阿勒泰白头牛种公牛饲养管理技术探讨

阿勒泰白头牛是新疆地方优良品种之一,是经过长期的人工选择培育出乳、肉、役兼用型牛种。本文结合阿勒泰地区喀纳斯景区禾木蒙古民族自治乡阿勒泰白头牛饲养管理情况,探讨研究了阿勒泰白头牛种公牛的饲养管理技术,为阿勒泰白头牛的保种工作提供参考。     

NRAMP1基因研究进展及其在抗病育种中的应用

抗病性能是当前畜禽育种的重要目标性状。NRAMP1蛋白可抵抗分枝杆菌、沙门氏菌等多种胞内寄生病原菌的侵染而发挥重要免疫功能，对畜禽机体抗病力影响较大。作者综述了NRAMP1基因的结构、功能、作用机制及其与抗病力的关系，并探讨了NRAMP1基因作为畜禽抗病候选基因及其应用于抗病力分子标记辅助选择的可行性。     

猪抗病育种候选基因研究进展

通过抗病育种途径提高猪的抗病力,是避免养猪生产遭受疾病困扰和获得低药物残留猪肉产品的一种很有前景的方法。本文就与猪抗病育种相关的候选基因为受体类基因、免疫相关基因和信号传导基因等的研究进展作一综述,期望能为猪的分子抗病育种提供一些思路。     

阿勒泰白头牛简介

阿勒泰白头牛以早熟，繁殖力高，生长发育快，耐高寒、高温，耐粗饲，适应性好和抗病能力强等优良特性深受新疆广大农牧民青睐。同时具有较好的生产能力。肉质嫩，乳脂率高，体型美观，性格温驯，是一种古老而原始的地方优良牛种。2003年来由于各种原因，白头牛选种、选育工作没有得到足够的重视，加上引入大量外国优秀牛品种并进行无计划的杂交，纯种白头牛的数量在不断减少，甚至面临濒临灭绝的危险。     

畜禽TLR4基因抗病研究进展

畜禽的抗病力作为实际育种与生产的重要目标性状之一,已引起科研人员和广大养殖户关注。TLR4基因作为革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁外膜成分中脂多糖(LPS)的主要受体,在畜禽机体免疫应答过程中发挥重要作用,对畜禽抗病力具有较大影响。主要叙述TLR4基因的作用、主要表达细胞、作用机理及其与畜禽抗病性的关系,并对TLR4基因作为畜禽抗病候选基因在实际生产育种中进行了展望。     

猪抗病育种研究进展及对几个认识问题的讨论

猪的抗病育种研究具有非常重要的意义,但相对于生产性状,猪抗病性状的研究较为薄弱。目前猪的抗病育种研究主要集中在抗病性状的候选基因鉴定与特定病（抗）原诱导的宿主基因表达（谱）研究两个方面。一方面,通过候选基因、比较基因组和基因组扫描等方法已鉴定出包括F18、FUT1、Mx1基因在内的影响猪抗腹泻、抗水肿病、抗流感等多个功能基因和若干QTLs,另一方面,用于免疫增强因子筛选、抗性基因和致病机理解析的病（抗）原诱导的宿主基因表达（谱）研究也正在成为抗病育种和疫苗学研究的热点。在此基础上,针对人们在猪抗病育种上的几点认识误区进行了纠正和澄清。     

嵊县花猪全基因组选择信号检测

选择信号是生物群体在选择进化的过程中,由于选择作用使得生物群体表型特征发生变化的对应基因组信息。本研究基于嵊县花猪等10个中外地方猪品种共计517个个体全基因组测序数据,利用群体分化指数(F_(ST))和核苷酸多态性(θ_π)方法检测嵊县花猪群体与浙江省其他地方猪种群体间以及与西方猪种群体间的选择信号,找到17个落入选择信号区域的候选基因。其中与浙江省地方猪群体相比,检测出候选基因9个,分别是SYT1、FAM135B、GLIS1、GALNT2、BIN1、LOC100627093、TG、SOX9、CH25H;与西方猪群体相比,检测出候选基因8个,分别是MGAT5、MAPK4K4、KSR2、RBP5、HDLBP、KCNE2、KIRREL3、BTBD11。这些候选基因在脂肪代谢、免疫、胚胎发育、消化代谢等通路中发挥重要的作用,说明嵊县花猪在耐粗饲、抗病力强、高繁殖力等性状上经历了人工选择,为研究嵊县花猪的群体特征提供了参考价值。     

畜禽Nramp1基因抗病作用的研究进展

Nramp1基因作为影响畜禽抗病育种中抗病力的主要候选基因之一,其蛋白可抵抗多种胞内菌的侵染,从而提高畜禽抗病力。主要叙述Nramp1基因的结构特点和作用机理,综述了Nramp1基因与抗病性状的关系,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

海南白唇竹叶青线粒体基因组结构与特征分析

白唇竹叶青蛇(Trimeresurus albolabris)是亚洲竹叶青毒蛇之一,主要分布在东亚和东南亚。为研究海南岛产白唇竹叶青蛇线粒体基因,测定了采自海南文昌的个体线粒体基因组全序列,并与近缘物种进行比较。结果显示,其环状基因组全长17222 bp,包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个转移RNA基因、2个核糖体RNA基因、2个控制区和1个L-链复制起源。总碱基组成为33.4%A,27.0%T,27.3%C,12.3%G,除8个tRNA基因和ND 6亚基基因在轻链上编码的外,其余基因均分布在重链上。此序列与其他产地的白唇竹叶青蛇相似度为99.61%,与其他竹叶青蛇相似度大于88%,与原矛头蝮蛇相似度大于85%。     

北京油鸡和来航鸡脾脏差异表达基因的筛选与分析

为筛选北京油鸡和来航鸡脾脏组织中与抗病力差异相关的候选基因和信号通路,本研究采用高通量测序技术,构建了42日龄北京油鸡(抗病力较强)和来航鸡(抗病力相对较弱)脾脏组织的数字基因表达谱,对差异表达基因进行了GO功能分类、KEGG信号通路分析和STRING互作网络构建,并利用荧光定量PCR验证了部分差异表达基因。结果表明,以来航鸡为对照组,北京油鸡与之相比,差异倍数在2倍以上的共有1335个基因,其中693个上调表达,643个下调表达,包括多个与淋巴细胞的激活、分化和增殖、免疫器官发育等相关的基因,主要涉及到结合功能、细胞组成、细胞加工和生物学调节等功能。对通路显著性分析发现,与免疫相关生物学通路共有4个,其中BCR信号和TLR信号涉及脾脏B细胞介导的体液免疫应答反应,两条通路上的差异表达基因构成1个相互连接的互作网络,其中D79B、CD44、IL1B、SOCS1及TLR4等位于重要节点位置。为今后挖掘新基因和研究影响鸡抗病力的遗传因素等提供理论依据。     

Identification of differential selection traces in two Polish cattle breeds

Genetic improvement of animals based on artificial selection is leading to changes in the frequency of genes related to desirable production traits. The changes are reflected by the neutral, intergenic single nucleotide polymorphims (SNPs) being in long‐range linkage disequilibrium with functional polymorphisms. Genome‐wide SNP analysis tools designed for cattle, allow for scanning divergences in allelic frequencies between distinct breeds and thus for identification of genomic regions which were divergently selected in breeds' histories. In this study, by using Bovine SNP50 assay, we attempted to identify genomic regions showing the highest differences in allele frequencies between two distinct cattle breeds – preserved, unselected Polish Red breed and highly selected Holstein cattle. Our study revealed 19 genomic regions encompassing 55 protein‐coding genes and numerous quantitative trait loci which potentially may underlie some of the phenotypic traits distinguishing the breeds.     

牛主要抗病候选基因的研究进展

牛抗病基因与其自身的抗病性和免疫能力有一定的相关性,因此研究相关抗病基因对提高牛自身免疫能力和选育优良后代有重要意义,文章着重介绍了国内外关于天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白1（natual resistant macrophage protein 1,Nramp1）、主要组织相容性复合物（major histocompatibility complex,MHC）、甘露糖结合凝集素（maflnan binding lectin,MBL）、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLR）及干扰素基因（interferon,IFN）与牛某些疾病相关性的研究进展,及其是否可用于后代育种的分子标记,如MHC与奶牛的乳房炎密切相关;牛TLR4基因的外显子1760 C>T突变中的CC基因型可作为奶牛乳房炎抗性筛选中的分子标记等。笔者认为研究这些抗病基因可更深层次了解牛的抗病机制,同时借助先进的技术手段如分子标记、基因工程等,可更好的选育出抗病后代,抗病基因在育种中的应用将是未来研究抗病性和免疫能力的主要方向。     

Genetic associations between temperament and performance traits in Nellore beef cattle

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic associations between temperament and performance traits. Temperament was evaluated in yearling male and female Nellore cattle, using four traits: temperament score (TS), for assessing animals’ reactions in a corral pen (n = 25 691); movement score (MOV), for animals’ movements recorded inside the crush; crush score (CS), for animal's general reactivity inside the crush; and flight speed (FS), for the speed (in m/s) at which the animals exited the crush (n = 11 697, for the last three methods); for all the temperament traits, lower scores indicate animals with calmer temperament. Performance traits were visual scores for conformation (C), finishing precocity (P) and muscling (M) evaluated at yearlings, and average daily gain (ADG) was estimated from weaning to yearling. Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling was applied to estimate (co)variance components and genetic and phenotypic parameters. Heritability estimates for the temperament traits ranged from 0.07 (CS) to 0.28 (FS). Genetic correlations of the temperament traits with ADG and C, P and M were negative and ranged from −0.02 to −0.31. Phenotypic correlations were negative and consistently lower than the genetic, ranging from −0.08 to −0.02. It was concluded that the temperament traits assessed had favourable genetic correlation estimates with the performance traits studied. However, indirect responses in temperament when selecting for higher ADG and visual scoring system of C, P and M, will be low.     

Estimation of genetic parameters of type traits in Asturiana de los Valles beef cattle breed

Ten type traits and a final score were analysed in 5868 records of the Asturiana de los Valles beef cattle breed. Traits were grouped into two classes: (i) traits scoring skeletal and muscular development and (ii) traits scoring adjustment to the breed standard. Heritabilities were moderate to low, ranging from 0.04 to 0.26. Genetic correlations among traits were, in general, in the same direction as, but higher than, phenotypic correlations. The genetic variability shown, in general, for the analysed traits would justify the inclusion of morphological assessment in the Asturiana de los Valles beef cattle breed sire selection programme. Main characteristics of the current type classification system are criticized. The knowledge of (co)variances among type and economically important productive and reproductive traits is recommended before revision of the classification methodology.     

秦川牛肉用性状功能基因确定及核心群分子育种遗传进展分析

[目的]为加快秦川肉牛肉用新品种的选育进程。[方法]根据秦川牛育种目标性状,采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了21个基因的多态性,找到了4个与秦川肉牛肉用性状紧密连锁的分子标记,初步确定了影响秦川肉牛肉用性状的主要功能基因,并进一步将分子育种技术和常规育种技术紧密结合,应用于秦川肉牛早期选种。[结果]通过育种核心群多育种目标性状相比,生长发育性状的遗传进展最快,其次为繁殖性状和胴体性状,[结论]明显提高了育种工作的效率和准确性。     

Farmer-preferred traits in smallholder dairy farming systems in Tanzania

Decisions of breeding schemes in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa tend to be either government or project driven, with a focus on upgrading local breeds. However, there is scant information on the individual animal traits that smallholder farmers prefer. The aim of this study was to examine farmers’ preferences of dairy cattle traits using a discrete choice experiment methodology. The study was conducted through visits to 555 randomly selected dairy farms in the sub-humid Eastern coast and temperate Southern highlands of Tanzania. Choices of animal traits were presented to farmers who were asked to evaluate choice alternatives based on attribute levels and finally select the alternative with the highest utility. The choice experiment data were analysed using a conditional logit model. Coefficients for milk yield, fertility, feed requirement, temperament and diseases resistance were overall statistically significant (p?<?0.05). In order of perceived importance, farmers were willing to keep a cow with high milk yield (coefficient?=?1.43?±?0.059), good fertility (0.85?±?0.050), easy temperament (0.76?±?0.066), low feed requirement (??0.56?±?0.092) and enhanced tropical disease resistance (0.48?±?0.048). The purchase price coefficient was negative (??0.001?±?0.0003), indicating that farmers would prefer improved dairy cattle at affordable prices. Farmers’ preferred traits were influenced by agro-ecological zone and type of production system (extensive vs intensive). The study provides an opportunity for breeding programme designers to take farmers’ preferred dairy traits into serious consideration.

     

Breed and trait preferences of Sheko cattle keepers in southwestern Ethiopia

Like their smallholder subsistence counterparts in developing countries, breed and trait preferences of Sheko cattle keepers have broad perspectives. Our study has documented breed and trait preferences of Sheko cattle keepers in southwestern Ethiopia—the natural breeding tract of Sheko cattle. Our results showed that due to their multifunctionality, cattle are the most preferred livestock species. Overall, farmers showed slightly more preference to local Zebus over Sheko breed. This is due to voracious feeding behavior of Sheko cattle, which make them less preferable in the face of worsening feed shortage, and due to aggressive temperament of Sheko cattle. This is despite Sheko's outperforming potential over local Zebus in their milk production, draft power, and hardiness. At trait level, overall milk production was consistently reported as the most preferred trait followed by fertility and traction. This trait preference rank has matched with the reported frequency count ranks for Sheko cattle use. However, breed preference rank has not matched with reported trait preference ranks because Sheko excels local Zebus in all the three most preferred traits, but it was ranked second. Therefore, to minimize these conflicting interests, breed management plans for Sheko cattle should target on strategies that help to solve feed shortage problem and to improve feeding practices, and on selection of less aggressive Sheko cattle. Therefore, these strategies should be considered in line with Sheko cattle conservation and genetic improvement programs.     

云岭牛基因组研究进展

为了研究云岭牛基因组研究进展情况,本文综述了云岭牛遗传多样性研究、云岭牛基因与其性状、环境适应性、肉质及性情研究进展情况,并对云岭牛基因组研究进行总结和展望,以期为云岭牛基因组研究及云岭牛培育、遗传改良提供参考。     

Novel harmful recessive haplotypes for reproductive traits in pigs

Harmful recessive haplotypes for reproductive and fertility traits have previously been detected in cattle, but so far, no studies have been published for pigs. The aim of this study was to locate chromosomal regions with putative lethal haplotypes and estimate the effects of the identified haplotypes on reproductive traits in the Finnish Yorkshire pig breed. We used marker genotypes of 871 Finnish Yorkshire AI boars, genotyped with Illumina's PorcineSNP60 BeadChip. The analysed traits were number of stillborn piglets in first (NSB1) and later (NSB2) parities, total number of piglets born in first and later parities and piglet mortality between birth and weaning in first and later parities. A haplotype was claimed as a putative lethal if it was common in the population, but no homozygous animals were found. We detected altogether 26 putative lethal haplotypes, but only one haplotype on chromosome 8 (position 107.0–113.3 Mb) was significantly associated with traits NSB1 and NSB2. Three possible candidate genes were found in this chromosomal region: MAD2LI, FGF2 and ANXA5. Further analysis is needed to confirm the role of these genes on pig reproductive performance.