牛线性体型评定

对牛的线性体型评定的发展过程、特点及评定方法进行了简单的介绍，研究结果表明，体型评定数据的方差来源主要有年龄、鉴定员、胎次、畜群、产犊季节和公牛效应，公牛是体型性状极显著的来源；大多数报道认为体型性状的遗传力是中等的，体型太间、体型性状与生产性状有较大的遗传相关；乳用性及乳用性及乳用性的一评分值与产奶量呈强正相关；肢蹄与产奶量无关；与乳房开头和肢蹄有关的性状与畜群寿命相关最强；通过选择来提高乳房健     

奶牛体型线性评定及研究进展

对奶牛体型线性评定的发展过程特点及其分类进行了简单的介绍,并着重介绍了各主要性状的识别和判断。奶牛的体型与生产性能关系密切,体型性状的遗传力是中等的;体型性状间体型性状和生产性状间有较大的遗传相关;肢蹄与产奶量无关;与乳房形状和肢蹄有关的性状与畜群寿命相关最强;体细胞数与乳用性和奶头长度相关性最强;具有高度遗传的整体评分,乳用性好;较好的乳房,较高的尻部评分,较宽的尻以及较强壮的腰部的母牛倾向于产犊性能好;体躯容积,乳房性状,胸和较短的产犊间隔有遗传相关。     

奶牛外貌评分与产奶量相关性研究

某奶牛场随机取30头奶牛,测定其305天产奶量及10个体型外貌评分性状,计算产奶量与体型性状之间的相关系数,求得产奶量的各自通径系数,研究奶牛10个体型性状与生产效率性状之间的关系。结果表明,整体评分与305天产奶量之间存在弱正相关（P〉0．05）;10个评分性状中,后乳房高度和宽度与305天产奶量呈极显著相关（P〈0．01）。乳房中隔和乳房深度与305天产奶量呈显著相关（P〈0．05）。整体外貌评分、后乳房宽度、乳房中隔越高则产奶量也越高,后乳房高度和乳房中隔是对产奶量起主要作用的性状。     

奶牛外貌评分与产奶量相关性研究

某奶牛场随机取30头奶牛,测定其305d产奶量及10个体型外貌评分性状,计算产奶量与体型性状之间的相关系数,求得产奶量的各自通径系数,研究奶牛10个体型性状与生产效率性状之间的关系。结果表明,整体评分与305d产奶量之间存在弱正相关（P〉0．05）;10个评分性状中,后乳房高度和宽度与305d产奶量呈极显著相关（P〈0．01）。乳房中隔和乳房深度与305d产奶量呈显著相关（P〈0．05）。整体外貌评分、后乳房宽度、乳房中隔越高则产奶量也越高,后乳房高度和乳房中隔是对产奶量起主要作用的性状。     

荷斯坦奶牛体型线性评定与其产奶量、乳脂率及乳蛋白的相关性分析

通过对扬州大学实验农牧场的212头产奶牛进行了奶牛体型线性评定,并采集其奶样,测出其乳脂率和乳蛋白率,统计产奶量并校正为305d的产奶量。对体型线性评定、乳蛋白率、乳脂率和产奶量进行相关性分析,结果表明:产奶量与棱角度、体高和体深呈正相关,其中与棱角度相关极显著(P<0.01),与体高和体深相关显著(P<0.05),与后乳房深、后乳房宽、悬韧带、后肢侧视、尻宽、蹄角度、胸宽、乳头长和乳头位置间均负相关显著;乳脂率与悬韧带、体高间呈极显著正相关,与胸宽呈极显著负相关;乳蛋白与乳头位置、乳头长、体深呈正相关,其中与乳头长、体深相关极显著,与乳头位置相关显著,与后肢侧视、胸宽呈显著负相关。     

西门塔尔牛奶产量与其体型线性性状的相关,通径分析

本文通过对某牛场２０头西门塔尔牛产奶量与其体型线性性状进行相关、通径分析,结果表明：尻长、乳房深、体高、胸围、乳头长与其产奶量呈弱正相关,尻长、尻宽、乳头是影响产奶量的重要性状,且是正向作用;体高、胸围是影响产奶量的重要性状,起负面作用;尻长、尻宽对产奶量的直接作用大。     

上海地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌与产奶性状的相关分析

体型外貌性状是奶牛重要的选种指标,是奶牛保持高产、稳产、健康长寿的关键所在。本研究的目的在于探寻上海地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌与产奶性状的相互关系。、随机选取上海市28个奶牛场总计871头第二泌乳期荷斯坦母牛作为研究对象,记录并测定其305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率3个产奶性状,体型外貌性状采用9分制评分结果．利用相关分析方法确定体型总分及7个体型外貌性状与各产奶性状之间的关系,结果表明,体型总分与305d产奶量、乳脂率呈极显著正相关（P〈O．01）;体躯容量性状和产奶量呈极显著正相关：肢蹄性状与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关,与产奶量显著正相关（P〈O．05）;尻部性状与乳脂率呈显著正相关．。最终得出肢蹄、体躯容量、尻部性状是影响荷斯坦牛产奶性状的最主要因素,体型外貌鉴定评分对于筛选高产、优质荷斯坦母牛及选种选配工作具有指导意义。     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌性状与产奶性状的相关分析

为探寻宁夏地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌性状与产奶性状之间的相互关系,本试验选取宁夏地区12个规模化牧场5006头头胎荷斯坦牛作为研究对象,测定其305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、高峰奶量4个产奶性状,体型外貌性状采用9分制进行评分,采用SPSS 21.0软件统计分析鉴定牛只的五大部位20个描述性状和总体得分性状的表型参数,并利用相关分析方法确定体型总分及7个体型外貌特征性状与各产奶性状之间的关系。结果表明,体型总分与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈弱正相关,差异不显著(P0.05);体躯容量与305d奶产量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);尻部与乳脂率呈显著负相关(P0.05);肢蹄与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05);乳房形态与305d产奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率、高峰奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05);前乳房与乳脂率成显著正相关(P0.05);后乳房与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈显著正相关(P0.05);泌乳系统与305d产奶量、乳脂率、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);乳用特征与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。可以得出,奶牛体躯容量、肢蹄、乳房形态、后乳房、泌乳系统、乳用特征是影响荷斯坦牛产奶性状的主要因素,加强体型性状的选择对于筛选优质高产核心群及开展选种选配工作具有重要指导意义。     

西门塔尔牛产奶量与其体型线性性状的相关、通径分析

本文通过对某牛场20头西门塔尔牛产奶量与其体型线性性状进行相关、通径分析,结果表明:尻长、乳房深、体高、胸围、乳头长与其产奶量呈弱正相关;尻宽与产奶量接近于中等正相关;尻长、尻宽、乳头长是影响产奶量的重要性状,且是正向作用;体高、胸围是影响产奶量的重要性状,起负面作用;尻长、尻宽对产奶量的直接作用大.     

西门塔尔奶牛产奶量与其体型线性性状的相关、通径分析

通过对某牛场20头西门塔尔牛产奶量与其体型线性性状进行相关、通径分析.结果表明尻长、乳房深、体高、胸围、乳头长与其产奶量呈弱正相关,尻宽与产奶量接近于中等正相关,尻长、尻宽、乳头长是影响产奶量的重要性状且是正向作用,体高、胸围是影响产奶量的重要性状起负面作用,尻长、尻宽对产奶量的直接作用大.     

中国荷斯坦牛部分乳房结构特性对泌乳性能的影响

本研究对规模化场奶牛乳房结构部分性状进行评价和测定,旨在分析其影响因素及其与泌乳性能的关系。现场评价和测定我国北方6个规模化奶牛场荷斯坦牛的乳房均衡(2 030条)、乳头长度(1 551条)和乳头位置评分(分前、后乳头,2 839条),使用SAS 9.2 GLM过程采用固定效应模型分析影响上述3个乳房性状的因素,同时分析3个单项性状对校正日产奶量和体细胞评分的影响。结果表明:场和胎次对3个乳房性状影响极显著(P0.01);前、后乳头位置和后乳头长度对校正日产奶量有显著影响(P0.05),校正日产奶量与前乳头位置评分值呈正比,与后乳头位置评分值呈反比;前乳头位置和长度对体细胞评分有显著影响(P0.05),体细胞评分随前乳头位置评分的增大而减小;5~5.5 cm的乳头长度对于校正日产奶量和体细胞评分都最佳。本研究结果为通过乳房性状选择、淘汰并提高奶牛的生产性能、乳房健康提供了参考。     

Physical examination and palpation findings of mammary glands and indications of udder health in goat milk]

In dairy goats there is less evidence for relationships between udder form traits, results of physical udder examinations and mastitis indicators in the milk than in dairy cows. In 413 goats (predominantly Weisse Deutsche Edelziege and Bunte Deutsche Edelziege) from five herds (free from C.A.E.) repeated investigations of 2537 udder halves and fore milk samples were carried out in order to compare udder traits with findings in the milk. Less than 20% positive bacteriological findings and a low incidence of clinical mastitis testified a good clinical udder health status of the herds. Small teat-floor distances, loose hanging of the udders and bottle-shaped teats, findings which tended to become more frequent as lactation and lactation numbers progressed, indurative alterations of the mammary tissues and the teats tended to be connected with higher milk cell counts (> 1 million/microliter), more polymorphonuclear milk cells (> 40%), higher electrical milk conductivity (> 6.8 mS/cm) and lower milk lactose content (< 4.6%). A similar effect had a bad state of foot trimming. It is proposed to include the studied udder traits into herd health programs and breeding schemes for goats.     

西门塔尔奶牛产奶量与其体型线性性状的相关、通径分析

本文通过对某牛场２０头西门塔尔牛产奶量与其体型线性性状进行相关，通径分析。结果表明，尻长、乳房深、体高、胸围、乳头长与其产奶量呈弱正相关，尻宽与产奶量接的于中等正相关、尻长、尻宽、乳头长是影响产奶量的重要性状且是正向人艇，体高、胸围是影响产奶量的重要性状起负面作用，尻长、尻宽对产奶量的直接作用大。     

Genetic and environmental impact on auction prices for Holstein cows

The aim of the present analysis was to determine the impact of a variety of traits and effects (i.e. production, type, health, management effects, pedigree information) on prices of Holstein cows sold at auction, and to estimate genetic (co)variance components between type traits and auction price. Results were used to derive economic weights for type traits. Data of 1565 cows in first parity were collected at six monthly auction sales from August 2005 through January 2006. Seventeen linear type traits and body condition (scale 1 to 9), and four type composites (dairy character, body, feet and legs, and udder; scale 65 to 88) were scored by two classifiers in the auction hall before cows were sold. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant impact (P < 0.001) of auction date, test day milk yield, stage of lactation, origin of sire, and miscellaneous defects on auction price. The most expensive cows were sold in August, they were from foreign proven sires, they had a high level of test day milk yield, and they were free from defects related to udder, feet and legs, or milkability. The feet and leg, udder, and body composite also had a significant effect on the price (P < 0.001), with higher scores being associated with higher prices. The opposite association was found for dairy character (P < 0.01). Utilizing results from regression analysis, economic weights per genetic standard deviation were highest for linear scored rear udder height (1.23 €), front teat placement (0.97 €), and strength (0.80 €), but were negative for dairy character (− 0.69 €). Genetic parameters for linear type traits scored at the auction date were consistent with literature reports. Heritability for auction price was 0.27, and auction price was genetically positively related to the feet and leg (0.55), udder (0.55), and body composite (0.21). A relative breeding value for auction price was estimated for 27 influential sires, and correlated with official indices for production, conformation, somatic cell count, functional herd life, fertility, and the total net merit index. Correlations were 0.15, 0.21, 0.11, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.19, respectively. Auction price in combination with type scores and information related to farm management provide valuable information for genetic analysis in dairy cattle, and results can be used to increase dairy cow profitability.     

Removal of hair surrounding the teat and associated bacterial counts on teat skin surface, in milk, and intramammary infections

The effectiveness of monthly removal of hair surrounding teats on the reduction of teat skin surface bacteria, and the incidence of intramammary infection (IMI), was studied for 10 months in a dairy farm. A split udder design was used where hair was removed on one side, left or right, with the other side serving as a control. Controls and treatment sides were randomly applied in a systematic fashion to 218 cows. Standard milking time pre- and post-milking hygiene practices were applied to all udders during the trial. Collection of teat skin swab solutions preceded aseptic collection of milk samples, performed at monthly intervals, immediately prior to milking. Teat skin bacterial counts did not differ between control and treated teats. Incidences of IMI were similar for treatment when compared with control mammary quarters, as measured by total or by pathogen type. In a second study, the effect of hair removal on the bacterial content of milk was determined using 40 cows. Treatments and allocations were as described. Udder half milk, milk from both mammary quarters of each udder half, was combined and diverted into separate buckets. Buckets were thoroughly cleaned and sanitized between milkings. A portion of bucket milk was collected 24 h after removal of udder hair. The total milk bacterial counts, and counts of psychrotrophs and thermoduric organisms were not reduced by udder hair removal. Results do not suggest that removal of udder hair leads to an improvement in milk quality as determined by milk bacterial content in the herd studied.     

Serratia liquefaciens mastitis in a dairy herd

Serratia liquefaciens mastitis was detected and investigated in a 41-cow Holstein herd. Twenty cows were treated for mastitis over a 3-month period. Serratia liquefaciens was isolated from milk samples obtained from 8 of 12 cows tested during the epizootic. Results of an epidemiologic investigation suggested that extensive frostbite of the teats decreased the udder defense. Poor milking technique and hygiene were responsible for increased exposure of the damaged teats to potential udder pathogens. Treatment of each cow resulted in initial clinical improvement, but exacerbations occurred in 75% of the cows with documented S liquefaciens infections.     

荷斯坦牛体型线性性状与产奶量的相关性研究

本研究对新疆荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量与体型线性性状进行了相关、通径分析。结果发现，荷斯坦奶牛的乳房纵沟深、后乳房宽、后乳房高与产奶量呈中等正相关；体高、体长、尻宽、尻长与产奶量呈弱相关；后乳房宽、乳房纵沟深是直接影响产奶量的重要性状。     

北京地区荷斯坦牛乳房皮肤厚度影响因素分析及其与泌乳性能关系的研究

为揭示荷斯坦牛乳房皮肤厚度的群体特征及其与泌乳性能和体型性状的关系,实验测量了2 840头北京地区荷斯坦牛乳房皮肤厚度,利用SAS 9.2 GLM过程分析其影响因素及乳房皮肤厚度对泌乳性能(日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率)的影响,并计算其与体型性状的相关性。结果表明:北京地区荷斯坦牛乳房皮肤厚度群体均值为7.16 mm;场效应、泌乳阶段和体况评分对乳房皮肤厚度有极显著性影响(P<0.01);乳房皮肤厚度二次项对乳脂率有显著影响(P<0.05),且与日产奶量存在负相关趋势(P<0.1);乳房皮肤厚度与前乳房附着呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。本研究通过初步分析得到乳房皮肤厚度与生产性状的关系,并为后续乳房皮肤厚度的深入研究提供基础。     

Genome‐wide analysis of homozygosity regions in european simmental bulls

The study of Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) is a useful approach for the characterization of the genome of livestock populations. Due to their high relationship with autozygosity, ROH allow to make inference about population genetic history, to estimate the level of inbreeding, to assess within breed heterogeneity and to detect the footprints of selection on livestock genomes. Aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of runs of homozygosity in bulls belonging to five European Simmental populations and to assess the relationship between three production traits (milk yield, fat and protein contents) and autozygosity. ROH count, distribution and ROH‐based coefficient of inbreeding (F_ROH) were calculated for 3,845 Simmental bulls of five different European countries: Austria (AT), Switzerland (CH), Czech Republic (CZ), Germany (DE) and Italy (IT). Average values of ROH number per animal, and total genome length covered by ROH were 77.8 ± 20.7 and 205 ± 74.4 Mb, respectively. Bulls from AT, DE and IT exhibited similar ROH characteristics. Swiss animals showed the highest (12.6%), while CZ the lowest (4.6%) F_ROH coefficient. The relationship between ROH occurrence and milk production traits was investigated through a genome‐wide ROH‐traits association analysis (GWRA). A total of 34 regions previously associated with milk traits (yield and/or composition) were identified by GWRA. Results of the present research highlight a mixed genetic background in the 5 European Simmental populations, with the possible presence of three subgroups. Moreover, a strong relationship between autozygosity and production traits has been detected.