超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定饲料中地昔尼尔

实验建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定饲料中地昔尼尔的方法。饲料样品经过乙腈提取,取部分上清液氮气吹干,用20%甲醇溶液(含0.2%甲酸)溶解,经过Waters Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱净化,然后用Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1mm×100mm i.d.,1.8μm)分离,以甲醇和水为流动相进行洗脱,外标法定量。对前处理及液相色谱和质谱条件进行优化。结果表明,地昔尼尔质量浓度在1～500μg/l范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.998;在10～200μg/kg的添加水平,平均加标回收率为74.2%～83.8%;相对标准偏差为5.5%～7.5%;方法的检出限低至1.0μg/kg,定量下限低至2.0μg/kg。该方法灵敏、稳定性好,可满足饲料中地昔尼尔的检测与确证的要求。     

高效液相色谱法测定动物性食品中地昔尼尔残留量

本试验建立了羊肉和牛肉中地昔尼尔残留高效液相色谱方法,样品经乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂,HLB固相萃取柱净化,高效液相色谱分离,270 nm波长下紫外测定。结果表明,地昔尼尔在20～1000 μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.99;在100～1000 μg/kg的添加回收试验中,平均回收率为81.8%～93.4%,批内变异系数（n=5）小于11.9%,批间变异系数（n=3）小于9.4%。地昔尼尔在羊肉和牛肉中的检测限分别为 30.0和28.0 μg/kg,定量限分别为100.0和93.1 μg/kg,该方法简单、灵敏和准确,可用于动物性食品中地昔尼尔的残留检测分析。     

高效液相色谱法测定地昔尼尔含量方法的建立

建立用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定地昔尼尔含量的方法。采用Hypersil NH2色谱柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),流动相:乙腈∶水(0.1%甲酸)为40∶60,紫外检测波长为270 nm,进样量20μL,流速为0.8 mL/m in,柱温30℃。结果显示,地昔尼尔在0.78～100μg/mL范围内,其峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好,回归方程为:A=329 232 C-44 761,R2=0.999 9。日内、日间精密度RSD均小于2%,稳定性试验RSD为0.61%,重复性试验RSD为1.45%,回收率测定结果为100.72%。本法操作简单,结果准确,分析快速,适用于地昔尼尔的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法检测鸡粪便中洛克沙胂

建立了用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定鸡粪便中洛克沙胂(ROX)的方法。鸡粪便采用0.05 mol/L磷酸氢二钾∶甲醇=90∶10(V/V)溶液作提取液,用Waters Oasis(MAX固相萃取小柱净化;色谱条件为:Agilent C18色谱柱(4.6×250 mm,5μm),流动相为0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾∶100 mL/L乙酸∶甲醇=90∶7∶3(V/V/V),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量20μL,紫外检测波长266 nm。ROX的浓度在10.0μg/mL范围内,线性相关系数为0.999 9,方法的回收率为80.09%～81.5%,变异系数为2.09%～5.87%,检出限为1.0 mg/kg。该方法精确度和灵敏度很高,适用于鸡粪便中ROX含量的测定。从某鸡场随机采集8个粪样,调查鸡粪中的ROX含量,其ROX的平均浓度为21.49 mg/kg。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡饲料中地克珠利的含量

本试验建立了鸡饲料中地克珠利(DIC)含量检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。采用乙腈提取饲料中的药物,经硅胶固相萃取小柱净化后,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)分析。整个色谱总时间为3.5 min。结果表明,在5、50、500μg/kg(仅配合饲料)和2000μg/kg(仅预混合饲料)的浓度添加水平下,饲料中地克珠利的回收率范围为90.28%～97.16%;日内变异系数范围为9.24%～14.10%,日间变异系数范围为9.73%～14.87%。以3倍信噪比为检测限,10倍信噪比为定量限,得出该方法的检测限为2.0μg/kg,定量限为5.0μg/kg。该方法操作简单,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合饲料中药物添加剂分析的技术要求,能够满足饲料中地克珠利的含量测定需求。     

高效液相色谱法分析饲料中的赛庚啶

本文建立了饲料中赛庚啶的液相色谱分析方法以对其进行监测,及时规避食品安全风险.液相色谱柱为Waters SunfireTMC18150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈和缓冲液比例为38:62,检测波长285nm,流速0.2 mL/min.此条件下赛庚啶的线性范围是0.1-50mg/L,方法检测限为0.05mg/kg,定量限为0.1mg/吨,回收率为89.1%～93.9%.     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中三聚氰胺

采用高效液相色谱法测定饲料中三聚氰胺含量。色谱柱为Waters Xterra柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈:10mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(10∶90,V∶V),检测波长为240nm,流速1.0mL/min,进样量20μL,保留时间约6.23min。三聚氰胺在1.0～50μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2=0.99996),在添加浓度为20～100mg/kg范围内,三聚氰胺添加回收率在90%～95%,RSD小于5%。     

固相萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱法测定兽药制剂中非法添加8种硝基咪唑类药物

试验建立了固相萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱法测定兽药制剂中8种硝基咪唑类药物的方法。样品采用乙腈提取,SCX固相萃取柱净化,经Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱采用正离子模式扫描,MRM模式进行分析。8种硝基咪唑类化合物在10～500μg/L范围内线性关系较好,相关系数大于0.999 9。方法检出限为0.02 mg/kg,定量限为0.05 mg/kg。待测物在0.05、0.10、0.50 mg/kg 3个浓度水平下平均回收率在84.1%～101.6%之间,相对标准偏差在2.74%～11.60%之间。该方法可用于兽药制剂中硝基咪唑类药物的测定。     

高效液相色谱法分析饲料中的棉酚

文章建立饲料中棉酚的液相色谱分析方法以对其进行监测,及时规避食品安全风险.液相色谱柱为Waters SymmetryTM C 18250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm,柱温40℃,流动相为甲醇-磷酸溶液,检测波长235 nm,流速1.0 mL/min.此条件下棉酚的线性范围是0.1~40 mg/L,方法定量限为0.5 mg/kg;回收率为86.8%~104.2%.     

高效液相色谱法检测育肥猪配合饲料中孟布酮

应用高效液相色谱技术，建立了育肥猪配合饲料中孟布酮的检测方法。样品经乙腈提取后，通过WAX固相萃取柱净化；采用0.5%磷酸乙腈溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱，经C₁₈色谱柱分离，通过二极管阵列检测器进行测定。在0.2～10μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好，相关系数大于0.999。在0.2,0.4,2 mg/kg添加水平下，平均回收率为78.1%～90.6%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。检测限为0.06 mg/kg,定量限为0.2 mg/kg,该法准确、简单、快速。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.