饲料肽对断奶仔猪生长及血液生化指标的影响

将(21±1)d断奶的皮×杜×长×大仔猪144头随机分为3个处理组,每个处理6个重复。3个处理分别为:添加2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉的对照组和分别添加1%、2%饲料肽等蛋白取代血浆蛋白粉的试验组,试验期21d。结果表明:添加饲料肽的试验组平均日增重、平均日采食量、饲料增重比和腹泻率均和血浆蛋白粉组差异不显著(P>0.05),各处理组的血液生化指标也没有显著差异(P>0.05)。日粮中添加1%～2%饲料肽可以等蛋白取代血浆蛋白粉,对断奶仔猪的生长没有显著影响。     

鸡血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

选取108头25±3日龄断奶仔猪,随机分成3个处理组,即对照组、试验组一和试验组二,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复12头仔猪,对照组饲喂不含血浆蛋白粉的基础日粮,试验组一、试验组二分别饲喂鸡血浆蛋白粉、猪血浆蛋白粉添加量为4%的试验日粮。研究不同血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液生化指标的影响。试验时间14d。试验结果表明,鸡血浆蛋白粉能够提高仔猪生长性能和血清球蛋白含量(P<0.05),与猪血浆蛋白粉的饲喂效果无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

不同来源血浆粉对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和抗体效价的影响比较

选取144头25±3日龄断奶仔猪,随机分成4个处理组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复12头仔猪,对照组饲喂不含血浆蛋白粉的基础日粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂鸡血浆蛋白粉、猪血浆蛋白粉、复合试验血浆蛋白粉、以4%添加量等氮替代基础日粮中鱼粉及大豆蛋白的3种试验日粮。研究不同血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和蓝耳病毒抗体效价的影响。试验期14d。试验结果表明:鸡血浆蛋白粉组仔猪血清中白蛋白含量和蓝耳病毒抗体效价均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各血浆蛋白粉均能够提高仔猪血清白蛋白、球蛋白含量和延长仔猪蓝耳病毒抗体效价消长。     

不同血浆蛋白粉饲喂断奶仔猪效果试验

选取144头（25±3）日龄断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头。对照组饲喂不含血浆蛋白粉的基础饲粮,禽血浆蛋白粉组、猪血浆蛋白粉组和复合血浆蛋白粉组分别饲喂3种血浆蛋白粉添加量均为4％的试验饲粮,研究不同血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和蓝耳病病毒抗体效价的影响。试验结果表明,禽血浆蛋白粉组仔猪血清中白蛋白含量、IgG含量和蓝耳病病毒抗体效价均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,禽血浆蛋白粉组与猪血浆蛋白粉组在仔猪血液生化指标、蓝耳病病毒抗体效价指标方面均无显著差异（P〉0．05）,各血浆蛋白粉均能够延长仔猪蓝耳病病毒抗体效价消长。     

血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和PRRS病毒抗体效价的影响

选取120头28日龄断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。其中对照组饲喂不含血浆蛋白粉的基础日粮,试验一组、二组和三组分别饲喂添加鸡血浆蛋白粉、猪血浆蛋白粉和复合血浆蛋白粉均为4%的试验日粮,研究不同血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和PRRS(蓝耳病)抗体效价的影响。结果:鸡血浆蛋白粉组仔猪血清中白蛋白含量、IgG含量和PRRS抗体效价均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),鸡血浆蛋白粉组与猪血浆蛋白粉组在仔猪血液生化指标、PRRS抗体效价上均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

饲料肽对仔猪后期的生长、氨基酸消化率及消化酶活性的影响

本试验研究饲料肽对仔猪后期的生长、氨基酸利用率和肠道消化酶活性的影响.选用体重近似的96头(38±2)日龄的杜长大仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复.4个处理分别为:含6%鱼粉的对照组(C)、6%鱼粉和2%血浆蛋白粉的日粮组(T1)以及分别加1%和2%饲料肽等蛋白取代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉的试验日粮组(T2和T3),试验21 d结束时进行屠宰试验.结果表明:血浆蛋白粉和饲料肽可显著提高仔猪的平均日增重和日粮必需氨基酸消化率(P<0.05),二者之间的生产性能和日粮必需氨基酸消化率差异不显著(P>0.05).日粮处理对仔猪肠道消化酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05).这表明饲料肤部分取代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对仔猪后期的生长、氨基酸消化率和消化酶活性无显著影响.     

饲料肽制剂对生长中期仔猪的肠组织形态和菌群的影响

将96头38d杜长大断奶仔猪按体重和性别随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复。4个处理分别为:对照组、添加2%血浆蛋白粉和分别添加1%和2%饲料肽等蛋白取代血浆蛋白粉,试验期21d。结果表明:添加血浆蛋白粉或饲料肽可显著增加仔猪空肠的绒毛高度,对其他肠段的绒毛高度和所有肠道的隐窝深度没有显著影响。与血浆组相比,饲料肽等蛋白替代血浆蛋白粉对仔猪肠道组织形态没有显著影响。添加2%饲料肽具有选择性地增加仔猪盲肠中的乳酸杆菌等有益菌群的数量,可使仔猪盲肠中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量显著减少。     

生物蛋白粉和血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生产性能的对比试验

为了评定生物蛋白粉对仔猪生产性能的影响,共选用96头28日龄的仔猪,体重约7.65kg仔猪(杜×长×大),按照随机化完全区组设计,分到3个处理组。每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。处理1为对照组,处理2为基础日粮添加4%生物蛋白粉,处理3为基础日粮添加4%血浆蛋白粉。试验期共14d。试验结果表明,仔猪日粮添加生物蛋白粉可达到与血浆蛋白粉相同的生产水平(包括平均日增重、平均日采食量、料肉比、腹泻率)。与添加4%血浆蛋白粉相比,日粮添加4%生物蛋白粉可降低日粮成本而且大大提高仔猪的生产性能。     

植物蛋白小肽对哺乳仔猪血液生化指标和肠道微生物区系影响的研究

本文旨在研究植物蛋白小肽对哺乳仔猪血液生化指标和肠道微生物区系的影响。试验选用(7±2)日龄的PIC五元杂交系哺乳仔猪400头,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4个组,每组10个重复,每个重复10头猪。各组日粮为在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮的基础上分别添加2%鱼粉、2%血浆蛋白粉、2%植物蛋白小肽和4%植物蛋白小肽。试验自7日龄补饲开始至21日龄断奶结束。试验结束时,每组选取体格中等的3头仔猪,进行前腔静脉采血和屠宰试验。研究结果表明:(1)日粮中添加4%的植物蛋白小肽可以显著提高哺乳仔猪血糖浓度、血清总蛋白浓度(P<0.05),降低血清尿素氮的含量(P<0.05);(2)日粮中添加4%的植物蛋白小肽或2%的血浆蛋白粉可以显著提高血清中IgG的水平;(3)哺乳仔猪日粮中添加4%的植物蛋白小肽可以显著降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量,同时显著提高盲肠中乳酸杆菌的数量(P<0.05)。     

喷雾干燥鸡蛋粉等量替代QF血浆蛋白粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

如何克服断奶应激对仔猪生长的影响 ,始终是营养学家研究的热点之一。血浆蛋白粉作为一种新的仔猪饲料原料 ,能有效提高仔猪体内的被动免疫水平 ,防止断奶后的生长抑制和下痢。但其价格昂贵 ,喷雾干燥鸡蛋粉 (SDE)作为一种新近开发的产品 ,具有与血浆蛋白粉相似的特点 ,价格低廉。但在断奶仔猪饲粮中用SDE替代血浆蛋白粉的问题 ,目前国内未见报道 ,因此有必要对SDE替代血浆蛋白粉的效果进行研究。1　材料和方法设试验和对照 2个处理 ,每个处理 4个重复 ,每个重复 2头猪。仔猪初始重为 ( 5 2 0± 0 10 )kg ,试验期 3周 ,第 1周 2个处理…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.