低鱼粉饲料中添加4种添加剂对花鲈生长性能、血清生化指标及养殖水体理化指标的影响

试验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料中添加4种添加剂（包膜赖氨酸+包膜蛋氨酸、复合核苷酸、植酸酶、复合芽孢杆菌）对花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）生长性能、血清生化指标及养殖水体理化指标的影响。选用初始体重为（13.50±0.06）g的花鲈400尾，随机分为5组，每组4个重复，每个重复20尾鱼。以含28%鱼粉的饲料作为基础饲料（对照组，G0组），在G0组基础上分别添加0.71%包膜赖氨酸和1.30%包膜蛋氨酸（G1组）、0.04%复合核苷酸（G2组）、0.04%植酸酶（G3组）、0.10%复合芽孢杆菌（G4组）配制4种试验饲料。饲养周期56 d。结果表明：与G0组相比，G2组和G3组的增重率和特定生长率显著升高（P<0.05），饲料系数显著降低（P<0.05）；各组间花鲈的全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分均无显著差异（P>0.05）;G3组的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、高密度脂蛋白含量均显著高于G0组（P<0.05），各添加组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组，其中G2组达到显著水平（P<0.05）;G1组和G3组的过氧化氢酶活性显著高于G0组（P<0.05）；...     

植物蛋白及添加剂组合替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

为节约鱼粉资源和降低饲料成本,探索豆粕和花生粕部分替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中鱼粉的可行方式,分别配合添加包膜蛋氨酸和包膜赖氨酸、芽孢杆菌、植酸酶和核苷酸4种添加剂,并研究其对凡纳滨对虾生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响,在以含23%鱼粉、22%豆粕和18%花生粕的饲料为基础饲料(G0)中分别添加0.212%包膜赖氨酸和0.084%包膜蛋氨酸(G1)、1%复合芽孢杆菌(G2)、0.04%植酸酶(G3)和0.62%核苷酸混合物(G4)配制4种试验饲料,养殖8周。与G0相比,添加组对虾末均质量、增质量率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白效率(PER)显著升高(P0.05),饲料系数(FC)显著降低(P0.05);G3和G4组全虾粗脂肪显著升高(P0.05),G2和G3全虾粗灰分显著降低(P0.05);添加组对虾血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇L(HO)和三酰甘油(TG2)显著升高(P0.05),G1和G2组白蛋白(ALB)显著升高(P0.05),G1和G3组血糖(GLU)显著升高(P0.05)。结果表明,植物蛋白及添加剂组合替代部分鱼粉能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能,其中以复合芽孢杆菌作用效果最好(P0.05)。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏组织形态的影响,探索发酵豆粕替代大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例。以鱼粉、小麦蛋白粉为主要蛋白质源,鱼油、大豆油和大豆卵磷脂为主要脂肪源,配制含40%鱼粉的基础饲料。以发酵豆粕替代基础饲料中0(R0组,作为对照组)、15%(R15组)、30%(R30组)、45%(R45组)、60%(R60组)、75%(R75组)的鱼粉,并在除对照组饲料外的各饲料中添加适量晶体氨基酸(赖氨酸和蛋氨酸),配制6种等氮(蛋白质水平为45%)等脂(脂肪水平为10%)的试验饲料。养殖试验在海水网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)中进行,每种试验饲料投喂3个网箱,每个网箱放养60尾初始体重为(10.49±0.03)g大黄鱼幼鱼,养殖时间持续56 d。结果表明:各组大黄鱼幼鱼的存活率无显著差异(P0.05),但随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高有下降趋势;与R0组相比,R15、R30、R45组的特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)、饲料系数(FCR)无显著变化(P0.05),进一步提高鱼粉替代比例(R60、R75组),SGR、WGR显著降低(P0.05),FCR显著升高(P0.05);各组全鱼粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分含量无显著差异(P0.05),随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高,全鱼粗灰分含量有上升的趋势;各组血清生化指标没有显著差异(P0.05),但随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高,血清中总胆固醇含量有下降趋势,谷丙转氨酶活力有升高趋势;通过肝脏组织学观察发现,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例超过30%后会造成肝脏细胞的损伤,替代比例越高损伤越严重。综合各项测定指标,本研究认为:发酵豆粕替代饲料(含40%鱼粉)中30%的鱼粉较为适宜,过高的替代比例会造成大黄鱼幼鱼肝脏组织病变,导致生长速度、存活率下降。     

不同蛋白质源对草鱼和花鲈肉质影响的比较研究

本试验旨在比较不同蛋白质源对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)及花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicas)体成分、肌肉游离氨基酸组成及鱼片质构特性的影响。设计草鱼和花鲈饲料各3种,分别等氮等能。3种草鱼试验饲料分别为以鱼粉为唯一蛋白质源的CI-FM组(对照组),以混合植物蛋白质(豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代80%鱼粉的CI-PPB80组及以混合植物蛋白质替代100%鱼粉的CI-PPB100组。3种花鲈试验饲料分别为以鱼粉为唯一蛋白质源的LJ-FM组(对照组),以混合植物蛋白质(棉籽浓缩蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代50%鱼粉的LJ-PPB50组和以混合植物蛋白质替代100%鱼粉的LJ-PPB100组。草鱼初始体重为(153.40±0.30)g,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼;花鲈初始体重为(12.97±0.03)g,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。饲喂8周后,检测2种试验鱼的体成分、肌肉游离氨基酸含量及鱼片质构特性、剪切力、滴水损失及胶原蛋白含量。结果表明:与CI-FM组相比,CI-PPB100组草鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);而花鲈肌肉粗脂肪含量则随替代水平的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,表现为LJ-PPB50组显著高于LJ-PPB100组(P0.05)。草鱼肌肉总游离氨基酸及生物胺前体含量各组间无显著差异(P0.05);随着替代水平的升高,花鲈肌肉总游离氨基酸及呈味氨基酸含量显著降低(P0.05),生物胺前体含量显著升高(P0.05)。2种试验鱼肌肉中存在各自的特异性成分。2种试验鱼生、熟鱼片的质构特性差异较大。草鱼的CI-FM组和花鲈的LJ-FM组生鱼片的硬度、黏性、咀嚼力、回弹力及剪切力均分别显著高于同鱼种的其他2组(P0.05)。对于熟鱼片,草鱼的CI-PPB80组内聚力显著高于其他2组(P0.05),其他各项指标各组间无显著差异(P0.05);花鲈的LJ-PPB100组硬度及黏附性显著高于LJ-FM组(P0.05),其他各项指标各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。根据结果,混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉后降低了草鱼和花鲈鱼体脂肪的蓄积,对草鱼肌肉总游离氨基酸含量不造成影响,使花鲈肌肉呈味氨基酸含量下降,必需氨基酸含量减少,生物胺前体含量升高,货架期缩短;高植物蛋白质源饲料使得草鱼和花鲈的肉质均出现明显下降,而高鱼粉饲料可以保证2种试验鱼有较高的肉质。     

豆粕发酵工艺优化及发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉对大黄鱼的饲喂效果

本试验旨在优化复合益生菌发酵豆粕的工艺参数,并研究发酵豆粕(FSBM)部分替代大黄鱼饲料中的鱼粉对其生长性能、消化性能、非特异性免疫功能和抗氧化性能的影响。首先采用正交试验优化豆粕发酵工艺,然后用发酵豆粕替代饲料中部分鱼粉进行大黄鱼养殖试验。以270尾初始体重为(22.81±9.16)g的大黄鱼为试验对象,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。对照组(FM组)饲喂鱼粉含量为25%的基础饲料,2个试验组分别饲喂以发酵豆粕替代基础饲料中30%(FSBM-30组)和50%鱼粉(FSBM-50组)的试验饲料,养殖期为46 d。结果显示:1)以发酵豆粕中的小肽、游离氨基酸和乳酸含量为考察指标,确定豆粕发酵最优工艺条件为基质含水量50%,枯草芽孢杆菌接种量4%(v/m),枯草芽孢杆菌与植物乳杆菌接种比例1∶5,发酵温度37℃,接种方式及发酵时间为接种枯草芽孢杆菌2 d后接种植物乳杆菌,共发酵5 d。豆粕经过枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌的发酵作用,7S、11S抗原蛋白和棉子糖、水苏糖等抗营养因子成分有效去除,易于吸收的小肽和游离氨基酸含量显著提高(P<0.05),并富含益生菌。2)大黄鱼养殖试验显示,与对照组相比,发酵豆粕替代饲料中50%的鱼粉对大黄鱼的生长性能、肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性、血清非特异性免疫指标和抗氧化指标以及肝脏健康状况未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可知,豆粕采用最优工艺发酵后营养价值和适口性得到明显提高;发酵豆粕替代饲料中50%的鱼粉不会对大黄鱼的生长性能、消化性能、非特异性免疫功能和抗氧化能力产生不良影响。     

豆粕和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对卵形鲳鲹摄食生长的影响

以初始平均体重为(112.21±0.73)g的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus Linnaeus)为研究对象,进行为期70d的摄食生长试验,研究不同添加水平的发酵豆粕和不发酵豆粕对卵形鲳鲹摄食生长的影响。试验共配制8种等氮等能的饲料,其中以全鱼粉饲料为对照组(饲料1);豆粕取代饲料主要以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,其中,发酵豆粕分别替代17.6%、31.4%、45.1%和60.8%的鱼粉蛋白(饲料2～5),普通豆粕蛋白分别替代17.6%、31.4%和45.1%的鱼粉蛋白(饲料6～8)。结果表明,饲料中不同水平的豆粕替代量对卵形鲳鲹的成活率和摄食无显著影响(P0.05),但当豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白达到45.1%时,会显著降低卵形鲳鲹的特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率(P0.05)。饲料中用发酵豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白达到60.8%时,也显著降低卵形鲳鲹的增重率、饲料利用率(P0.05)。但是与豆粕替代组相比,在45.1%的鱼粉蛋白替代水平下,发酵豆粕组的增重率和饲料利用率显著高于普通豆粕替代组(P0.05)。     

豆粕和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对黄河鲤生长和血清抗氧化性能及消化酶活性的影响

试验研究豆粕和发酵豆粕对黄河鲤幼鱼生长、血清抗氧化及肠道消化酶活性的影响。用25%、50%的豆粕和23%、46%的发酵豆粕分别替代基础料中15%和30%的鱼粉配制成5组(对照组FM、试验组SBM25、FSBM23、SBM50和FSBM46)等氮(粗蛋白质38.50%)等能(粗脂肪8.0%)的饲料。将600尾体质量为(49.76±0.24)g的幼鲤随机分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾,分别投喂5种不同的试验饲料,养殖周期为56 d。结果表明,与对照组对比,FSBM23组幼鲤WGR、FCR、PER和CF差异不显著(P0.05),SBM25、SBM50和FSBM46组的WGR和PER显著降低,FCR显著升高(P0.05)。与FM组对比,其他组幼鲤血清CAT、SOD、GSH-Px和T-AOC活性显著降低(P0.05),但FSBM23组GSH-Px和T-AOC活性差异不显著(P0.05);FM组MDA含量低于SBM50组(P0.05),但与其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。对比FM组,FSBM23组前肠、中肠蛋白酶活性差异不显著(P0.05),其他组显著降低(P0.05),最低为SBM50组;后肠蛋白酶活性除SBM50组显著降低外(P0.05),其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。FM组中,前肠淀粉酶活性最低,显著低于其他组(P0.05);中肠和后肠淀粉酶活性最高,显著高于中肠SBM25、SBM50组和后肠SBM50、FSBM46组(P0.05)。FM组中,前肠脂肪酶活性最高,显著高于其他组(P0.05);中肠和后肠活性最低,显著低于其他组(P0.05)。豆粕和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉用于幼鲤饲料,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉效果优于豆粕,从主要生长指标考虑,幼鲤饲料中可以用23%的发酵豆粕替代15%的鱼粉。     

中性植酸酶在豆粕型饲料中替代磷酸二氢钙对花鲈生长及磷代谢的影响

本文旨在研究豆粕型饲料中用中性植酸酶替代不同水平的磷酸二氢钙,对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长和磷代谢及利用的影响。以(2.52±0.01)g的花鲈为试验对象,用中性植酸酶分别替代试验用的豆粕型饲料中60%(PE6)、80%(PE8)和100%(PET)的磷酸二氢钙,每个替代水平饲料中分别设置1000FTU/kg(PE610,PE810,PET10)和1500FTU/kg(PE615,PE815,PET15)2个梯度。8周的养殖试验结果显示,在豆粕型饲料中用中性植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙后,对各试验组花鲈的生长、鱼体成分和蛋白质消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05);但PE615和PE815组的干物质消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),PE815组的脂肪消化率显著高于PE610、PET10和PET15组(P<0.05),而PE615和PE815的总磷消化率显著高于对照组、PE610组和PET15组的(P<0.05)。各试验组的总磷摄入量、表观磷的摄入量、粪磷和非粪磷的排出量均随试验料中磷酸二氢钙添加量的减少而显著降低(P<0.05),而除PE610和PE815以外的各试验组的总磷储积率却显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。根据本试验的结果,在含有30.5%豆粕的花鲈饲料中添加一定量的中性植酸酶同时减少磷酸二氢钙的添加量后,仍能显著提高饲料中磷的消化和利用(P<0.05)。中性植酸酶的添加量以1000FTU/kg饲料为宜,其作用相当于12g/kg的磷酸二氢钙。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对鲫鱼生长、血清生化指标及肠道结构的影响

为探讨发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对鲫鱼的生长、血清生化指标及肠道结构的影响,用发酵豆粕分别替代基础日粮(含鱼粉10%)中0(FSM0)、20%(FSM20)、40%(FSM40)、60%(FSM60)、80%(FSM80)的鱼粉配制成5种等氮等能饲料投喂初始重量(29.24±0.07)g的鲫鱼幼鱼56 d。结果表明,各处理组的日摄食率、存活率和饲料系数无显著差异(P0.05)。FSM60组的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比、肥满度、肠体比高于FSM0组。全鱼粗蛋白含量组间无显著差异(P0.05),FSM60组粗脂肪含量、内脏脂肪率低于FSM0组,FSM0组的粗灰分含量显著低于其余各组(P0.05)。血清中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总蛋白、白蛋白组间无显著差异(P0.05),添加发酵豆粕处理组的总胆固醇、三酰甘油、谷丙转氨酶均高于FSM0组。中、后肠FSM60组肌层厚度和绒毛宽度显著大于FSM0组(P0.05),FSM40组绒毛长度高于其余各组。综上所述,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉可以提高鲫鱼的生长、代谢能力,改善鲫鱼肠道结构。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对黄姑鱼幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肝脏中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对黄姑鱼幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)基因相对表达量的影响,以确定黄姑鱼幼鱼饲料中发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的适宜比例。试验首先以秘鲁鱼粉、豆粕、小麦蛋白粉为主要蛋白质源,鱼油、大豆油和大豆卵磷脂为主要脂肪源,配制含45%鱼粉的基础饲料,然后以发酵豆粕替代基础饲料中0(FSM0组,作为对照组)、10%(FSM10组)、20%(FSM20组)、30%(FSM30组)、40%(FSM40组)和50%(FSM 50组)的鱼粉,并在除对照组外的各组饲料中添加适量赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,以保持各组赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量的一致,共配制6种等氮(蛋白质水平为50%)等脂(脂肪水平为12%)的试验饲料。选取初始体重为(31.24±0.02)g的黄姑鱼幼鱼360尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾,养殖试验持续8周。结果表明:FSM10、FSM20和FSM30组黄姑鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P0.05),而FSM40和FSM50组黄姑鱼幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著低于对照组(P0.05),饲料系数显著高于对照组(P0.05);各组黄姑鱼幼鱼的成活率无显著性差异(P0.05)。发酵豆粕替代不同比例鱼粉对黄姑鱼幼鱼的肝体比、脏体比和肥满度没有产生显著性影响(P0.05)。FSM40和FSM50组黄姑鱼幼鱼血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著高于其他组(P0.05),且FSM50组黄姑鱼幼鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著高于对照组和FSM10组(P0.05)。FSM50组黄姑鱼幼鱼肝脏中IGF-Ⅰ基因相对表达量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合各指标,本试验条件下,发酵豆粕替代饲料中20%~30%的鱼粉较为适宜,过高的替代比例会降低黄姑鱼幼鱼的生长性能和饲料利用率。     

Optimizing protein quality of mixtures of blood meal, feather meal and bone meal

The protein quality of two- or three-component mixtures of blood meal, feather meal and bone meal was characterized by amino acid scores and rat net protein utilization (NPU) values. A graphic method designed to find optimum levels of the limiting essential amino acids in the mixtures was suitable for predicting the optimum of NPU values determined by feeding rats with diets having 10% crude protein. The protein quality of mixtures of blood meal, feather meal and bone meal showed an optimum if blood meal constituted 60% of the protein content of the mixtures; however, poor feed intake and growth data were obtained.     

鸡肉粉和肉骨粉替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能影响研究

近年来,我国水产养殖以每年近1 0 %的速度递增,进口鱼粉的供应量和价格对水产饲料及水产养殖具有极大的影响。从营养组成和消化率来看,鱼粉属优质动物蛋白质,但世界鱼粉的供应量将日益紧缺,寻求鱼粉替代动物蛋白质是我国水产业未来发展的一个重要研究方向。鸡肉粉和肉骨粉作为动物蛋白质原料,若能在水产饲料中替代鱼粉,将有重大的经济意义。我们通过饲养试验比较进口肉骨粉与鸡肉粉替代不同比例鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能的影响,同时研究合成AA的添加效果,从而探讨肉骨粉与鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的适宜水平,为生产和科研积累应用资料。1　材料与方法1 1…     

棉、菜粕市场现状及分析

1经济大环境随着具有158年历史的雷曼兄弟递交破产申请．美国次贷危机引发的金融危机掀起了席卷全球“金融海啸”。在金融行业受到冲击的情况下,也拖累了农副产品、能源等市场,美盘、大连盘等连续多天的跌停板述说了这场金融危机的严重性。金融危机在持续．国内农副产品市场也连连出现问题。“毒奶粉”事件还未平息．鸡蛋里面又发现三聚氰胺化工原料．     

棕榈粕和椰子粕在畜牧行业中的应用

<正>近年来,饲料资源短缺,新的替代资源研究已成为行业热点。棕榈粕、椰子粕作为饲料原料在国外畜牧行业已经应用多年,目前其应用技术     

Evaluation of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal and fish meal as sources of nitrogen and amino acids disappearing from the small intestine of steers

The value of soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM) and fish meal (FM) in supplying N and amino acids (AA) escaping ruminal microbial degradation and disappearing from the small intestine (SI) was studied in steers using a regression approach. Replacement of corn starch in diets with protein sources resulted in decreases (P less than .05) in efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) had the greatest increase (P less than .05) when SBM was fed; BM supplementation resulted in only nonsignificant increases in ruminal NH3-N (P greater than .05). Soybean meal had the lowest proportion of N escaping ruminal degradation (.21). Corn gluten meal-N (.86) and BM-N (.92) escaped ruminal degradation to the greatest extent, and FM-N was intermediate (.68). Protein sources followed similar trends in providing absorbable nonbacterial N to the SI. Thirteen (+/- 6.2) percent of SBM-N was absorbed from the SI; 69 (+/- 6.2), 68 (+/- 9.1) and 50 (+/- 10.1)% of CGM-N, BM-N and FM-N, respectively, were absorbed from the SI. Values for ruminal escape and SI availability for individual and total AA are presented. Of the essential AA (EAA), threonine, valine and isoleucine were more resistant to ruminal degradation; methionine, cysteine, histidine and arginine were more extensively degraded than the total AA supply. Of the EAA escaping ruminal degradation, cysteine, histidine and threonine tended to be less digestible, whereas arginine was more digestible in the SI than the total AA supply.     

Net energy of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs

Background: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the net energy(NE) of corn, soybean meal, expel er-pressed rapeseed meal(EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal(SE-RSM) using indirect calorimetry and to validate the NE of these four ingredients using pig growth performance.Methods: In Exp.1, 24 barrows(initial BW = 36.4 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets which included a corn basal diet,a corn-soybean meal basal diet and two rapeseed meal diets containing 20% EP-RSM(9.5% ether extract) or SE-RSM(1.1% ether extract) substituted for corn and soybean meal. The design allowed the calculation of NE values of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meals according to the difference method. In Exp.2, 175 growing pigs(initial BW = 36.0± 5.2 kg) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 28 d, with five pigs per pen and seven replications(pens) per treatment in order to validate the measured energy values. Diets were a corn-soybean meal diet and four diets including 10% or 20% EP-RSM and 10% or 20% SE-RSM.Results: The NE of corn, soybean meal, EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 12.46, 11.34, 11.71 and 8.83 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The NE to ME ratio of corn(78%) was similar to tabular values, however, the NE to ME ratios of soybean meal(70%) and rapeseed meal(76%) were greater than tabular values. The greater NE value in EP-RSM than in SE-RSM is consistent with its higher EE content. Increasing EP-RSM or SE-RSM did not affect the growth performance of pigs and the caloric efficiency of NE was comparable for al diets.Conclusions: The NE of EP-RSM was similar to soybean meal, and both were greater than SE-RSM. The DE, ME and NE values measured in Exp.1 are confirmed by results of Exp. 2 with comparable caloric efficiencies of DE, ME or NE for all diets.     

Evaluation of meat meal, chicken meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary sources of protein in dry cat food

The nutritional value of meat meal (MM), chicken meal (CM), and corn gluten meal (CGM) as dietary sources of protein in dry food formulated for adult cats was evaluated. Twelve healthy adult cats (11 males and 1 female) were used. Dry diets containing MM, CM, or CGM as the main protein source were given for a 3-week period in a 3 x 3 Latin-square design. Digestion and balance experiments were conducted during the last 7 d of each period. In addition, freshly voided urine was taken to determine urinary pH and number of struvite crystals. As compared with the CM diet, dry-matter digestibility was higher and lower for the MM and CGM groups, respectively. Percentages of nitrogen (N) absorption and N retention to N intake were higher in the MM group, and N utilization was not different between the CM group and the CGM group. All cats excreted alkaline urine (pH > 7). Urinary pH, struvite activity product, and number of struvite crystals in urine were lower for the CGM group. There was no difference in retention of calcium and magnesium among the groups. From the point of view of digestibility and N utilization, MM is superior to CGM, and CM is better than or equivalent to CGM as a protein source of dry foods for adult cats. However, when CM is used as a dietary protein source, some manipulation of dietary base excess may be needed to control urinary acid-base balance, because CM contains higher calcium and phosphorus.     

Effect of restricted forage intake on ruminal disappearance of bromegrass hay and a blood meal, feather meal, and fish meal supplement

Two experiments were conducted to determine in situ disappearance of bromegrass hay and a ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) supplement in beef cattle fed restricted amounts of forage. Six Angus crossbred cattle (BW = 589 +/- 44.4 kg; three steers and three heifers) fitted with ruminal cannulas were fed chopped (2.54 cm) bromegrass hay (8.9% CP) at one of three percentages of maintenance intake (30, 55, or 80%; one steer and one heifer per treatment). In both experiments, the cattle were allowed 7 d for diet adaptation followed by 3 d of sample collection. In Exp 1, in situ bags (50 microm pore size) containing 4.1 g of brome-grass hay (OM basis) were inserted into the rumen and subsequently removed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h after insertion. Nonlinear regression models were used to determine the rapidly solubilized protein Fraction A, the potentially ruminal degradable protein Fraction B, the ruminally undegraded protein Fraction C, and protein degradation rate. Intake level did not affect (P = 0.15 to 0.95) forage protein remaining after in situ incubation or Fractions A, B, and C; however, effective ruminal degradation of hay protein tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.12) as forage intake increased. In Exp 2, 4.2 g (OM basis) of an RUP supplement (6.8% porcine blood meal, 24.5% hydrolyzed feather meal, and 68.7% menhaden fish meal) formulated to provide equal amounts of metabolizable protein across all levels of hay consumption was evaluated in a similar manner as in Exp 1. The undegraded protein fraction of the supplement did not differ (P = 0.16 to 0.74) across treatments at 3, 6, 9, and 18 h; however, increasing forage intake resulted in a linear increase (P < or = 0.06) in undegraded protein remaining at 12, 15, 24, 36, and 48 h. Dietary treatment had no affect (P = 0.30) on protein Fractions A, B, or C; however, protein degradation rate of the supplement decreased linearly (P = 0.03) as forage intake increased. Therefore, effective ruminal degradation of the supplement decreased linearly (P = 0.01) from 50.8 to 40.9% as forage intake increased from 30 to 80% of maintenance. Corresponding estimates of supplement RUP were 49.2, 56.5, and 59.1% for the 30, 55, and 80% of maintenance intake treatments, respectively. Restricting dietary intake can decrease the quantity of dietary protein that escapes ruminal degradation. Tabular estimates of RUP may not be appropriate for formulating diets to balance metabolizable protein in beef cattle consuming limited quantities of forage.     

鱼粉市场：预计国内港口货吃紧，进口鱼粉已有利可图

由于受禁捕影响,上周(至4月8日)的鱼获量只有134900MT,正如我们预测,其中大部份(约75200MT)用于生产蒸气鱼粉,而只有51700MT用于生产普通鱼粉。与2000年同期比较鱼获量共少了28%。秘鲁于本月10日已解禁,初步得到的消息,捕鱼获量还算不错。 有利因素 1.国内存货随用量的扩大而在逐步减少,估