干奶期对奶牛乳房炎防控的重要性

乳房炎是严重影响奶牛健康的疾病之一,而60天左右的干奶期是防治奶牛乳房炎的关键时期,本文从干奶期的重要性以及干奶期乳腺发生的变化入手,分析干奶期乳房炎高发的原因,提出干奶药和乳头内封闭剂对防控奶牛乳房炎和提升牧场效益的重要作用     

次硝酸铋乳头内封剂与邻氯青霉素联合使用降低产后奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率Meta分析

乳房炎是造成奶牛场经济损失的首要疾病,随着对乳房炎发病和类型认识的深入,干奶期乳房炎预防及隐性乳房炎的防治也逐渐替代传统的产后临床乳房炎防治已成为新的科学的乳房炎保健方案。本研究采用乳头封闭剂次硝酸铋乳头内封剂(封铋宁,硕腾公司)和干奶期长效保护药邻氯青霉素(安倍宁,硕腾公司)联合使用作为防治方法,选取单独使用干奶药邻氯青霉素作为对照,以全国23个奶牛场共计4000头左右奶牛来进行试验,观察产后奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率的降低比例,使用最新的Meta分析评价方法,探讨联合用药对产后隐性乳房炎发病率的影响。结果显示:(1)干奶期使用邻氯青霉素能够降低产后隐性乳房炎发病率33%;(2)干奶期使用次硝酸铋乳头内封剂联合邻氯青霉素能够降低产后隐性乳房炎发病率达60%;(3)联合用药与单独使用邻氯青霉素相比,产后隐性乳房炎发病率降低37个百分点。表明长效干奶药邻氯青霉素和联合用药均能有效降低产后隐性乳房炎发病率,且联合用药效果优于单独使用干奶药。     

奶牛乳房炎的发病原因及其防制措施

<正>奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺发生的一种炎症,是导致奶牛业经济损失最严重的一种复杂疾病。据统计,呼图壁种牛场奶牛临床型乳房炎占奶牛总发病率的21%～23%,隐性乳房炎乳头阳性率更是高达50%左右。奶牛乳房炎不仅造成产奶量下降,使液体奶品质降低,延长奶牛产后发情和妊娠时间,造     

干奶期及泌乳期乳房炎的综合防制

<正>1干奶期乳房炎的防治干奶期是预防和控制产后发生乳房炎的重要时期,干奶期的治疗能使乳房有机会在下一个泌乳期到来之前修复受损的乳腺组织。进入干奶期后停止了挤奶,取消了每日的乳头药浴,乳头     

干奶期奶牛乳房炎防控

乳房炎是影响奶牛健康、牛奶产量及品质、造成牧场经济损失最严重的疾病之一。约2个月的干奶期是防治奶牛乳房炎最关键的时期。本文基于干奶期的乳腺变化,分析干奶期乳房炎高发原因,提出全群及选择性干奶治疗、乳头末端保护方法、营养及卫生方面的饲养管理方法,为防控奶牛乳房炎、提高牛群生产表现及牧场经济效益提供科学参考。     

黄芪多糖提高干奶期奶牛乳腺免疫力试验

用黄芪多糖对隐性乳腺炎患牛进行乳头直接投药治疗，产后第3天检测奶牛隐性乳腺炎发病情况。结果：用药组与对照组比较，差异显著（P〈0．05），以30mg剂量组效果最明显（P〈0．01），说明用此剂量提高奶牛乳腺免疫力可达到良好效果。从治愈率来看，30mg剂量组治愈率达到最高水平，产后第3天检测治愈率为509／6。干奶前6天与产后第3天各组阳性乳房数差异不显著（P〉0．05），说明产后无新的乳腺炎病例发生，整个干奶期乳腺免疫力保持稳定，干奶前用药对奶牛隐性乳房炎可达到较好的预防效果。     

一种预防奶牛乳房炎的干奶牛乳房灌注剂的试验观察

采用液体试管法研究“干奶牛乳房灌注剂”对牛乳房炎大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明对上述细菌具有很好的抑制作用。采用TTC法测定牛奶中抗生素残留,发现停药48h以后奶样均无抗生素残留。76例干奶牛使用药剂处理后,牛奶中体细胞数下降27%,临床乳房炎发生率降低70%。试验证明该制剂对细菌性乳房炎的治疗效果可靠,可以用于预防干奶期奶牛乳房炎。     

奶牛乳腺生产健康循环的有效管理措施

奶牛乳腺生产健康循环的有效管理措施的目的是防治乳房炎的发生。成年奶牛的乳腺是随着奶牛生产周期的变化而发生着周期性变化。分娩启动了乳腺生产循环,乳腺生产循环经历了分娩、初乳期、泌乳盛期、泌乳后期、干奶,干奶期、再次分娩。奶牛的乳腺生产循环是在一定的内外条件下完成的,如果乳腺生产循环所需的条件遭到破坏,必然引发乳房炎。对规模化奶牛场乳房炎进行了长期追踪,总结出了奶牛乳腺生产健康循环的有效管理措施,以便牧场应用。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎综合防制措施的研究与应用

先后在6个奶牛场开展了为期2~3年的试验,通过加强饲养管理,人工药物干奶及淘汰久治无效的病牛等措施;采集试验前后的奶样,统计分析试验前后乳房炎的发病率及产奶量。结果表明,经过2~3年的防制,6个牛场隐性乳房炎平均检出率由试验前的43.29%降为20.96%;临床型乳房炎的发病率与试验前相比,平均降低了59.84%。经人工药物干奶,试验组奶牛(908头,干奶期乳区内注射干奶安)产犊后比干奶前的隐性乳房炎发病率降低了74.78%,而对照组奶牛(310头,干奶期不做处理)的发病率仅降低了23.62%;产犊后与干奶前瞎奶头数相比,试验组减少25.51%,而对照组却升高32.26%。与试验前相比,奶牛产奶量平均提高了11.85%。结果说明制定的奶牛隐性乳房炎综合防制措施行之有效,能降低奶牛乳房炎发病率,提高奶产量和质量。     

中药复方制剂在奶牛乳房炎综合防控中的应用效果研究

乳房炎是一直困扰奶牛养殖业的重要疾病,一直以来以抗生素治疗为主,而抗生素残留又一直在困扰奶牛养殖户。因此中药治疗乳房炎成为目前研究的主要方向。本文通过试验牛群体细胞检测和牛博士—奶牛保健散的使用,达到了降低体细胞数,减少乳房炎发病率,提高产奶量,提升奶质量的效果。试验结果显示：饲料添加中药后,试验牛群的体细胞数下降了24万个/mL左右,下降率达40.35%;隐性乳房炎降低了30%,而临床乳房炎降低了80%以上,发病率比中低产牛群低50%左右。用药1周后,几乎看不到临床乳房炎症状,淘汰牛情况也不再发生。目标牛群的产奶量,与正常泌乳牛比较提升了1kg/头·天,同时生奶品质也得到了保障。乳指标检测结果显示,蛋白质、脂肪、总干物质、非脂类物质、乳糖等都有不同程度的增加。以上结果表明,通过奶缸体细胞数检测牛群整体的健康情况,并采取及时有效的中药防控方案是治疗乳房炎,提升牧场经济效益的有效手段。     

Effects of clinical mastitis on reproductive and milk performance of Holstein cows in Morocco

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of clinical mastitis and time of first mastitis occurrence on reproductive and milk performance of Holstein cows. Data were collected in a dairy farm from 2008 to 2012 on 1725 cows, among which 464 cows with mastitis. To determine the influence of clinical mastitis on reproductive and milk performance, models included fixed effects of parity, calving season, calving year, and group (cows with and with no mastitis). To determine the effect of time of 1st mastitis occurrence on reproductive performance, the mastitic cows group was further reclassified into three groups: prior to 60 days, between 60 and 90 days and greater than 90 days postpartum. For milk performance, the mastitic cows group was divided into two groups: before and after peak milk yield. Clinical mastitis had significant effects on calving to first AI interval, milk yield, and fat yield, but a non-significant effect on days open, number of inseminations per conception, and milk fat percentage. Mastitic cows had a calving to first AI interval 6.1 days longer and 549.6 kg milk and 20.4 kg fat per 305 days of lactation lower than those with no mastitis. Time of 1st mastitis occurrence did not have any significant effect on reproductive performance. Further, milk and fat yields of cows diseased before peak milk yield were 506 kg and 23.9 kg, respectively, lower than those of cows affected after peak milk yield. Extra attention needs to be paid to mastitis during the early postpartum period.

     

Associations between postpartum diseases and milk yield and changes in body condition between drying off and parturition of dairy cows in Argentina

ABSTRACT

Aims: To assess the change in body condition score (BCS) during the early and late dry periods and its association with postpartum diseases and milk yield in grazing dairy cows from central Argentina.

Methods: BCS assessments during the dry period, and cow health and milk production records up to 90 days in milk (DIM), were collated for cows from 28 farms at monthly visits between 2007 and 2008. Cows were categorised into four groups; those in Group 1 (n=7,067) maintained or gained BCS during the early and late dry periods; Group 2 (n=2,615) maintained or gained BCS during the early dry period and lost BCS during the late dry period; Group 3 (n=1,989) lost BCS during the early dry period and maintained or gained BCS during the late dry period; and Group 4 (n=5,144) lost BCS during the early and late dry periods.

Results: Cows in Group 1 had reduced odds of having retained fetal membranes (RFM), metritis, and clinical mastitis up to 90 DIM than cows in Group 2 (p<0.001), but the odds of disease were similar to cows in Group 3. The odds of having RFM or clinical mastitis tended to be lower in cows in Group 1 than cows in Group 4 (p=0.08). The odds of cows being culled or dying during the first 90 DIM were lower for cows in Group 1 than for those in Groups 2, 3, and 4 (p≤0.05). Mean accumulated milk yield up to 90 DIM was higher in cows in Group 1 than Group 2 and Group 4 (p<0.001), but was similar to that of cows in Group 3 (p=0.28).

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Cows that lost BCS during the late dry period had increased odds of being diagnosed with several postpartum diseases and had decreased milk yield compared to cows that maintained or gained BCS during the entire dry period. Loss of BCS during any stage of the dry period was also associated with increased incidence of culling or death during the first 90 DIM. These results should raise awareness among dairy cattle producers of the importance of properly managing cow body condition during the dry period, especially during the late dry period.     

河北保定部分奶牛场临床型乳房炎发病情况调查研究

为探索奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病情况与泌乳量、泌乳期、季节之间的联系,以河北保定地区5个奶牛场为例进行调查研究。通过对调查结果的统计分析,结果显示：奶牛乳房炎多发生在泌乳90~150 d,泌乳天数越长发病头数越多;从产奶量来看,泌乳量越高发病牛比例越高;从发病季节来看,奶牛乳房炎在秋季发病率高,春季、夏季和冬季发病率低。     

中药复方灌注剂对奶牛乳房炎的防治效果及免疫增强作用

选取临床型、隐性型和健康型荷斯坦奶牛共80头,用于中药复方灌注剂对奶牛乳房炎的防治及免疫试验,对治疗前后乳中体细胞数(SCC)、乳清中白蛋白(SA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)、嗜中性粒细胞吞噬率和使用前后干奶期乳房炎的发病率进行了研究。结果表明,中药复方灌注剂和抗生素对隐性乳房炎的治愈率分别为94.44%和88.24%,有效率均为100%;对临床型乳房炎的治愈率分别为86.67%和76.92%,有效率为93.33%和84.62%;对干奶期乳房炎的预防效果分别为88.89%和94.12%,而生理盐水对照组发病率高达45.45%。中药复方灌注剂可以极显著降低患病奶牛乳中SCC、SA、LDH、ALT、AST水平(P＜0.01),提高SI和嗜中性粒细胞吞噬率(P＜0.01)。试验证实了中药复方灌注剂对奶牛乳房炎有较好的防治效果,能够修复奶牛受损的乳腺上皮细胞,降低受损细胞产生的酶含量和血乳的渗透性,提高患病奶牛机体的免疫机能。     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

过瘤胃胆碱在围产期奶牛的应用研究进展

奶牛养殖过程中,围产期被认为是最重要的时期之一,在该时期奶牛从干奶状态转为泌乳状态,生理上所受的应激造成奶牛泌乳早期采食量降低,易发生能量负平衡.此外,奶牛生产性能和繁殖性能也会降低,并常常伴有一些围产期疾病的发生,如脂肪肝、酮症、乳房炎等.胆碱能影响奶牛的生产与繁殖性能,参与奶牛的脂肪代谢,可降低脂肪肝发生率,提高免疫性能.对围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃保护胆碱(rumen protected choline,RPC),可改善奶牛机体代谢,增加小肠胆碱供应,进而提高奶产量、改善乳成分、缓解脂肪肝、减少围产期疾病的发生.本文综述了RPC对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、生产性能、乳成分以及健康状况的影响,旨在为围产期奶牛的养殖提供理论参考依据.     

奶牛乳房炎的防治

奶牛乳房炎是一种常见病和多发病,是目前严重危害和困扰奶牛养殖业及产奶业最常见的疾病之一,此病的发生不仅严重地影响了奶牛产奶量和奶质,而且还会造成奶牛使用年限减少,淘汰提前,饲料汇报率降低,治疗和管理成本增加,乳中兽药和抗生素残留,危及人类健康和环境安全等巨大经济损失,直接影响着养殖业的经济收入。为了减少该病的发生,提高乳质量,对我场奶牛进行了奶牛乳房炎的发病规律和治疗情况的调查,并且提出相应的防治措施,有效的控制了乳房炎的发生。     

规模化奶牛场乳腺炎预防研究

[目的]为了降低规模化奶牛场乳腺炎发病率,提高奶牛生产性能。[方法]在干奶期对规模化奶牛场奶牛日粮添加盐酸左旋咪唑7．5mg／kg体重和亚硒酸钠维生素E10g／次·头的不同处理方法预防下一胎次乳腺炎的研究。[结果]表明：盐酸左旋咪唑组、亚硒酸钠维生素E组、盐酸左旋咪唑和亚硒酸钠维生素E组与对照组相比,下一胎次产犊后90d内的平均产奶量分别高1．3kg、1．5kg和2．5kg（P〈0．01）;盐酸左旋咪唑组、亚硒酸钠维生素E组间差异不显著,但两者同时使用具有加性效应,可进一步显著提高产奶量（P〈0．05）;下一胎次产犊后15～90d平均隐性乳腺炎阳性率减少6．6、9．2、15．9个百分点,差异极显著（P〈0．01）,盐酸左旋咪唑组、亚硒酸钠维生素E组隐性乳腺炎阳性率差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但与盐酸左旋咪唑加亚硒酸钠维生素E组间有显著差异（P〈0．05）;下一胎次产犊后90d内牛奶中体细胞数（SCC）平均分别减少7．4万／mL、9万／mL和13．2万／mL,分别降低了13．8％、16．8％、和24．7％,各组间差异极显著（P〈0．01）。[结论]说明盐酸左旋咪唑和亚硒酸钠在干奶期添加具有良好的降低乳房炎和提高产奶量的作用。     

Relationships between body weight and milk yield during the early postpartum period and bull and technician and the reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) change during the early postpartum period and BW on day 50 post partum on the subsequent expression of estrus and fertility at first insemination before day 90 post partum. The data were derived from 1036 postpartum cows reaching 90 days in milk. The following data were recorded for each animal: lactation number, daily milk production at day 50 post partum, calving date, days in milk at estrus and at AI, insemination date, insemination number, inseminating bull, AI technician and body weight at calving, at day 50 post partum and at AI. Of the 1036 cows registered, 817 (78.9%) showed first estrus before day 90 post partum and were inseminated. Using logistic regression procedures and based on the odds ratio a one unit (kg) increase in the daily milk production at day 50 post partum and a one unit (kg) decrease in the BW between calving and day 50 post partum were related to a 1.03-fold increase and a 0.97-fold decrease in the estrus expression rate before day 90 post partum, respectively. Of the 817 cows inseminated before day 90 post partum, 437 became pregnant (53.5%). A one unit increase in the BW at day 50 post partum produced a 1.003-fold increase in the early fertility rate. Pregnancy rate before day 90 was also influenced by the season at calving, bull providing semen and technician. In conclusion, the register of BW during the postpartum period may be a useful tool for evaluating the nutritional status and its relationship with the subsequent reproductive efficiency in dairy cows.