高钙甜牛奶饮料的研制

对高钙甜牛奶饮料生产中不同钙剂和稳定剂对产品品质的影响进行了研究。结果表明：以乳钙为钙强化剂，添加量为3．65g／L，稳定剂为0．15％（高钙奶稳定剂与甜牛奶稳定剂之比为2：1），高钙奶乳化剂为0．15％，柠檬酸钠为0．08％，精制白糖为8％时产品品质较好，钙离子含量可达1.5mg／mL。本文针对配料的特点，确定了可行的、合理的配方及生产工艺，产品具有钙含量高、稳定性好、口感佳等特点。     

山羊奶简介

<正> 山羊奶与牛奶的成份基本相同,酪蛋白的含量较牛奶低,乳清蛋白较牛奶高,尼克酸和维生素C比牛奶高得多,钴的含量比牛奶高6倍。山羊奶的脂肪球比牛奶小,直径只有1～10微米,易碎裂。含矿物质种类多,配合比例适当,含量丰富,易被吸收,特别是钙的含量高,有利于婴儿骨骼的生长发育。山羊奶的乳糖含量比牛奶略高。所以吃山羊奶能预防佝偻病,山羊奶的乳糖有助于人脑的     

防龋食物

一、牛奶和乳制品:这些食品含有大量的钙,钙能抑制细菌产酸,并能防止牙齿的钙磷化合物溶解。另外,牛奶中所含的免疫球蛋白和酶等能抑制口腔中的细菌生长。 二、鱼肉、米、扁豆、碗豆和蚕豆:这些食品含磷量高,磷酸盐可形成缓冲系统,防止口腔过度酸化。     

牛奶与人体健康——常喝牛奶好处多增强体质离不了

牛奶营养丰富,是最接近完善的营养食品, 500克牛奶含蛋白质 15.5克,脂肪 16克,乳糖 22.5克,钙 600毫克,可提供人体每天全部蛋白质需要的 25％或动物性蛋白需要量的 45～ 50％,热能 30％、钙 50％。 1千克牛奶足够满足成人每天所需的氨基酸含量, 100克牛奶有 120毫克左右钙,奶和奶制品是补充钙最可靠的来源,奶中的钙容易吸收。钙要通过载体才能被人体吸收,牛奶是最好的载体,也是补钙的最好钙源。 　　除此之外,常吃牛奶还有以下好处： 　　(1)喝牛奶防中风 (美国某机构进行了 22年的随访结果 )。常喝牛奶中风率为 3.7％,不喝奶…     

牛奶中抗生素残留的危害及控制对策

牛奶物美价廉,是人类膳食中蛋白质和钙的最佳来源,是改善营养、增强体质、延缓衰老所不可缺少的理想食物。牛奶含有钙、磷、铁、铜、锰等矿物质,其中呈碱性元素多于呈酸性元素,故牛奶属碱性食物,有助于调节体内酸碱平衡。牛奶含钙量丰富,吸收利用率亦高,是人体钙的最佳来源。牛奶含有所有已知的各种维生素,尤其是维生素A和B2含量较高,所以,牛奶还是人体维生素A和B2的重要来源。除膳食纤维外,牛奶中含有人体所需要的全部营养物质,其营养之高是其他食物不可替代的。 近年来,随着我国畜牧养殖业的迅速发展,奶产量大幅度提高,新鲜牛奶和奶制品已经成为人民（尤其是老人和儿童）生活食品中的重要组成部分。然而,抗生素在现代畜牧业中的广泛应用,不可避免地造成牛奶中抗生素残留。若长期饮用含有抗生素的牛奶,无疑是等于长期服用小剂量的抗生素,对抗生素过敏体质的人服用残留抗生素的牛奶后可引发过敏反应。正常饮用者,会导致体内的某些条件性致病菌易产生耐药性,一旦患病再用同种抗生素治疗很难奏效。抗生素残留不仅危害人类健康,同时也影响牛奶的品质,造成经济损失。 本文针对本文对牛奶中抗生素残留的来源与途径和危害作了综述,并就如何预防控制牛奶中抗生素残留提出几点对策。     

低脂高纤与高钙酸奶的研制

研究了低脂高纤与高钙酸奶的研制方法,该产品是在降低牛奶中脂肪含量的基础上,特别添加了膳食纤维和乳钙,采用合理的配方设计和巴氏杀菌生产工艺,选用国外进口一次性直投菌种进行发酵,最大程度的保证产品具有极好的组织状态和口感。此产品含有大量活性乳酸菌,具有酸甜适口、组织细腻、脂肪含量低,富含膳食纤维和优质钙质等特点。     

羊奶有望在市场上大出风头

有关专家认为,随着羊奶脱脂技术的应用和广大消费者对羊奶营养价值的认同,羊奶有望在乳品市场上大出风头。羊奶营养全面,不仅容易被人体消化吸收,还具有独特的保健作用。羊奶含有多种矿物质和维生素,如钙、磷、钾、镁、锰等,绝对含量比牛奶高1%,相对含量比牛奶高14%,钙、磷的含     

牛奶中矿物质元素含量测定的研究

研究通过对牛奶中矿物质元素含量的测定,为人们对牛奶营养成分的了解,提供一定的理论数据。采用干法消化-火焰原子吸收法分别对牛奶中的钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、锰、铜、锌等矿物质元素含量进行了测定,共采集到奶样90个。结果显示,日均产奶量不同奶牛的牛奶中,各种矿物质元素含量没有显著差异(P>0.05),并且钾、钠、钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、锰的含量依次降低,表明牛奶中的矿物质元素含量丰富。     

中老年高钙牛奶的生产

牛奶经闪蒸增加其中的钙含量,加入促进钙吸收的酪蛋白磷酸肽、VD3,添加具有调理肠道菌群平衡和促进钙吸收的双歧因子-低聚异麦芽糖,使牛奶补钙效果加强,更适合中老年人饮用.     

钙强化牛奶的生产

一、前言随着生活水平的提高，人们对饮食营养化、合理化的追求也越来越高了。然而，据《广州日报》报道：在对广州地区近20所小学及幼儿园的调查中发现，虽然近70％家庭每月在孩子身上花费200元左右用于饮食，但仍有近3成孩子体质较弱，一半以上的孩子存在不同程度的微量元素缺乏，其中以缺钙尤为突出。钙在人身体中起着重要的作用，不仅骨骼、牙齿的生长与保养需要它，而且在正常神经传导、肌肉收缩、心脏功能和血的凝聚等方面都起着很大的作用。钙强化牛奶这个课题早有人研究，但一般的钙强化牛奶都缺乏稳定性，味道也不及鲜奶，加之钙的…     

饲料中不同蛋白和钙对鸡肾脏影响的研究

通过饲喂不同蛋白,人工试验出鸡尿酸盐沉积模型,并观察鸡肾脏临床病理变化。采用高蛋白高钙饲料造模,将动物分健康对照组、高蛋白组、高钙组、高蛋白高钙组,通过鸡的死亡率、采食饮水量的变化、体重变化率、血液中尿酸盐含量等指标,考察肾肿模型,其中用磷钨酸显色法测定鸡血液中尿酸的含量。高蛋白高钙能使鸡增重率降低,鸡的饮水量、采食量降低,死亡率升高,血清中尿酸盐含量升高,尿酸盐在肾脏沉积形成花斑肾。用44%高蛋白高钙(0.5%钙)可以人工试验出鸡尿酸盐沉积模型。     

High intake of calcium formiate depresses macronutrient digestibility in veal calves fed milk replacers containing either dairy proteins or whey protein plus soya protein concentrate

A study to determine whether calcium intake and the type of dietary protein would show an interaction with regard to macronutrient digestibility in veal calves was carried out. Eighty four male calves, about 8 weeks of age, were fed four experimental milk replacers in a 2  2 factorial design. The diets contained either dairy protein as a sole source of protein or whey protein (76% of total protein) plus soya protein concentrate (24% of total protein) and either a low or high concentration of calcium. Calcium was added to the high-calcium diets in the form of calcium formiate. The concentration of calcium was on average 0.64% of air-dry matter in the low-calcium rations and 1.25% in the calcium-rich rations. After the experimental diets had been fed for 10 weeks, body-weight gain was significantly lower (on average 5.5 kg) in the calves that had been fed on the diets containing soya protein concentrate and whey protein. Calcium intake did not significantly influence weight gain. In the calves that were fed soya proteins, digestibility of protein and carbohydrates was significantly lower than in those fed dairy protein only, but fat digestion was unaffected. High calcium intake significantly reduced the digestibility of protein, fat and carbohydrates. With regard to carbohydrate digestibility there was an interaction between the amount of calcium and type of protein in the diet such that the effect of calcium was greater when the diet contained 24% of protein in the form of soya protein instead of dairy protein only.     

Newcastle disease antibody titre is dependent on serum calcium concentration

Chickens were fed diets having optimal, high, and low levels of calcium for 42 days. Serum samples were collected at 14, 28 and 42 days of age, and serum calcium and haemagglutination inhibition titres for Newcastle disease virus were measured. The chickens were vaccinated at 14 days for Newcastle disease. Antibody titres were significantly increased by high dietary calcium and depressed by low dietary calcium. Mean titre was 2.5 (log2) for the optimal diet, 3.2 for the high-calcium diet, and 1.6 for the low-calcium diet. Antibody titres were dependent on serum calcium concentration (r2 = 0.98 at 14 days, 0.99 at 28 days, and 0.78 at 42 days).     

用牦牛奶生产Gouda奶酪工艺技术的研究

采用四因素三水平正交试验,分析了以新鲜牦牛乳为发酵原料,进行Gouda奶酪制作工艺中,不同剂量凝乳酶、氯化钙、食盐以及温度等因素对成品口感和色泽质地的影响。经分析用牦牛奶制作Gouda奶酪的最佳条件为：凝乳酶0.003%、氯化钙0.02%、食盐20%,发酵温度为30℃。     

A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTEBRACHIUM IN GREAT DANE PUPS ON DIFFERENT CALCIUM INTAKES

Radiographic examination of the radius and ulna was performed in three groups of Great Danes fed diets containing high, normal, and low calcium contents from the ages of 7 to 21 weeks. Development and maturation of secondary ossification centers, architecture of the distal ulnar metaphysis, and growth in length of the radius were noted. In the dogs fed a high-calcium diet, there was retardation in the development of the ulnar styloid process, the humeral medial epicondyle, the olecranal apophysis, and the anconeal process. In addition, these dogs developed severe changes over the entire width of the distal ulnar metaphysis, whereas the other groups developed only focal changes. The dogs fed a low-calcium diet developed severe signs of nutritional hyperparathyroidism. It is concluded that the development of the secondary ossification centers and the growth in length of the radius are inversely related to calcium intake.     

Cholate and deoxycholate counteract the calcium-induced lowering of fat digestion in rats

The objective of the present experiment was to investigate whether deoxycholate and cholate would differ in their effectiveness of counteracting the inhibitory effect of calcium on fat digestibility in rats. Rats were fed one of four experimental diets, a diet low in calcium, high in calcium or high in calcium with either 0.5% sodium cholate or 0.5% sodium deoxycholate. Both deoxycholate and cholate supplementation of the high-calcium diet reduced feed intake and body-weight gain. Low-calcium intake increased fat digestibility. Supplemental bile acids partially counteracted the calcium-induced inhibition of fat digestion, cholate being more effective than deoxycholate. The outcome is explained by the suggestion that cholate is bound to the calcium phosphate sediment in the small intestinal lumen with less affinity than deoxycholate. As a result, more cholate than deoxycholate would be available to support the process of fat digestion. Rats fed cholate had higher liver and serum cholesterol concentrations than did the rats fed deoxycholate.     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对设计分成4组,研究奶牛日粮中分别添加200g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、大豆油脂肪酸钙和葵花籽油脂肪酸钙对奶牛采食量、产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加3种脂肪酸钙均不影响奶牛采食量(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高10.45%、乳脂率提高7.42%、乳蛋白率降低4.67%、乳干物质提高1.41%(P>0.05);添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.25%、乳脂率提高8.54%、乳蛋白率降低4.64%、乳干物质提高2.67%(P>0.05);添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.76%、乳脂率提高3.52%、乳蛋白率降低3.35%、乳干物质提高1.42%(P>0.05)。     

糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

选用15头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛，研究糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙对泌乳中期的奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。将试验牛分为3组，分别饲喂糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙（A组）、羟甲基蛋氨酸钙（B组）和对照组（C组）,A组和B组的添加量分别为400 g和20 g。试验结果表明：A组和B组产奶量比C组分别提高4.97%和3.99%，差异显著(P<0.05)；3组试验牛的采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)；A组和B组乳脂率比C组提高5.26%和3.99% (P<0.05)；3组试验牛乳蛋白率、非脂固形物、全脂固形物、乳糖都差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究结果表明，补饲糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙能增加产奶量，提高乳脂率含量，提高奶牛的养殖经济效益。     

Effects of pre‐partum milking of dairy cows on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving

This experiment studied the effect of pre‐partal milk removal on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. Nine cows of the Swedish Red breed were milked for 1–7 days pre‐partum. The average milk yield at the first milking was 4.8 l, and the average yield the last day prior to calving was 13.4 l. Five cows were used as control cows and were only milked post‐partum. Samples of plasma and urine were taken to determine the effect of pre‐partum milking and calving on levels of calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and plasma C‐terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1‐collagen (CTx), used as a marker of bone resorption. Pre‐partum milking resulted in a decrease in plasma calcium that was evident 2 days after the first milking. Parathyroid hormone increased at the same time, and CTx started to increase from 24 h after the first milking. There were no effects on plasma magnesium or urinary output of calcium or magnesium. The first week after calving, there were no differences between pre‐partum milked cows and control cows in plasma or urine variables, or in milk yield. In conclusion, pre‐partum milking activated the calcium‐restoring mechanisms but did not improve calcium status at calving.     

内蒙古阿拉善盟双峰驼驼乳理化性质研究

本文研究了10峰内蒙古阿拉善盟双峰驼不同泌乳时间驼乳的一般理化性质。其比重及pH值与已有报道的单峰驼驼乳结果基本一致,而酸度(%)高于单峰驼。电导率与乳中Na+、K+和Cl-含量之和有关,随三者之和的增减而增减。驼乳的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、干物质、灰分和钙的含量均高于牛乳,磷的含量比牛乳略低。驼乳的缓冲性与牛乳有差异:当乳样先酸化后用碱回滴时,驼乳和牛乳分别在pH4.4～6.6和pH5.0～6.6范围内出现典型的“弧形线”,驼乳的最大缓冲作用发生在pH近似4.4处,牛乳的最大缓冲作用在pH近似5.1处,但驼乳在pH4.9处仍有一个缓冲峰。双峰驼驼乳的酒精稳定性(75±2.0)%稍低于牛乳的酒精稳定性(77±1.0)%,驼乳与牛乳的酒精稳定性的变化趋势基本一致,加入Na+、K+都引起酒精稳定性降低,游离Ca2+浓度的降低或pH值的上升都会导致酒精稳定性的增加。