非淀粉多糖酶在玉米-豆粕型日粮中的应用

本文综述了玉米-豆粕型日粮的非淀粉多糖(NSP)种类与含量,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶的理论依据以及非淀粉多糖酶对玉米-豆粕日粮养分消化率和畜禽生产性能的影响。大多数的研究结果表明,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加酶能不同程度地提高养分消化率和畜禽生产性能。     

豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探究豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响。采用2×2因子试验设计，试验因素分别为饲粮类型（玉米-豆粕型和玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型）和蛋白酶水平（0和300 mg/kg）。选取初始体重为（21.40±1.59） kg的杜×长×大生长猪32头，随机分为4个组，每组8个重复，每个重复1头猪。各组分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮、玉米-豆粕型饲粮+300 mg/kg蛋白酶、玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮以及玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮+300 mg/kg蛋白酶。试验期21 d。结果表明：1）饲粮类型和蛋白酶水平对生长猪的生长性能无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比，玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪的有机物、粗纤维和粗蛋白质消化率（P<0.05）。3）饲粮中添加300 mg/kg蛋白酶显著提高了生长猪的有机物、粗脂肪、干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维以及总能消化率（P<0.05）。4）与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比，玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪的血清尿素氮含量（P<0.05）。5）饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平对生长猪的生长性能...     

β-甘露聚糖酶的作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究

β-甘露聚糖及其衍生物广泛存在于豆科植物的细胞壁中,是豆科植物半纤维素中的第二大组分,不能被单胃动物消化分解,影响了玉米-豆粕型日粮的养分利用率.β-甘露聚糖酶可有效地降解玉米-豆粕型日粮中的β-甘露聚糖,消除其抗营养作用,促进动物的免疫机能,改善动物的生产性能,从而进一步提高玉米-豆粕型日粮的饲用价值.本文就甘露聚糖的抗营养作用、β-甘露聚糖酶的作用机理及在动物生产中的研究进展做简要综述,为甘露聚糖酶在畜禽生产中合理应用提供参考.     

酶制剂在饲料配方设计中的应用

1．1玉米豆粕型日粮中添加酶可提高饲料的能量、蛋白质的利用率大量研究证明，饲料配方按照理想氨基酸平衡原理，可用豆粕等植物性蛋白质代替动物性蛋白质，保持畜禽正常的生产性能。但在玉米豆粕型日粮中存在抗营养因子问题。其中主要是非淀粉粘多糖（NSP）、蛋白酶抑制因子、植物凝集素、植酸、果胶、抗原蛋白等，这些抗营养因子一定程度上降低了饲料的消化利用率。研究证明，饲料中添加复合酶制剂可提高玉米豆粕型日粮的消化利用率。Siversides等（1999）报道了巴西圣保罗和维克萨大学所作实验，采用回肠消化率测定法，在玉米豆粕型饲料添加酶制剂。结果提高了饲料的代谢能值（p〈0．05）和粗蛋白质的消化率（p〈0．05）。     

玉米或小麦型日粮添加菜籽粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪中菌群含量的影响

试验旨在通过玉米和小麦与豆粕和菜籽粕营养成分的研究,分析研究玉米或小麦型日粮中添加菜籽粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪中菌群数量的影响。选取(21±1)d杜×长×大断奶仔猪480头,采用完全随机设计分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20头。各组分别饲喂以玉米-豆粕、玉米-菜籽粕(20%菜籽粕替代豆粕)、小麦-豆粕和小麦-菜籽粕(20%菜籽粕替代豆粕)的日粮,试验共进行4周。结果显示:各处理组对断奶仔猪平均日采食量、平均日增重和末重均无显著影响(P0.05);仔猪断奶后1~14 d,小麦-菜籽粕型日粮组耗料增重比显著高于玉米-豆粕型日粮组(P0.05);仔猪断奶后15~28 d,玉米-豆粕型日粮组能量和蛋白质消化率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);与小麦型日粮组相比,玉米型日粮组显著提高了粪中乳酸杆菌和粪肠球菌含量(P0.05),但小麦型日粮组粪中梭状芽胞杆菌含量表现为最高(P0.05)。结果表明:玉米或小麦型日粮中添加20%菜籽粕替代豆粕可提高断奶仔猪饲料利用率,蛋白质和能量消化率及粪中微生物菌群的表达量,对仔猪日采食量和日增重无显著影响。     

β-甘露聚糖酶在动物生产中的应用

β-甘露聚糖及其衍生物是半纤维素的第二大组分,广泛存在于豆科植物的细胞壁中,在常规饲料原料中,豆粕中β-甘露聚糖的含量最高。β-甘露聚糖能够对玉米-豆粕型日粮的养分利用率产生较大影响。β-甘露聚糖酶能够降解玉米-豆粕型日粮中的抗营养因子β-甘露聚糖,改善日粮利用效率,提高畜禽生产性能。本文系统论述了甘露聚糖的抗营养作用、β-甘露聚糖酶的作用机理及β-甘露聚糖酶在动物生产中的应用,为在畜牧业中合理应用提供参考。     

酶制剂在饲料配方设计中的应用技术

酶制剂作为一种新型高效的饲料添加剂,可以提高畜禽生产性能和减少排泄物的污染,同时也为开辟新的饲料资源、降低饲料生产成本提供了有效的途径。本文就饲料酶制剂在饲料配方中的应用技术作一介绍。1玉米豆粕型日粮中应用酶的技术1.1玉米豆粕型日粮中添加酶可提高饲料的能量和蛋白质的利用率大量研究证明,饲料配方按照理想氨基酸平衡原理,可用豆粕等植物性蛋白质代替动物性蛋白质,保持畜禽正常的生产性能。但在玉米豆粕型日粮中存在抗营养因子问题,其中主要是非淀粉粘多糖(NSP)、蛋白酶抑制因子、植物凝集素、植酸、果胶、抗原蛋白等,这些…     

酶制剂在饲料配方设计中的应用技术

酶制剂作为一种新型高效饲料添加剂 ,可以提高畜禽生产性能和减少排泄物的污染 ,同时也为开辟新的饲料资源、降低饲料生产成本提供了有效途径。本文就饲料酶制剂在饲料配方设计中的应用技术作一介绍。1　玉米豆粕型日粮中应用酶的技术1 1　玉米豆粕型日粮中添加酶可提高饲料的能量、蛋白质利用率　大量研究证明 ,饲料配方按照理想氨基酸平衡原理 ,可用豆粕等植物性蛋白质代替鱼粉等动物性蛋白质 ,保持畜禽正常的生产性能。但在玉米豆粕型日粮中存在抗营养因子问题 ,其中主要是非淀粉粘多糖 (ＮＳＰ)、蛋白酶抑制因子、植物凝集素、植酸、果…     

酸梅粉对生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

采用单因子试验设计,研究磷缺乏(0.17%非植酸磷)的玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加天然物质酸梅粉对生长猪生产性能和养分(干物质、粗灰分、粗蛋白、钙和磷)表观消化率的影响。研究结果表明:1.5%的酸梅粉有改善生长猪生产性能的趋势,但是各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);与负对照相比,含有1.5%酸梅粉的日粮干物质、粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙和磷分别提高了3.26%(P<0.05)、6.27%(P<0.01)、17.30%(P<0.01)、48.52%(P<0.01),与正对照相比差异不显著(P>0.05),3%酸梅粉组与负对照相比有提高养分消化率的趋势但差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明,玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加酸梅粉能提高生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率,1.5%的酸梅粉能节约37.04%有效磷的添加。     

蛋白酶对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡的影响

为研究蛋白酶组合对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡的影响,试验选取6头体重相近(30±1)kg、健康去势的鲁烟白猪,采用有重复的6×6拉丁方设计进行消化试验,试验设3种饲粮为玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型、小麦-杂粕型,每种饲粮设对照组不添加蛋白酶,加酶组添加0.1%复合蛋白酶。试验分为6期,于每期试验的第6、7天连续收集48 h的粪样和尿样测定养分消化率和氮平衡代谢。结果表明,蛋白酶组合在玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型和小麦-杂粕型饲粮中对鲁烟白猪粗蛋白质消化率分别比对照组提高1.19(P0.05)、3.63(P0.01)和1.91(P0.01)个百分点;氮总利用率加酶组分别比对照组提高1.21(P0.01)、1.97(P0.01)、0.92(P0.01)个百分点。综合分析,试验中的蛋白酶组合对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡有显著影响,其中蛋白酶组合对玉米-杂粕型饲粮效果显著或极显著高于玉米-豆粕型和小麦-杂粕型饲粮。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.