壳寡糖的研究进展和应用前景

壳寡糖是天然糖中唯一大量存在的碱性氨基多糖.本文阐述了壳寡糖的消化吸收机制、制备方法、生理功能和作用机制的研究进展及其在动物生产中的应用前景.     

棉籽蛋白的营养价值及其在猪生产中的应用研究进展

我国是饲料生产和消费第一大国,但对大豆和鱼粉等优质饲用蛋白质原料长期依赖进口,因此开发替代性的优质蛋白原料至关重要。棉籽是棉花加工的副产物,从棉籽中提取的棉籽蛋白是一种低棉酚、高蛋白的新型植物性蛋白质原料,合理利用棉籽蛋白可以在保证动物生长性能的同时有效降低饲料成本,提高经济效益。本文就棉籽蛋白的提取工艺、营养价值以及在猪生产中的应用进行综述,以期为棉籽蛋白的研发和在猪生产中的有效利用提供参考。     

丝兰提取物的研究进展

丝兰提取物的主要成分为皂甙、多糖、丝兰酚和白藜芦醇等,能够促进动物生长和饲料利用效率、调控肠道内环境、增强机体免疫力、改善动物肉质品质和提高养殖环境空气质量等,已在动物养殖生产中得到广泛应用。研究针对丝兰提取物的主要成分、生理功能、研究进展及应用前景等进行概述,为其在水产养殖动物中的应用提供理论依据。     

大蒜素的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展

大蒜素是从大蒜中提取的天然产物，其生物活性高，具有抑制细菌滋生、抵抗氧化应激和加强机体免疫力等生理功能，可作为抗生素替代物应用到动物生产。本文主要综述了大蒜素的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用，为大蒜素在动物生产中的应用和研究提供参考。     

棉籽粕营养品质的改善及其在动物生产中的应用

优质饲用蛋白资源短缺一直是制约养殖业健康发展的一个难题。如何提高杂粕蛋白资源在动物饲料配方中的应用是动物营养与饲料学研究的热点之一。其中棉籽粕的蛋白含量较高,氨基酸组成较为齐全,但其含对动物生长有较大毒性的游离棉酚等抗营养物质且赖氨酸含量较低,限制了其在畜禽日粮中的用量。本文总结了提高棉籽粕饲用价值的有效途径,并对国内外棉籽粕在动物生产中的应用进行了综述。     

共轭亚油酸在养猪生产中的研究进展

共轭亚油酸作为一种天然的新型功能性脂肪酸,具有抗癌、减少体脂和提高动物生产性能、动物免疫力,改善胴体品质等生理功能.综述了共轭亚油酸来源、生理功能及机制和在现代养猪生产中的应用.     

全棉籽影响奶牛生产性能的研究进展

我国是棉花生产大国,每年棉花产量可达700万吨,棉籽是棉花加工过程中的副产品,如果将棉籽用作动物的饲料,无论从资源利用还是畜牧养殖上都很有意义。目前,在我国大多数棉籽被压榨成棉籽饼粕或制成脱酚棉仁蛋白利用,这些副产品在畜禽中的应用已经取得了一定的进展。但是棉籽的深     

棉籽糖替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究使用棉籽糖替代断奶仔猪日粮中的抗生素后,棉籽糖对断奶仔猪生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响试验选取180头初始体重7 kg左右的"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪按照体重相近公母各半的原则分成5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复6头猪。5个处理组分别是抗生素组及分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%的棉籽糖组,试验为期28d。试验结果表明饲料中添加棉籽糖后对仔猪平均日采食量、腹泻率没有显著影响(P0.05),平均日增重和料肉比有随着棉籽糖含量增加而降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)添加棉籽糖后对仔猪粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和总能的表观消化率有显著提高(P0.05),且添加0.4%棉籽糖组的各营养物质全肠表观消化率最高。     

饲喂全棉籽对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响

棉籽是棉花加工过程中的副产品.我国是产棉大国,棉籽品种优良、资源丰富.如果将棉籽用作动物的饲料,无论从资源利用还是畜牧养殖上都很有意义.目前在我国,大多数棉籽被压榨成棉籽饼粕或制成脱酚棉仁蛋白利用,这些副产品在畜禽中的应用已经取得了一定的进展.但是棉籽的深加工毕竟会增加饲料成本,而且很多国外报道表明,从经济效益角度讲,在畜禽生产中合理利用不需要任何加工的全棉籽很有发展前景。     

棉粕和脱酚棉籽蛋白在单胃动物生产中的应用研究进展

棉粕是棉籽榨油处理后的副产物,其蛋白质含量较高和氨基酸含量丰富,可作为畜禽日粮中的蛋白来源.由于棉粕中棉酚含量较高,具有一定的抗营养特性,限制了其在畜禽日粮中的使用.因此,脱酚处理对于棉粕在畜禽生产中的应用具有重要意义.本文综述了棉粕与脱酚棉籽蛋白的营养价值和抗营养因子含量及其在单胃动物生产中的应用,为棉粕在畜牧生产中...     

Optimized cryopreservation of mouse sperm based on fertilization rate

Although procedures for in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved sperm have been published there is a lack of data indicating that the cryoprotectant and cryopreservation procedures used for those procedures were optimal. To redress this, fertilization rate of eggs exposed to sperm in vitro was used as the outcome in the optimization of raffinose concentration in the cryoprotectant (raffinose in water), volume of cryoprotectant, and freezing conditions for C57BL/6J mouse sperm. Sperm were frozen in a cylindrical Dewar with an internal diameter and height of 14.0 cm and 36.0 cm respectively. The optimal concentration of raffinose was 23-24% (510-540 mOsm/kg). The optimal volume of cryoprotectant used to prepare the sperm suspension from a single mouse was 180-400 μl, and sperm proved most fertile when frozen 13-25 mm above liquid nitrogen. Raffinose in the fertilization medium did not inhibit fertilization. Fertilized eggs transferred to oviducts of recipient mice developed into viable offspring.     

不同甘油浓度下稀释液中添加棉子糖对绒山羊冷冻精液品质的影响

在甘油浓度为3%和6%的冷冻精液稀释液中添加不同浓度的棉子糖,旨在优化绒山羊冷冻稀释液配方。结果表明:甘油浓度为3%时,山羊精液稀释液的抗冻保护效果较好,在此基础上添加10 mmol/L棉子糖,精子活率、顶体完整率、生存指数、质膜完整率均高于其他实验组(P<0.05),并且畸形率显著降低(P<0.05);在脂质过氧化反应和抗氧化酶活性方面,该实验组CAT活性高于其他实验组(P<0.05),而MDA浓度低于其他实验组(P<0.05)。     

In vitro fermentation characteristics of selected oligosaccharides by swine fecal microflora

The objective of this study was to quantify the fermentation characteristics of oligosaccharides present in feed ingredients or isolated for dietary supplementation. Substrates studied included short-chain fructooligosaccharides, medium-chain fructooligosaccharides, long-chain fructooligosaccharides, raffinose, stachyose, soy solubles, granular and liquid forms of transgalactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, mannanoligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides. Three healthy pigs that had never received antibiotics served as sources of fecal inoculum. Each substrate was fermented in vitro; samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h, and pH change and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and gas production determined. Gas production at 12 h did not differ (P > 0.05) among all fructooligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, soy solubles, and xylooligosaccharides. Raffinose, stachyose, and raffinose + stachyose fermentation resulted in the greatest (P < 0.05) gas production at 12 h of all substrates tested. The rate of gas production was greatest (P < 0.05) for stachyose and least (P < 0.05) for glucooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides. Substrate did not affect (P > 0.05) time to attain maximal rate of gas production. The pH at 12 h for all fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides did not differ (P > 0.05). The pH values at 12 h for raffinose, stachyose, and raffinose + stachyose were highest (P < 0.05) compared with all other substrates. Total SCFA production at 12 h was similar for all fructooligosaccharides and transgalactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, and soy solubles. Total SCFA production was greatest (P < 0.05) for xylooligosaccharides, stachyose, and raffinose + stachyose, and least (P < 0.05) for mannanoligosaccharides and raffinose. Stachyose fermentation resulted in the greatest (P < 0.05) rate and earliest time to attain maximal rate of SCFA production. All oligosaccharides studied were readily fermentable but varied in amount and type of SCFA produced. Fermentation of the pure forms of oligosaccharides contained in soy solubles resulted in greater gas production and higher pH compared with soy solubles. The oligosaccharides in the soy solubles matrix seemed to behave differently than their pure counterparts. The high rates of fermentation of most oligosaccharides tested indicate that they may serve as fermentable carbohydrate sources in the terminal small intestine or large intestine of swine.     

棉子糖对草鱼生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究棉子糖对草鱼生长和血清生化指标的影响,选取初均重(69.51±6.29)g的草鱼288尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复16尾鱼.对照组饲喂基础饲料,试验组分别饲喂含200、400、800、1200和2000 mg/kg棉子糖的试验饲料,试验期为70 d.结果显示:与对照组相比,1)添加棉子糖能够提高草鱼的特定生长率,降低饲料系数,其中1200 mg/kg组与其余各组差异显著(P<0.05);2)各试验组蛋白质沉积率均有所提高,但无显著差异(P>0.05);脂肪沉积率除400 mg/kg组外,其余各试验组均显著升高(P<0.05);尤以1200 mg/kg组的蛋白质沉积率和脂肪沉积率最高;3)各试验组血清甘油三酯含量显著升高(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白含量均显著降低(P<0.05).由此得出:1)棉子糖能够提高草鱼对饲料的吸收利用,增强鱼体对脂肪的吸收并节约蛋白质,从而促进草鱼生长;2)棉子糖可以明显的起到调节草鱼脂质代谢的作用.     

Effects of soybean oligosaccharide,stachyose, and raffinose on growth performance and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to examine the effects of soybean oligosaccharide, stachyose, and raffinose on growth performance and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens. Three-hundred 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: a basal diet (control diet); diets supplemented with soybean oligosaccharide, stachyose, or raffinose at levels of 0.6% total sugar content; and diet with soybean meals (positive control). Results showed that feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) was improved (p < 0.05) in broiler chickens that received stachyose, but not raffinose, while addition of soybean oligosaccharide to the diet significantly (p < 0.05) resulted in decreases in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG). Supplementation with soybean oligosaccharide, stachyose, or raffinose had a positive effect (p < 0.05) on the nutrient digestibility, but not on the blood immune parameters (p > 0.05). The results of the gene sequencing indicated that, at the family level, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillaceae were comparatively present in all the treatments but the cecal microbial composition was changed after dietary addition of different oligosaccharides. Our study had led to a greater understanding of prebiotic effects of these oligosaccharides on growth and intestinal health.     

Effects of soybean raffinose on growth performance,digestibility,humoral immunity and intestinal morphology of growing pigs

There are appreciable does of raffinose in soybean, but the impacts of raffinose on pigs are poorly investigated. We used 2 experiments to investigate the influence of soybean raffinose on growth performance, digestibility, humoral immunity and intestinal morphology of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 30 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) barrows (21.93 ± 0.43 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups, and were fed with the control diet, the control diets supplemented with 0.2% and 0.5% raffinose, respectively, for 21 d. Results showed that the addition of 0.2% or 0.5% raffinose reduced (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and nutrient digestibility, and dietary 0.5% raffinose increased the ratio of feed to gain (P < 0.05). For serum indexes, dietary 0.5% raffinose decreased growth hormone and increased glucagon-like peptide-2, immunoglobulin G, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 concentration (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 24 crossbred barrows (38.41 ± 0.45 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups, and were fed with the control diet (ad libitum), the raffinose diet (0.5% raffinose, ad libitum), and the control diet in the same amount as the raffinose group (feed-pair group) for 14 d, respectively. Compared with the control diet, dietary 0.5% raffinose decreased ADFI (P < 0.05). Intriguingly, the raffinose group had lower ADG than the feed-pair group, lower nutrient digestibility, lower amylase activity in duodenum, lower amylase, lipase and trypsin activities in jejunum and higher TNF-α concentration in serum compared with the other 2 groups, and a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth compared with the control group (P < 0.05). These results showed that soybean raffinose could reduce feed voluntary intake and body gain while improving intestinal morphology without a significant negative influence on immunity. Taken together, dietary raffinose could decrease growth performance by reducing both feed intake and nutrient digestibility while inducing humoral immune response of growing pigs.     

稀释液中添加棉子糖对冻融后绵羊精液品质的影响

本试验目的是研究稀释液中添加不同浓度的棉子糖对冻融后绵羊精液品质的影响。选用10只健康乌珠穆沁种公羊,采集精液经检验合格在37 ℃下混匀,精液样品平均分成5份,用含有0、5、10、15、20 mmol/L的不同浓度棉子糖稀释液稀释。采用0.25 mL细管法冷冻,将冷冻后的细管精液置于37 ℃水浴锅中解冻15 s后进行相关指标评价及酶(SOD、GSH、MDA、GSH-Px和CAT)的测定。结果表明,当棉子糖的添加量为15 mmol/L时精子活率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),畸形率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),弯尾率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),SOD活力显著提高(P＜0.05),MDA也显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)。     

棉籽糖对东方蜜蜂存活率的影响

用不同浓度棉籽糖的蔗糖溶液与纯蔗糖溶液分别饲喂东方蜜蜂（Apiscerana）,比较棉籽糖及其不同浓度对东方蜜蜂存活情况的影响,结果表明：对照组蜜蜂的平均寿命（6．49±0．23d）显著高于试验组;用不同浓度的棉籽糖饲喂蜜蜂,其中在5％棉籽糖条件下,蜜蜂的平均寿命最短（2．63±0．21d）,而在1％棉籽糖条件下最长（5．01±0．19d）,二者差异显著。用5％棉籽糖饲喂蜜蜂时,其存活率下降最快,在5d内全部死亡。     

肉仔鸡盲肠微生物体外发酵非消化寡糖的比较研究

为了评价棉子糖、水苏糖、果寡糖、甘露寡糖等4种非消化寡糖的发酵特性,以采食无抗生素日粮的肉仔鸡盲肠微生物为菌源,通过体外发酵试验比较短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的产量及产生速率。结果表明:棉子糖发酵6 h后,SCFA产量即迅速增加,显著高于其他发酵底物(P<0.05),而且在各发酵底物产生SCFA中乙酸比例最大、丁酸比例最小(P<0.05);24 h,SCFA产量达到最大,丁酸比例在各发酵组中也增至最大。水苏糖和果寡糖的发酵速率紧随棉子糖之后,但6 h和12 h的SCFA产量仅为棉子糖的一半左右,24 h的SCFA总产量分别达到棉子糖的83.81%和75.84%。甘露寡糖的发酵速率最慢,6、12、24 h的SCFA总产量仅为棉子糖的23.81%、18.90%、40.94%。     

The influence of soy oligosaccharides on apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities and fecal consistency in growing pigs

Fourteen ileally cannulated pigs (BW = 35 +/- 2 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 7 x 7 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the influence of the soybean oligosaccharides (OS), raffinose and stachyose, on ileal nutrient digestibility and fecal consistency. Semipurified diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) or soybean meal (SBM) as the sole protein sources were fed. Soy solubles (SS), a by-product of SBM processing containing 3.5% raffinose and 11.5% stachyose, were used to increase dietary raffinose and stachyose concentrations. The seven dietary treatments were SPC, SPC + 9% SS, SBM, SBM + 9% SS, SBM + 18% SS, SBM + 24,000 U alpha-galactosidase enzyme preparation/kg diet, and a low-protein casein (LPC) diet used to calculate true digestibility. Diets, with the exception of the LPC diet, were formulated to contain 17% CP. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as a marker for ileal digestibility determination. The experimental periods were divided into a 5-d diet adaptation followed by 2-d of ileal digesta collection. Diets and digesta were analyzed for DM, N, Cr, amino acids (AA), raffinose, and stachyose. Fecal consistency was determined on d 6 and 7 of each experimental period. The apparent and true ileal AA digestibilities were not different (P < 0.05) for the SPC and SBM control diets. When SS was added to the SPC diet, apparent and true N and AA digestibilities were depressed (P < 0.05) with the exception of Trp and Pro. The apparent and true ileal N and AA digestibilities were not different (P > 0.05) between the SBM control and SBM + 9% SS diets with the exception of Glu. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in apparent and true DM, Val, Gly, and Tyr digestibilities when increasing levels of SS were added to the SBM diet. The addition of alpha-galactosidase did not improve apparent or true ileal N or AA digestibilities except for apparent and true Val and Tyr. Ileal raffinose digestibility was improved (P < 0.05) by addition of a-galactosidase, but was not affected by any other dietary treatment. Ileal stachyose digestibility was not affected (P > 0.58) by treatment. Fecal consistency likewise was not affected (P > 0.36) by dietary treatment. In conclusion, soy OS reduced nutrient digestibilities, but the reductions were small, ranging from approximately 1.1 to 7.4 percentage units. This suggests that other factors may be negatively impacting SBM digestibility.