1,4-二氧喹醛酸酯合成及抑菌活性研究

为了合成两种具有抑菌活性的1,4-二氧喹醛酸酯,即1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸苯酯和1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸肉桂酯,以苯并呋咱为原料,经Beirut反应、酯交换反应,合成了两种喹醛酸酯;1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸苯酯合成产率为29.3%,1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸肉桂酯合成产率为18.3%。两种1,4-二氧喹醛酸酯对大肠杆菌、金葡萄球菌、青霉菌和枯草杆菌均有明显的抑菌活性。通过测定产物的熔点和光谱分析证明系为所合成的目标产物。     

3-甲基-2-[3-(2-呋喃基)丙烯甲酰]-喹喔啉- 1,4-二氮氧化物合成研究

为改善3-甲基-2-[3-(2-呋喃基)丙烯甲酰]-喹喔啉-1,4-二氮氧化物的制备工艺,寻找一种与喹烯酮结构相似,但药效更好、毒性更低的喹喔啉类兽药,参考喹烯酮的制备工艺,对苯并呋咱-N-氧化物环氧化反应条件,乙酰甲喹制备工艺,目标物制备条件进行了研究。试验用25%氨水作为催化剂,优化了催化剂用量,缩短了反应时间,提高了目标物产率,使目标物产率达到88.95%。合成的产物理化性质和光谱分析证明系为所合成的目标物。     

脱二氧乙酰甲喹及N4-脱一氧乙酰甲喹的合成及结构表征

乙酰甲喹属于喹喔啉-N,N-二氧化物类兽药,有研究认定3-甲基-2-乙酰基-喹喔啉是乙酰甲喹的残留标示物。N4-脱一氧乙酰甲喹则被认为是乙酰甲喹在大鼠、鸡及猪肝微粒体中的主要代谢产物。为给乙酰甲喹代谢产物及代谢机制的深入研究提供理论依据,本研究采用Na2S2O4还原乙酰甲喹,合成3-甲基-2-乙酰基-喹喔啉和N4-脱一氧乙酰甲喹,经质谱、红外及1 H核磁等光谱技术对二者的化学结构进行了确证,为乙酰甲喹代谢产物及代谢机制的深入研究提供了理论依据。     

N,N′-二氧喹喔啉甲醛衍生物的合成及促家禽生长活性研究

用γ-丁内酯、水杨酸酯、二酸酐与水合肼反应制备了5种酰肼中间体;用醛酮与水合肼反应制备了4种单腙;用氨基脲类、芳香胺类和上述酰肼、单腙与N,N'-二氧喹喔啉-2-甲醛反应合成了15种衍生物用元素分析、MS、IR和HNMR对这些新衍生物的结构进行了表征,并且用这些新衍生物对鸡进行了促生长活性研究。研究结果显示5种新衍生物具有明显的促鸡生长作用,相对增重率在25%以上。     

N,N''''-二氧喹喔啉甲醛衍生物的合成及促家禽生长活性研究

用γ-丁内酯、水杨酸酯、二酸酐与水合肼反应制备了5种酰肼中间体；用醛酮与水合肼反应制备了4种单腙：用氨基脲类、芳香胺类和上述酰肼、单腙与N，N’-二氧喹喔啉-2-甲醛反应合成了15种衍生物用元素分析、MS、IR和HNMR对这些新衍生物的结构进行了表征，并且用这些新衍生物对鸡进行了促生长活性研究。研究结果显示5种新衍生物具有明显的促鸡生长作用，相对增重率在25％以上。     

喹喔啉-2-羧酸人工抗原合成与抗体制备

试验以喹喔啉-2-羧酸(quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid,QCA)及其与γ-氨基丁酸(ABA)的衍生物(QCA-ABA)为半抗原,将其与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联,合成人工抗原。以QCA-BSA和QCA-ABA-BSA为免疫原,免疫大白兔制备多克隆抗体,利用紫外分光光度计分析结合物的结合情况,间接ELISA和间接竞争ELISA分析抗体特性。结果表明,以QCA-BSA、QCA-ABA-BSA为免疫原制备的抗体平均效价分别为12.8×10⁴、6.4×10⁴。2种抗体对QCA灵敏度低,IC₅₀均大于10000 ng/mL,而对QCA-ABA的灵敏度高,IC₅₀分别为14.2和7.75 ng/mL,特异性好,仅与3-甲基-喹喔啉-2-羧酸(12%)、卡巴氧(0.038%)和喹赛多(0.028%)有较低程度的交叉反应,与衍生试剂和结构类似物均无交叉反应(<0.01%)。该抗体为建立动物可食性组织中QCA残留物的快速检测方法奠定了基础。     

1,4—二氧喹喔啉—2—甲醛席夫碱的合成与促鸡生长活性研究

用水杨醛、1,4—二氧喹喔啉—2—甲醛与邻苯二胺反应制备了二种单席夫碱中间体,用2种中间体、8种取代芳香胺与1,4—二氧喹喔啉—2—甲醛反应合成了10种新席夫碱。用元素分析法、MS法(质谱法)、IR法(红外吸收光谱分析法)和1HNMR法(核磁共振氢谱法)对这些新席夫碱的结构进行了表征。用这些新席夫碱对鸡进行了促生长活性实验,实验结果显示了苯胺、对—氯苯胺和对—乙酰胺基苯胺的席夫碱有明显促进鸡生长的作用,相对增重率在30%以上。     

二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛衍生物促家禽生长活性的研究

用新合成的15种二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛衍生物做了促鸡生长的活性试验。试验结果表明,有3种新衍生物相对于对照组,促生长率在30%以上,其中11号化合物促生长作用最明显,促生长率达到56.7%;在15d的试验期内,部分受试雏鸡出现饲用过量的轻微中毒现象。新化合物的最佳剂量与毒性尚有待进一步研究。     

二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛衍生物促家禽生長活性的研究

用新合成的15种二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛衍生物做了促鸡生长的活性试验.试验结果表明,有3种新衍生物相对于对照组,促生长率在30%以上,其中11号化合物促生长作用最明显,促生长率达到56.7%;在15 d的试验期内,部分受试雏鸡出现饲用过量的轻微中毒现象.新化合物的最佳剂量与毒性尚有待进一步研究.     

兽用喹噁啉类药物毒理学机制的研究进展

<正>喹噁啉衍生物(quinoxalines)是一类重要的苯并吡嗪类杂环化合物,喹噁啉环上的2个N原子氧化形成的喹噁啉-1,4-二-N-氧化物(quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides,qdNOs)具有多种生物学活性,包括抗细菌和抗念珠菌活性、促生长活性、抗虫活性和抗肿瘤活性等[1],在医药和农业中有着重要的应用价值和前景。含QdNO结构的动物用喹噁啉类兽药     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.