河南新乡市奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况调查与分析

为了解河南省新乡市奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,本研究采用CMT方法对1 862头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎诊断,调查不同地区、胎次、季节、年龄和泌乳量与隐性乳房炎发病的规律。结果表明,新乡市奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率平均为45.2%,新乡县发病率最高,为52.6%,获嘉县发病率最低,为34.4%;5胎次以上奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率最高,为72.7%;每天泌乳量在20 kg/d以下的奶牛发病率最高,为69.4%;散养户发病率为62.4%。结果显示,新乡市奶牛隐性乳房炎广泛存在,需要高度重视,应加强防控,提高饲养管理水平。     

陕西省某牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律调查分析

奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害远远高于临床型乳房炎,为了解奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生因素和发病规律,本研究以陕西省某牛场2014—2018年的奶牛群体改良(DHI)数据为主,对该奶牛场各年不同月份的奶牛体细胞评分、不同月份的奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率、不同胎次的奶牛、不同泌乳天数分组的奶牛和不同日产奶量分组的奶牛发病情况等方面进行调查分析。结果表明:夏季和秋季是奶牛隐性乳房炎的高发季节;不同胎次的隐性乳房炎发病率差异极显著(P0.01),胎次和发病率呈正相关关系;不同泌乳天数分组的隐性乳房炎发病率差异不显著(P0.05),奶牛泌乳天数在1～44,45～99 d的发病率最高,305 d以上的发病率较高;不同日产奶量分组的隐性乳房炎发病率差异不显著(P0.05),日产奶量与发病率呈负相关关系。     

规模化养殖场奶牛乳房炎发病规律的调查报告

采用CMT法对合肥市某牧场379头奶牛进行乳房炎检测,并对乳房炎的发病规律进行了调查。结果表明,乳房炎发病率与月份、乳区有一定的关系,气温偏高月份和季节转变月份发病率偏高,前乳区比后乳区偏高。同时,乳房炎发病率也与胎次、泌乳期和产奶量有显著的相关性,泌乳初期和末期乳房炎发病率明显偏高;胎次增加,发病率增高;产奶量越高,发病率越低。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎与其相关因素的调查与分析

通过对枣庄地区5个牛舍内的100头奶牛进行实地调查，进而研究奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律。结果表明，该牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率为33%；6岁以上奶牛乳房炎的发病率明显高于2~5岁奶牛；前区隐性乳房炎的发病率最高；奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率随胎次的增加而上升；日泌乳量〈20kg的奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率明显高于日泌乳量〉20kg组。     

长春地区奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况调查与分析

为了解长春地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病情况及发病规律,试验于2017年对长春地区多个大型奶牛场共1 900头奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况进行调查,采用奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断液(LMT)检查方法对不同地区、乳区、胎次、月份、挤奶方式及泌乳阶段的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行统计分析。结果表明:奶牛隐性乳房炎平均发病率为56.32%,其中九台市发病率最高,为76.69%;农安县发病率最低,为24.52%。奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生受不同月份的影响较大,其中7—9月份发病率最高,为77.86%;6胎次奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率较高,达到42.07%;该病也与不同泌乳阶段、挤奶方式及乳区等因素有关,泌乳高峰阶段及机械挤奶发病率较高,各乳区发病率变化均差异不显著(P0.05)。说明奶牛乳房炎受多种因素影响,应合理饲养、制订科学免疫计划、加强营养、增强机体抵抗力、严格消毒、减少外界应激等因素,综合防控奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

新疆巴州地区奶牛乳房炎调查及综合防治措施

对新疆巴州地区部分县、市的奶牛乳房炎发病情况进行详细调查,用兰州乳房炎检测法（LMT）和乳汁p H值检验法相结合进行乳房炎诊断,对发病情况与被检牛的挤乳方式、胎次、年龄、饲养管理、卫生条件、泌乳阶段等进行调查。结果表明,随着奶牛年龄的增长,乳房炎发病率明显升高;并且随着胎次的增加,发病率也有所升高;初产奶牛发病率最低,7胎以上的病牛所占比例最高;泌乳阶段与乳房炎的发病率有密切关系;巴州地区部分县、市奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率为45%。     

新疆巴州地区奶牛乳房炎调查及综合防治措施

为了了解巴州地区部分县市的奶牛乳房炎发病情况,找出病因,为奶牛乳房炎的防治提供参考,采用兰州乳房炎检测法（LMT）和乳汁p H值检验法相结合进行乳房炎诊断。对发病情况与被检牛的挤乳方式、胎次、年龄、饲养管理、卫生条件、泌乳阶段等情况开展调查。结果表明随着年龄的增长,奶牛乳房炎发病率有显明上升的趋势;并且随着胎次的增加,发病率也有所上升;初产奶牛发病率最低,7胎以上的病牛占的比例最高;泌乳阶段与乳房炎的发病率有密切关系;各个乳区都可发生乳房炎;通过统计得出巴州地区部分县市隐性型乳房炎发病率为45.0%。     

新疆巴州地区奶牛乳房炎调查及综合防治措施

为了了解巴州地区部分县市的奶牛乳房炎发病情况,找出病因,为奶牛乳房炎的防治提供参考,采用兰州乳房炎检测法(LMT)和乳汁p H值检验法相结合进行乳房炎诊断。对发病情况与被检牛的挤乳方式、胎次、年龄、饲养管理、卫生条件、泌乳阶段等情况开展调查。结果表明随着年龄的增长,奶牛乳房炎发病率有显明上升的趋势;并且随着胎次的增加,发病率也有所上升;初产奶牛发病率最低,7胎以上的病牛占的比例最高;泌乳阶段与乳房炎的发病率有密切关系;各个乳区都可发生乳房炎;通过统计得出巴州地区部分县市隐性型乳房炎发病率为45.0%。     

某新建大型奶牛场临床乳房炎病原菌分离及发病规律

对我国南方地区某新建大型奶牛场2010年10月至2012年7月间头胎及二胎共2006头荷斯坦牛临床乳房炎发病情况进行调查,结合病原菌感染类型结果,用x^2检验分析不同胎次临床乳房炎发病次数和发病率及不同致病菌导致的临床乳房炎在不同季节和泌乳阶段发病率的差异。结果表明,该牛场一胎和二胎奶牛临床乳房炎发病率分别为11．81％和9．02％（按头数算）,但二胎牛多次发生临床乳房炎的比例较大。一胎奶牛仅发现大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌单独感染及葡萄球菌一大肠杆菌混合感染3种病原菌组成类型,二胎奶牛比头胎牛增加了金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和链球菌一葡萄球菌混合感染4种类型。致病菌类型以大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌单独感染为主,一、二胎奶牛均占总发病数85％以上;季节和泌乳阶段对一、二胎奶牛临床乳房炎发病率具有显著影响（P〈0．05）,一胎牛秋季发病率最高,而春季发病率最低,而二胎牛冬季发病率最高（33．33％）,秋季最低（16．88％）;2个胎次奶牛泌乳早期临床乳房炎发病率明显高于其他阶段。大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌在整个泌乳期均可发生,酵母菌主要出现在二胎牛泌乳中期,平均感染时间分别为（148．75±69．60）d,而金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌主要发生在二胎牛泌乳后期,平均感染时间分别为（213．60±55．88）和（234．43±42．35）d。结果对该地区同类型奶牛场临床乳房炎防控有重要的参考价值。     

巴州地区奶牛乳房炎调查及综合防治措施

本文对巴州地区部分县市的奶牛乳房炎发病情况做了详细调查。采用兰州乳房炎检测法（LMT）和乳汁pH值检验法相结合进行乳房炎诊断。对发病情况与被检牛的挤乳方式、胎次、年龄、饲养管理、卫生条件、泌乳阶段等情况开展调查。结果表明随着年龄的增长,奶牛乳房炎发病率有着显明的上升;并且随着胎次的增加,发病率也有所上升;初产奶牛发病率最低,7胎以上的病牛占的比例最高;泌乳阶段与乳房炎的发病率有密切关系：各个乳区都可发生乳房炎[1],通过统计得出巴州地区部分县市隐性型乳房炎发病率为45%。     

规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床型乳房炎流行规律调查

目的 本研究旨在摸清兰考县规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床乳房炎流行规律,为该病的防控提供参考。方法 采用加州奶牛亚临床乳房炎试验（CMT）方法对3 家规模化奶牛场的547 头泌乳奶牛进行亚临床乳房炎检测,调查该病与奶牛胎次、泌乳期和乳区的关系。结果 奶牛阳性率为20.11%,乳区阳性率为10.88%;1~2、3~4和≥5胎次的奶牛发病率分别为13.37%、20.53%和29.46%;泌乳前期、泌乳中期和泌乳后期发病率分别为15.11%、22.12%和30.89%;乳区阳性率介于8.59%~13.16%。结论 兰考县规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床型乳房炎的发病率相对较低,与胎次、泌乳期存在正相关,与乳区无明显关系。     

辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎发病情况监测

[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test, CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测。通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,[结果]统计结果显示,隐性乳房炎发病率高达41.25%,发病率以夏秋季节最高,随着年龄增大,胎次增多,泌乳增加,乳房炎的发病率增高。[结论]研究结果表明辽西地区奶牛乳房炎发病情况较为严重,需要规模化奶牛养殖场高度重视,同时为该地区奶牛场乳房炎的防控提供了理论依据。     

The incidence and aetiology of clinical bovine mastitis on 14 farms in Northland,New Zealand

AIM: To estimate the incidence of clinical mastitis and the frequency of isolation of mastitis-causing organisms from clinical cases in one lactation season (July 2005 to May 2006) on 14 dairy farms from the Northland region of New Zealand.

METHODS: Cases of clinical mastitis were determined by trained farm personnel who recorded the identity of affected cows. Pooled milk samples from affected quarter(s) were aseptically collected by the farm personnel, for microbiology. Mean numbers of affected cows and quarters were compared at the population and farm level per 305 cow-days-at-risk (DAR).

RESULTS: One or more cases of clinical mastitis occurred in 559/3,765 (14.8%) lactating cows. The average incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.19 cases per 305 DAR. The incidence in rear quarters (56.2%) was 1.3 times (p=0.027) that of front quarters (43.8%). The incidence of clinical mastitis and numbers of affected quarters were signifi cantly infl uenced by the stage of lactation (higher in early lactation), age (higher in older cows) and farm. At the cow level, the most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (23.7%) and Streptococcus uberis (23.3%). No causative organisms were identifi ed in 19.9% of the samples. Each cow had an average of 1.8 quarters affected during a case of clinical mastitis.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a higher incidence of staphylococcal clinical mastitis on dairy farms from Northland than has been reported in other regions of New Zealand.     

Clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Ontario: frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates.

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in Ontario. The study group consisted of 65 dairy farms involved in a 2-year observational study, which included recording all clinical mastitis cases and milk sampling of quarters with clinical mastitis. Lactational incidence risks of 9.8% for abnormal milk only, 8.2% for abnormal milk with a hard or swollen udder, and 4.4% for abnormal milk plus systemic signs of illness related to mastitis were calculated for 2840 cows and heifers. Overall, 19.8% of cows experienced one or more cases of clinical mastitis during location. Teat injuries occurred in 2.1% of lactations. Standard bacteriology was performed on pretreatment milk samples from 834 cows with clinical mastitis. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (0.7%), other Streptococcus spp. (14.1%), coliforms (17.2%), gram-positive bacilli (5.5%), Corynebacterium bovis (1.7%), and other Staphylococcus spp. (28.7%). There was no growth in 17.7% of samples, and 8.3% of samples were contaminated. Clinical mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows in Ontario; approximately 1 in 5 cow lactations have at lease one episode of clinical mastitis. There is, however, considerable variation in the incidence of clinical mastitis among farms. The majority of 1st cases of clinical mastitis occur early in lactation, and the risk of clinical mastitis increases with increasing parity. Environmental, contagious, and minor pathogens were all associated with cases of clinical mastitis.     

Initial experience with the intravenous administration of colloidal carbon to cattle in relation to the incidence of mastitis

The influence was studied of intravenous application of colloid carbon to ten dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed in the seventh to eighth months of gravidity, as exerted on the health condition of mammary glands and on milk yield in the subsequent lactation. The cure consisted of three i. v. installations in 72-hour intervals; one dose contained 150 mg carbon in 20 ml of 20% glucose. No adverse by-effects were observed in the course of application and after it. During the subsequent lactation period (nine months) the test cows exhibited a better health condition of mammary glands if compared with the control group (ten dairy cows). In the test group no case was recorded of the clinical form of mastitis while in the control group one case of acute mastitis and two cases of chronic mastitis occurred. S. agalactiae was not isolated at all in the test group while in the control group it was isolated in two cows. S. aureus was also isolated more times (in 32 cases) in the control cows than in the test ones (in 27 cases). A higher average counts of cells in udder-quarter milk samples were found in the test group only at the onset of lactation (from the third month after calving), the average counts of cells over the whole period under study were however lower in the test group (1 380 000 per ml) than in the control group (1 234 000 per ml). The average daily milk yield per cow in the test group exceeded the average milk production in the control group in the period of study. An increase by 1.630 1 as compared with the untreated cow was observed in the average milk yield. It has been demonstrated by the results that by the intravenous instillation of colloid carbon nonspecific natural defensive mechanisms of dairy cows, mainly leucocytes, are stimulated, which enhanced the cell readiness to react to infectious process (mastitis) and overall injury of the organism (sepsis).     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

高寒地区秋、冬季荷斯坦奶牛补饲优质饲料对采食量、泌乳性能和乳房炎发病率的影响

[目的]旨在研究高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛优化补饲方案的推广价值。[方法]实验选取A、B牧场无临床型乳房炎健康泌乳牛为研究对象,将两座实验牧场奶牛,分别各自分为实验组和对照组。实验组饲喂优质补饲日粮,对照组饲喂传统日粮,实验牛只每天放牧5 h。实验期为60 d,10 d为预饲期,50 d为实验期。[结果]A、B牧场实验组补饲的日粮干物质采食量分别为15.77、16.11 kg/d,明显高于对照组（14.02、14.47 kg/d）。A牧场实验组单产为16.89 kg/d,对照组单产为12.25 kg/d,差异显著（P〈0.05）;B牧场实验组单产为17.22 kg/d,对照组单产为13.21 kg/d,同样差异显著（P〈0.05）;同时A牧场与B牧场实验组的单产在与2014同期相比时同样差异显著（P〈0.05）。A牧场每千克奶饲料成本降低0.26元,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,B牧场降低0.13元。A牧场实验组的牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量明显高于对照组,分别为3.95%和3.28%,和2014年同期相比分别增长了0.29%和0.22%;B牧场实验组牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量虽然低于对照组,但也达到了4.08%和3.15%。A牧场实验组牛奶体细胞数（39.14万个/m L）比对照组体细胞数（60.54万个/m L）低21.40万个/m L。临床型乳房炎患病牛的比例,实验组低于对照组近2.67%。[结论]高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛可实行优化补饲方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。     

Economic evaluation of the method of gradual formation of groups of dairy cows from primiparae free of infectious mastitis]

Employing the turnover of a dairy-cow herd with primiparas to control infectious mastitis is beneficial because young dairy cows, as a rule free of inflammations of the mammary gland, are not included among dairy cows already infected or suspected of being infected and so it is possible to form groups of dairy cows free of mastitis. For this intention an agricultural enterprise was chosen in potato production region I. In the given period 316 to 336 dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed were followed. To express the impact of the infection on the milk efficiency and to draw economic conclusions on the efficiency of treating infectious mastitis we observed the total milk yield of the different dairy cows in one lactation. In the given enterprise unsuccessful treatment of an infected dairy cow in three lactations resulted in a total loss of 4,648 Kcs. Therefore from the economic aspect it appears to be profitable to replace productive, but ill, older dairy cows by healthy first-calvers because the negative effect of the mastitis on the production of milk increases with every successive lactation.     

利用DHI报表对宁夏某奶牛场生产性能总体情况的分析

DHI测定是奶牛场精细化管理的工具,它不仅反映奶牛的产奶性能,饲养管理与健康水平,还能根据报表信息对奶牛场的育种与繁殖情况进行评价从而改进管理措施,利用好DHI报表信息可以提高奶牛场的技术管理水平和经济效益。本研究通过采集宁夏某奶牛场12个月的DHI报表数据,分析乳脂肪、乳蛋白、尿素氮、体细胞数、泌乳持续力等关键性指标,对该奶牛场的生产性能、经营管理、育种繁殖状况进行综合评定。结果表明：该牛场的泌乳高峰日到达较晚;牛群乳房炎在冬季发生率较高;群体尿素氮含量处于正常范围（10-18mg/dL）,对奶牛的繁殖性能影响较小;泌乳持续力较高、奶牛群体平均泌乳天数较长引起的繁殖问题较严重。针对测检和分析中发现的问题,提出了建议的改进措施。     

Estimation of milk production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Costa Rica

Five dairy farms, situated on the slopes of the volcano Poás in the pre-mountain cloud forest ecological zone, Alajuela and Heredia Provinces, Costa Rica, provided data for estimation of the production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis. Within the same farm, cows with proven sub-clinical mastitis were matched with cows without signs of sub-clinical mastitis, according to breed, lactation number and days in lactation. A total of 529 cows were detected with sub-clinical mastitis, of which only 200 could be paired with control cows free of mastitis; each pair was used only once.

Crude milk production losses per cow with sub-clinical mastitis were estimated at 1.56 kg day⁻¹for daily milk yield. Milk production loss per affected quarter due to sub-clinical mastitis was estimated to be 17.6% on average. The decrease in milk production in heifers with sub-clinical mastitis did not differ significantly from the decrease in production in older cows. No significant difference in milk production loss was detected when the data were stratified on parity or the number of quarters affected.