猪“高热病”源嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌16S rDNA基因的克隆和系统发育分析

根据NCBI中已报道的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌16S rDNA基因序列设计引物,对两株来源于猪“高热病”病料中的疑似嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌PSM-5、PSM-6进行PCR扩增。将扩增产物克隆至pMD18-T载体上,并转化到DH5α中。抽取质粒模板,进行PCR和双酶切鉴定并测序,从分子水平上予以鉴定。两株菌的16S rDNA基因扩增片段的核苷酸序列（GenBank登录号为GQ267816和GQ267817）与已经报道的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分离株的16S rDNA序列的相似性均在96.78%以上,最高达99.93%。本试验对通过16S rDNA鉴定嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌提供一定参考,同时对猪“高热病”的诊断治疗奠定细菌学方面的基础,对其发病机制的探讨提供依据。     

疑似草鱼嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

试验对疑似嗜水气单胞菌草鱼的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏组织进行嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定。通过普通营养琼脂、胰蛋白大豆琼脂及生化试剂等的分离培养与生化鉴定后,获得3株细菌;16S rRNA通用引物检测3株细菌的基因序列比对确定菌株后,对确定的草鱼嗜水气单胞菌进行回归试验确认其致病性,然后采用临床上常用的阿奇霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素等10种抗生素进行药敏试验。结果表明,经过分离培养、生化鉴定及16S rRNA通用引物鉴定后确定3种菌株分别为嗜水气单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和腐败斯瓦尼菌,确定的嗜水气单胞菌回归试验证明其具有致病性;药敏试验显示阿奇霉素对腐败斯瓦尼菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌敏感,其抑菌直径分别为105、95 mm,阿米卡星对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌和腐败斯瓦尼菌这3种菌都较敏感,抑菌直径分别为105、95和93 mm。结果表明,疑似为嗜水气单胞菌病的草鱼有3种细菌感染,其中鉴定的嗜水气单胞菌是致病菌,常用抗生素阿米卡星对3种菌都有抑制作用,而仅对腐败斯瓦尼菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌敏感的是阿奇霉素。     

猪源嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌16 S rRNA基因的克隆和序列分析

从临床病猪无菌采集抗凝血，抽提全血基因组DNA，用能够扩增大多数真细菌16 S rRNA基因的通用引物，扩增出长度为1502bp的嗜麦芽窄食单胞茵的16 S rRNA基因；该基因与国外报道的嗜麦芽窄食单胞茵部分临床和环境分离株核苷酸序列的同源性达99％以上。证实嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌可感染猪。     

从山羊鼻内腺瘤病例中分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的报告

对临床发病的山羊病例进行尸体剖检、病理学诊断和细菌学检查,分析疫病发生的原因。根据尸体剖检和病理学检查诊断为山羊鼻内腺瘤病,并继发有严重的细菌感染。根据细菌分离培养、染色特性、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。     

猪呼吸道疾病综合征主要致病菌的分离鉴定

对3个猪场的4头呼吸道疾病综合征病猪肺脏(猪场分别编号A、B、C,其中猪场A 1头、猪场B 2头、猪场C 1头)进行猪肺炎支原体(Mhp)、副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)和猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(App)PCR检测,进而进行细菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验。结果显示:4份病料中App和Mhp均为阴性,Hps在猪场A和C的病料中为阴性,猪场B病料中为阳性;在猪场A分离出奇异变形杆菌和猪链球菌各1株;猪场B分离出1株化脓隐秘杆菌、1株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和1株奇异变形杆菌;猪场C分离出1株化脓隐秘杆菌和1株奇异变形杆菌。药敏试验结果显示:化脓隐秘杆菌对诺氟沙星、洛美沙星敏感,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对恩诺沙星敏感,奇异变形杆菌对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星敏感,猪链球菌对诺氟沙星、洛美沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星敏感。小鼠致病性试验结果表明:变形奇异杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和化脓隐秘杆菌均能使小鼠出现一过性精神萎靡;猪链球菌引起试验小鼠全部死亡,具有较强致病力。     

大肠杆菌分离鉴定及其耐药性试验

为了确定采集自内蒙古地区某牧场的病料内的病原菌,对其进行细菌的分离培养。将分离培养出的2株病原菌进行16S rDNA扩增、细菌生化鉴定、致病性试验以及细菌耐药性试验。结果表明,分离菌在伊红美蓝琼脂培养基上可生长出暗红色或黑色并且带有金属光泽的菌落;镜检可见,分离菌为革兰阴性杆菌;分离菌生化鉴定结果与大肠杆菌标准菌株ATCC 25922测定的结果相一致;分离菌的16S rDNA与大肠杆菌标准菌株16S rDNA PCR扩增结果相一致;分离到的2株大肠杆菌均具有致病性,对多种抗生素均有耐药性。结果提示,该次分离得到的病原菌主要为具有多重耐药性的致病性大肠杆菌。     

黄喉拟水龟"腐壳病"的病原分离与鉴定

从发生"腐壳病"的黄喉拟水龟上分离到一株脑膜炎脓毒性黄杆菌和一株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,这两种细菌均具有分解甲壳几丁质的能力,这是引起黄喉拟水龟甲壳腐败的主要病因.     

致病性嗜水气单胞菌PCR快速检测方法的建立

本试验根据GenBank已登录的致病性嗜水气单胞菌保守序列16S rDNA和Aero,设计2对引物,以嗜水气单胞菌纯培养物为起始材料,建立PCR检测方法。从12株分离物中均扩增到16S rDNA片段,从3株分离物中均扩增到Aero片段,经序列测定和分析,所扩增的片段均为嗜水气单胞菌的核苷酸序列。结果表明,建立的PCR方法可用于检测致病性嗜水气单胞菌。     

斑点叉尾鮰套肠病病原嗜水气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

为确定疑似细菌感染的斑点叉尾鮰病原,本试验对临床病例进行细菌分离培养、生物化学鉴定和分子生物学鉴定、动物回归试验和病原菌药敏试验。结果显示,分离菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,菌落形态和生化特性与嗜水气单胞菌相符;16S rDNA检测与测序分析结果进一步证实分离菌确为嗜水气单胞菌;动物回归试验显示,分离菌能引起与临床自然病例相似的症状;药敏试验显示,分离菌对喹诺酮类药物敏感,对青霉素类、头孢类药物产生耐药性。结果表明,疑似细菌感染斑点叉尾鮰病例为嗜水气单胞菌感染,可选择喹诺酮类药物进行病例的预防治疗。     

3株鸽源奇异变形杆菌的分离与鉴定

对从江苏省某鸽场病死鸽脏器中分离的细菌进行分离鉴定。通过细菌培养、革兰染色镜检及生化特性测定等对分离株进行初步鉴定;扩增分离株的16S rDNA片段并测序,Blast搜索比对确定细菌的种属;通过动物致病性试验和药敏试验来检测分离株的致病力及耐药性。结果:3株细菌的16S rDNA序列测定和Blast分析表明与奇异变形杆菌参考株的同源性达99.4%～99.8%,确定为奇异变形杆菌;致病性试验显示奇异变形杆菌对鸽子和小鼠均有致病力;药敏试验表明奇异变形杆菌对头孢菌素类抗生素和氟苯尼考敏感,对青霉素类和磺胺类抗生素等有耐药性。结果表明,从鸽子脏器中所分离的细菌为奇异变形杆菌,具有较强的致病力和多重耐药性。     

不同病例动物源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及16SrDNA同源性分析

为研究不同病例发病动物的发病原因,并对不同病例病料分离出的细菌进行16S rDNA同源性分析,本试验对10种不同病例发病动物病料进行细菌分离培养并对分离获得的细菌进行微生物学鉴定,设计1对16S rDNA基因引物,对分离出的10株细菌进行PCR扩增、测序及16S rDNA同源性分析。结果显示,分离获得的10株细菌经微生物学鉴定均为大肠杆菌,10株大肠杆菌中哺乳类动物病例犬乳房炎、犬子宫蓄脓、犬肺炎、犬皮肤化脓疮、奶牛乳房炎、犊牛腹泻6株大肠杆菌之间16S rDNA同源性为100.0%,家禽类动物病例肉鸽腹泻、肉鸡腹泻、野鸡腹泻和白孔雀腹泻4株大肠杆菌之间16S rDNA同源性也为100.0%,10株不同病例动物来源大肠杆菌之间16S rDNA同源性为97.5%~100.0%。本试验探明了10种不同病例发病动物的发病原因均为大肠杆菌感染引起,且10株大肠杆菌16S rDNA之间具有高度同源性。     

Rapid identification and differentiation of pathogenic clostridia in gas gangrene by polymerase chain reaction based on the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region

In cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) is mostly caused by Clostridium chauvoei, C septicum, C novyi and C sordellii. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system using common primers designed from multiple alignment of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes of Clostridium species was developed to identify pathogenic clostridia. The PCR was performed with total DNA from 26 strains which included seven different Clostridia species. These bacteria were differentiated at species level by the different PCR product patterns. To characterise the 16S-23S rDNA spacer regions of these clostridia further, most PCR products of these bacteria were sequenced. The smallest PCR products of each bacterium represented the fundamental 16S-23S rDNA spacer region; larger PCR products of each bacterium were caused by insertion sequences, i.e. tRNA gene sequences. The authors' observations indicate that the PCR patterns of the 16S-23S rDNA spacer regions have the potential to be used as an identification marker of pathogenic clostridia in gas gangrene.     

Differentiation between bovine and ovine strains of Histophilus somni based on the sequences of 16S rDNA and rpoB gene

Nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA and rpoB gene of 25 bovine and 6 ovine Histophilus somni strains were determined to detect subtle differences between the host animal species. The 1465 nucleotide residues of the 16S rDNA exhibited levels of sequence similarities of 99.4% or more. The high sequence similarity of the 16S rDNA of recently described species H. somni was confirmed in the 31 strains from cattle and sheep. These results suggested that the intra-specific diversity of 16S rDNA was limited in bovine and ovine strains of H. somni. The specific association of strains was also observed in the 311 bp region of rpoB gene which sequence similarities were 98.6% or more. However, the phylogenetic tree analysis of the rpoB gene showed that the ovine strains appeared to form a subgroup recovered in 70% of the bootstrap trees. In the 311 bp region of the ovine strains, a HincII restriction endonuclease site was detected. The PCR-amplified rpoB DNA of 46 bovine and 20 ovine H. somni strains were examined for the digestion with HincII. As the results, 17 strains of ovine strains were cleaved by the enzyme but none of the bovine strains appeared to possess the restriction site. The restriction enzyme analysis of rpoB gene may be useful to differentiate ovine strains from bovine strains of H. somni.     

Comparison of the Value of Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis,Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis for Subtyping Taylorella equigenitalis

Eight strains of Taylorella equigenitalis were identified by a polymerase chain reaction using a primer pair specific to the 16S rDNA of T equigenitalis. These eight strains were chosen because they had previously been shown to represent eight distinct genotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis after separate digestion of the genomic DNA with ApaI or NotI. The eight strains could be classified into six or seven types by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis using different kinds of primers. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis after separate digestion with five restriction enzymes, including AluI and MboI, of the 1,500 bp fragments of rDNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction did not discriminate the genomic variations among the eight strains of T equigenitalis. Thus, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was shown to discriminate these eight organisms better than random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, while amplified rDNA restriction analysis was found to be unsuitable for subtyping T equigenitalis.     

牛瘤胃微生物的分离鉴定与生化特性分析

【目的】 通过对瘤胃液中分离所得的菌株进行研究，为益生菌制剂的制备提供基础数据。【方法】 采集10头健康荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃液，通过涂布、特性培养、纯化等步骤获得单一菌株，提取细菌DNA，进行16S rDNA的PCR扩增。通过16S rDNA基因测序鉴定后进行序列比对并构建系统发育树，确定菌株种类。对不同种类的细菌进行0~48 h的培养测定其生长特性，并进行耐酸碱和耐胆盐试验。【结果】 通过涂布分离菌株得到20株分离菌，经PCR扩增后测序发现20株菌属于7种不同的菌，大致确定L7为解淀粉芽孢杆菌、K7为枯草芽孢杆菌、S7为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、C2为地衣芽孢杆菌、M7为马链球菌、F7为弗氏酸柠檬杆菌、T7为吉氏库特菌。通过生长曲线可以看出，7株菌分别在24~36 h达到最快生长期。M7和K7对酸有较强的耐受性，而S7、C2和F7对酸性较为敏感，C2对碱的耐受性最强，而T7对胆盐的耐受性最强，S7对胆盐最不耐受。【结论】 本研究从瘤胃中分离得到的7个菌株对酸碱和胆盐具有不同程度的耐受性，以及最适生长周期。     

新疆和陕西三叶草属根瘤菌16S rDNA多态性及系统发育研究

为阐明西北部分地区三叶草属(Trifolium L.)根瘤菌遗传多样性及系统发育地位,于2007年12月采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP与16S rDNA全序列分析,对50株分离自新疆和陕西地区的三叶草属根瘤菌进行系统研究。结果表明:所有供试菌株产生了5种16S rDNA基因型,归属于根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)3个系统发育分支,表现出较为丰富的共生固氮体系多态性。其中,CCNWXJ0140在系统发育树中与三叶草叶杆菌模式菌株P.trifolii PETP02关系较近,序列相似性为98.9%,也扩大了可与三叶草形成共生关系的根瘤菌种类的范围。通过不同地区同一寄主的三叶草根瘤菌的比较,发现其共生关系因地理分布不同而具有多样性,因此,对于丰富三叶草根瘤菌资源及其开发利用具有重要意义。     

Phylogenetic relationship of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolates from laboratory rodents based on 16S rDNA sequence

A 1344 bp fragment of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence was used to determine the genetic relationship of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolates from laboratory rodents. A total of 30 nucleotide sequences of P. pneumotropica, including 24 wild strains, 3 reference strains, and 3 nucleotide sequences deposited in GenBank, were examined for heterogeneity of their 16S rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence discriminated 5 types of branching lineages. Of these 5 types, 3 types had significant associations with mice or rats, and 2 had significant associations with the beta-hemolytic phenotype. These results suggest that 16S rDNA sequencing of P. pneumotropica isolates demonstrates genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic discrimination in terms of their hemolytic phenotype and host associations.     

Identification of a Mycoplasma ovis-like organism in a herd of farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in rural Indiana

Mycoplasma ovis is a hemoplasma parasite of sheep, goats, and reindeer; however, natural hemoplasma infection in white-tailed deer has not previously been reported. Subsequent to finding many coccoid, bacillary, and ring-shaped organisms, consistent with hemotropic mycoplasmas, on RBCs from a 72-day-old female white-tailed fawn, we sought to (1) identify the putative hemoplasma observed in blood from the fawn, (2) evaluate others in the herd for hemoplasma infection, and (3) identify clinicopathologic characteristics of hemoplasma-infected white-tailed deer. EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood was collected from the fawn and 8 apparently healthy does in the same herd. CBCs were performed on 7 nonclotted samples from the fawn and 6 does. DNA was extracted from all samples, followed by PCR amplification of bacterial (16S rDNA) and protozoal (18S rDNA) genes. The nearly complete 16S rDNA product from the fawn's sample was directly sequenced and compared with known sequences in the GenBank database. Samples from the fawn and 7 of 8 does were PCR-positive using hemoplasma-specific and M ovis-specific protocols. The fawn was PCR-negative for Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. The 16S rDNA sequence from the fawn (GenBank accession number, FJ824847) was most closely related to M ovis (AF338268), having 98.5% sequence identity. The fawn had a mild nonregenerative anemia, a neutrophilic left-shift with toxic change, aspiration bronchopneumonia, and gastrointestinal disease. Hematologic values, including blood film evaluation, in infected does were unremarkable. The M ovis-like organism may have acted as either an opportunistic or primary pathogen in the fawn. The high occurrence of subclinical infections in the does suggests that white-tailed deer may act as wildlife reservoirs for M ovis.