓度常常不易精确测定。药物在血浆中的浓度的     

氧氟沙星药物动力学研究进展

本文对氧氟沙星在机体组织内检测方法以及在机体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄等药物动力学过程进行了综述，同时针对体内外各种因素对氧氟沙星药物动力学的影响也进行了比较。     

MDR1基因多态性与母猪繁殖性状的关联分析

多药耐药基因1(multiple drug resistance gene 1,MDR1)编码的P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)可导致多种药物耐药。MDR1基因可能与繁殖器官有密切联系。本研究以长白、大约克、杜洛克和金华母猪为试验群体,通过直接测序的方法检测MDR1基因的多态性,并对母猪的繁殖性能指标进行了关联分析,探讨MDR1基因多态性对母猪繁殖性状的影响。结果表明:MDR1基因外显子1有一处G→A的突变,存在GG、AG、AA3种基因型,等位基因G为优势等位基因,GG基因型为优势等位基因;MDR1基因多态性对初产和经产长白、大约克、杜洛克和金华母猪群体的总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重有显著影响(P0.05)。综合结果分析,MDR1基因多态性对猪的繁殖性能存在影响,可作为潜在的遗传标记,为猪的分子育种提供参考。     

兽药在动物体内的代谢过程

包括吸收（由给药部位进入血液循环）、分布（由血液进入全身各组织器官）、转化（指药物在体内化学结构改变）和排泄（原形成代谢物从体内排出）等过程，转化与排泄在药动学上统称消除。     

微量元素铜代谢研究进展

综述了微量元素铜在机体内的吸收、运转、细胞内的分布和排泄，铜的生物学功能，铜与畜禽健康，铜缺乏症，铜中毒症，铜的需要量与供给和影响饲料铜吸收利用的因素等方面的研究状况，强调了铜的生物学作用和畜禽健康，认为铜的基因调控机制应予深入研究。     

犬猫用药误区

1犬猫有别,用药各异犬、猫吸收和排泄药物的途径基本相同,但犬猫对不同药物的吸收和排泄有所差异。即使同为犬或猫,也会由于品种、体型、年龄及体况的差异而出现用同一药物后治疗结果有所差异。如有机磷药物、阿斯匹林等,由于猫肝脏中缺乏葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶而对类药排泄较慢,而这类药犬可正常使用。又如大多数犬使用常量伊维菌素不会引起异常,但柯利犬使用伊维菌素后则易引起中毒。2不切实际,滥用药物主要表现在不能对症下药,不能根据病情、药物特性正确给药或随意增减给药剂量、时间、次数;不注意动物种类、性别、年龄及个体间的差异;不合…     

Canine ABCB1 and macrocyclic lactones: heartworm prevention and pharmacogenetics

The impact of drug transporters on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has been increasingly recognized in recent years. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the ABCB1 (formerly MDR1) gene, is among the most well-characterized drug transporters, particularly in veterinary medicine. P-gp is expressed by a variety of normal tissues, including the intestines, brain capillary endothelial cells, renal tubular cells, and biliary canalicular cells, where it functions to actively extrude substrate drugs. In this capacity, P-gp limits oral absorption and central nervous system entry of many substrate drugs and enhances their excretion from the body. Many drugs used in veterinary medicine are substrates for P-gp, including many chemotherapeutic agents and macrocyclic lactones (avermectins and milbemycin). A 4-base pair deletion mutation in the ABCB1 gene occurs in many herding breed dogs, including collies, Australian shepherds, and Shetland sheepdogs. The mutation (ABCB1-1Delta) renders affected animals extremely susceptible to toxicosis induced by substrate drugs, such as the macrocyclic lactones at doses well below those tolerated by dogs with the wild-type ABCB1 gene. However, at the manufacturer's recommended dose, all FDA-approved heartworm preventive products marketed in the United States are safe, even for dogs with the ABCB1 mutant/mutant genotype.     

Biliary excretion of technetium-99m-sestamibi in wild-type dogs and in dogs with intrinsic (ABCB1-1Δ mutation) and extrinsic (ketoconazole treated) P-glycoprotein deficiency

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of ABCB1 gene, is thought to play a role in the biliary excretion of a variety of drugs, but specific studies in dogs have not been performed. Because a number of endogenous (ABCB1 polymorphisms) and exogenous (pharmacological P-gp inhibition) factors can interfere with normal P-gp function, a better understanding of P-gp's role in biliary drug excretion is crucial in preventing adverse drug reactions and drug–drug interactions in dogs. The objectives of this study were to compare biliary excretion of technetium-99m-sestamibi (^99mTc-MIBI), a radio-labelled P-gp substrate, in wild-type dogs (ABCB1 wild/wild), and dogs with intrinsic and extrinsic deficiencies in P-gp function. Dogs with intrinsic P-gp deficiency included ABCB1 mut/mut dogs, and dogs with presumed intermediate P-gp phenotype (ABCB1 mut/wild). Dogs with extrinsic P-gp deficiency were considered to be ABCB1 wild/wild dogs treated with the P-gp inhibitor ketoconazole (5 mg/kg PO q12h × 9 doses). Results from this study indicate that ABCB1 mut/mut dogs have significantly decreased biliary excretion of ^99mTc-MIBI compared with ABCB1 wild/wild dogs. Treatment with ketoconazole significantly decreased biliary excretion of ^99mTc-MIBI in ABCB1 wild/wild dogs. P-gp appears to play an important role in the biliary excretion of ^99mTc-MIBI in dogs. It is likely that concurrent administration of a P-gp inhibitor such as ketoconazole will decrease P-gp-mediated biliary excretion of other substrate drugs as well.     

Therapeutic implications of the MDR-1 gene

Drug transporters significantly influence drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene, is among the most well-characterized drug transporters, particularly in veterinary medicine. A number of clinically relevant, structurally and functionally unrelated drugs are substrates for P-gp. P-gp is expressed by a variety of normal tissues including the intestines, renal tubular cells, brain capillary endothelial cells, biliary canalicular cells, and others, where it functions to actively extrude substrate drugs. In this capacity, P-gp limits oral absorption and central nervous system entry of many substrate drugs. A number of MDR1 polymorphisms have been described in human patients, some of which result in altered drug pharmacokinetics and susceptibility to diseases such as Parkinson's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, refractory seizures, and others. An MDR1 polymorphism in herding breed dogs, including collies and Australian shepherds, has been demonstrated to be the cause of ivermectin sensitivity in these breeds. Recent evidence suggests that this polymorphism, a 4-bp deletion mutation, results in increased susceptibility to the toxicity of several drugs in addition to ivermectin. Furthermore, data in rodent models suggest that P-gp may play an important role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.     

The ABCB1-1Δ mutation is not responsible for subchronic neurotoxicity seen in dogs of non-collie breeds following macrocyclic lactone treatment for generalized demodicosis

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the multiple drug resistance gene ABCB1 (also known as MDR1 ), is an integral component of the blood brain barrier crucial in limiting drug uptake into the central nervous system. Altered expression or function of P-gp, as seen in dogs of the collie lineage homozygous for the nt228(del4) mutation of the ABCB1 gene ( ABCB1-1Δ ), can result in potentially fatal neurotoxicosis, especially following administration of systemic macrocyclic lactones (SML). Occasionally, dogs from unrelated breeds develop subchronic signs of neurotoxicity when receiving SML to treat generalized demodicosis. It is possible that these dogs are heterozygous carriers of the ABCB1-1Δ mutation, resulting in decreased P-gp activity and central neurotoxicosis. Cheek swabs were collected from 28 dogs with generalized demodicosis that had shown subchronic signs of neurotoxicity following daily oral administration of ivermectin or other SML. Ten of these animals received concurrent systemic treatment with other confirmed or putative P-gp substrates. After DNA extraction, the relevant portion of the ABCB1 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and sequenced. Twenty-seven dogs were homozygous normal while one dog was heterozygous for the ABCB1-1Δ mutation. Therefore, with the exception of one dog, the observed neurotoxicity could not be attributed to the ABCB1-1Δ mutation. Possible explanations for the adverse reactions observed include pharmacological interactions (administration of SML with other P-gp substrates or inhibitors), excessively high doses, polymorphisms in P-gp expression, uncharacterized mutations in the ABCB1 gene or in another gene, or phenomena unrelated to the SML–P-gp interaction.     

Novel genotyping assay for the nt230 (del4) ABCB1 gene mutation and its allele frequency in Border Collie dogs in Mexico

A 4-bp deletion in the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) gene, also referred to as the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), produces stop codons that cause premature termination of P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) synthesis. Dogs with the homozygous mutation do not express functional P-gp, which increases their sensitivity markedly to many common veterinary drugs. We detected the nt230 (del4) ABCB1 mutation in Border Collie dogs in western Mexico with a simple and affordable primer-introduced restriction analysis PCR (PIRA-PCR). PIRA-PCR clearly identified all genotypes in our sample of 104 dogs. Genotype frequencies were 0.952 (wild/wild), 0.029 (wild/mut) and 0.019 (mut/mut). Allele frequencies were 0.033 (mutant alleles) and 0.966 (wild-type alleles). In this small subset of the Mexican dog population, we found a higher prevalence of the nt230 (del4) MDR1/ABCB1 gene mutation than reported in other countries.     

Novel insertion mutation of ABCB1 gene in an ivermectin-sensitive Border Collie

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is encoded by the ABCB1 gene and acts as an efflux pump for xenobiotics. In the Border Collie, a nonsense mutation caused by a 4-base pair deletion in the ABCB1 gene is associated with a premature stop to P-gp synthesis. In this study, we examined the full-length coding sequence of the ABCB1 gene in an ivermectin-sensitive Border Collie that lacked the aforementioned deletion mutation. The sequence was compared to the corresponding sequences of a wild-type Beagle and seven ivermectin-tolerant family members of the Border Collie. When compared to the wild-type Beagle sequence, that of the ivermectin-sensitive Border Collie was found to have one insertion mutation and eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding sequence of the ABCB1 gene. While the eight SNPs were also found in the family members'' sequences, the insertion mutation was found only in the ivermectin-sensitive dog. These results suggest the possibility that the SNPs are species-specific features of the ABCB1 gene in Border Collies, and that the insertion mutation may be related to ivermectin intolerance.     

Establishment of a cell line for assessing drugs as canine P‐glycoprotein substrates: proof of principle

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), encoded by the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene, dramatically impacts drug disposition. P‐gp is expressed in the intestines, biliary canaliculi, renal tubules, and brain capillaries where it functions to efflux substrate drugs. In this capacity, P‐gp restricts oral absorption, enhances biliary and renal excretion, and inhibits central nervous system entry of substrate drugs. Many drugs commonly used in veterinary medicine are known substrates for canine P‐gp (vincristine, loperamide, ivermectin, others). Because these drugs have a narrow therapeutic index, defective P‐gp function can cause serious adverse drug reactions due to enhanced brain penetration and/or decreased clearance. P‐gp dysfunction in dogs can be intrinsic (dogs harboring ABCB1‐1Δ) or acquired (drug interactions between a P‐gp inhibitor and P‐gp substrate). New human drug candidates are required to undergo assessment for P‐gp interactions according to FDA and EMA regulations to avoid adverse drug reactions and drug–drug interactions. Similar information regarding canine P‐gp could prevent adverse drug reactions in dogs. Because differences in P‐gp substrates have been documented between species, one should not presume that human or murine P‐gp substrates are necessarily canine P‐gp substrates. Thus, our goal was to develop a cell line for assessing drugs as canine P‐gp substrates.     

Expression of the MDR1 gene and P-glycoprotein in canine mast cell tumor cell lines

Cellular drug resistance to antineoplastic drugs is often due to the presence of a drug efflux pump that reduces intracellular drug accumulation and chemosensitivity. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is encoded by the MDR1 gene, is considered to function as an ATP-driven membrane drug efflux pump and appears to play an important role in tumor cell resistance. In the present report, we assessed the expression of MDR1 by RT-PCR in three canine mast cell tumor cell lines, TiMC, CoMS and LuMC, originating from a cutaneous tumor, an oral-mucosal tumor and a gastrointestinal tumor, respectively. P-gp expression was also examined by Western blot analysis, while the functional activity of P-gp was assessed by flowcytometric analysis of intracellular rhodamine-123 (Rhd-123) uptake. The results revealed that MDR1 gene and P-gp were both expressed in CoMS and LuMC cells, whereas neither was present in TiMC cells. In CoMS and LuMC cells, intracellular uptake of Rhd-123 increased in the presence of verapamil, a functional modulator of P-gp. In contrast, TiMC cells did not show any changes in the intracellular accumulation of Rhd-123 after the verapamil addition. These findings suggest that the expressions of MDR1 gene and P-gp probably contribute to cellular drug resistance in canine mast cell tumors.     

Neurotoxic effects of ivermectin administration in genetically engineered mice with targeted insertion of the mutated canine ABCB1 gene

Objective-To develop in genetically engineered mice an alternative screening method for evaluation of P-glycoprotein substrate toxicosis in ivermectin-sensitive Collies. Animals-14 wild-type C57BL/6J mice (controls) and 21 genetically engineered mice in which the abcb1a and abcb1b genes were disrupted and the mutated canine ABCB1 gene was inserted. Procedures-Mice were allocated to receive 10 mg of ivermectin/kg via SC injection (n = 30) or a vehicle-only formulation of propylene glycol and glycerol formal (5). Each was observed for clinical signs of toxic effects from 0 to 7 hours following drug administration. Results-After ivermectin administration, considerable differences were observed in drug sensitivity between the 2 types of mice. The genetically engineered mice with the mutated canine ABCB1 gene had signs of severe sensitivity to ivermectin, characterized by progressive lethargy, ataxia, and tremors, whereas the wild-type control mice developed no remarkable effects related to the ivermectin. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The ivermectin sensitivity modeled in the transgenic mice closely resembled the lethargy, stupor, disorientation, and loss of coordination observed in ivermectin-sensitive Collies with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation. As such, the model has the potential to facilitate toxicity assessments of certain drugs for dogs that are P-glycoprotein substrates, and it may serve to reduce the use of dogs in avermectin derivative safety studies that are part of the new animal drug approval process.