熊蜂和蜜蜂为日光温室草莓授粉效果的比较

通过熊蜂和蜜蜂在日光温室中为草莓授粉的比较试验得出,熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率(分别为11.52%和17.74%)更低,差异显著(P<0.05);平均单果重(分别为33.9171g和33.1156g)较重,差异不显著(P>0.05);VC平均含量(分别为0.6660mg/g和0.5970mg/g)较高,差异显著(P<0.05);可溶性糖平均值(分别为4.93%和6.03%)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05);可滴定酸平均含量(分别为0.1235mmol/g和0.1265mmol/g)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合为日光温室草莓授粉。     

地熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂为设施蓝莓授粉效果比较研究

通过对设施蓝莓应用蜜蜂授粉和熊蜂授粉2种不同授粉方式的比较研究,结果表明:熊蜂授粉的蓝莓坐果率为75.38±0.67%,比蜜蜂授粉增加了25.50%;熊蜂授粉的蓝莓平均单果重为2.25±0.02g,比蜜蜂授粉增加了23.63%;熊蜂授粉的蓝莓每株产量为5182.2±76.5g,比蜜蜂授粉增加了7.1%;熊蜂授粉和蜜蜂授粉的蓝莓几种营养物质含量无显著差异。说明利用熊蜂和蜜蜂均可为设施蓝莓授粉,不仅能够促进坐果,提高产量,而且节省劳动成本。     

熊蜂和蜜蜂为日光温室甜椒授粉的研究

本文对日光温室甜椒应用熊蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉和空白对照进行了比较研究,结果表明:熊蜂组和蜜蜂组比对照组单果重分别增加30.4%和13.7%,种子数分别增加79.9%和21.6%,心室数分别增加29.6%和11.1%,产量分别增加38.3%和22.6%;熊蜂组比蜜蜂组单果重增加14.6%,种子数增加47.9%,心室数增加16.7%,产量增加12.8%.在营养指标上,熊蜂组和蜜蜂组比对照组纤维素含量分别减少50.0%和40.6%,硝酸盐含量分别降低13.8%和13.1%,铁含量分别增加175.8%和23.7%.说明熊蜂和蜜蜂授粉能够增加单果重、心室数、果实大小和小区产量,降低纤维素和硝酸盐含量,增加铁含量,促进营养物质吸收和果实生长,改善果实品质,熊蜂授粉效果更好.熊蜂授粉明显增加果实种子数的特点对甜椒制种生产非常有利.     

三种授粉方式对新疆大棚油桃产量影响

油桃是一种蔷薇科果树,是桃的一个变异品种。油桃主要通过昆虫授粉或人工授粉来完成其传粉受精。大量实践证明:温室大棚栽培油桃可以大幅度提高油桃经济效益,因此是当前栽培重要发展方向。本试验分别利用蜜蜂、熊蜂及人工喷洒芸苔素内酯的三种方式对大棚油桃进行授粉,并测定了三种授粉方式对大棚油桃初期座果率、单株油桃个数、平均单果重和单株产量等影响。结果表明:三组的初期座果率差异不显著(P0.05);人工授粉组单株油桃个数最多,显著高于蜜蜂授粉组和熊蜂授粉组(P0.05);熊蜂授粉组平均单果重最重,显著高于人工授粉组(P0.05);人工授粉组单株产量最高,显著高于蜜蜂授粉组(P0.05)。虽然人工授粉(人工辅助授粉激素技术)的大棚油桃产量高于蜜蜂授粉和熊蜂授粉,但由于人为地破坏了油桃的自然生长规律,出现大量畸形果,另外油桃果实中可能存在激素残留风险,因此建议在新疆大棚油桃授粉中大力推广熊蜂授粉技术。     

三种授粉方式对温室凯特杏的影响研究

为了比较不同授粉方式对温室凯特杏授粉的效果,在温室内进行了熊蜂(Bombusterrestris)、蜜蜂(Apismellifera)和人工蘸花这3种授粉方式的试验,其结果表明:熊蜂组的杏果实发育期最短,比蜜蜂组缩短了4天,比人工组缩短了5天;在株产量上,熊蜂组产量最高,比蜜蜂组提高了11.96%,比人工组提高了25.77%;在维生素C、可溶性糖和总酸等营养指标上,3组之间差异不大,但熊蜂组的风味更佳。可见,采用熊蜂为温室杏授粉的效果优于蜜蜂和人工。     

中华蜜蜂为黑皮冬瓜授粉效果研究

通过对黑皮冬瓜进行蜜蜂授粉与人工授粉对比试验,结果表明:蜜蜂授粉可以代替人工授粉,蜜蜂授粉与人工授粉的坐瓜率均达到100%;蜜蜂授粉商品瓜率平均为86.00%,稍高于人工授粉商品瓜率(85.33%);蜜蜂授粉提高了黑皮冬瓜产量,单瓜重量提高8.95%;蜜蜂授粉提高了黑皮冬瓜商品性,果肉硬度提高13.85%,果肉厚度提高4.58%,且瓜形整齐、大小一致;蜜蜂授粉提高了黑皮冬瓜品质,果肉可滴定酸含量提高9.68%,果肉蛋白质含量提高7.58%,果肉维生素C含量提高5.02%;蜜蜂授粉还明显降低了黑皮冬瓜的授粉费用,蜜蜂授粉费用比人工授粉费用降低了64.28%。     

熊蜂与蜜蜂对设施蓝莓授粉习性及授粉效果分析

为设施蓝莓生产提供授粉技术支持,本文比较分析了熊蜂与蜜蜂对设施蓝莓授粉习性及授粉效果,结果表明：熊蜂的出巢温度、起始访花温度显著低于蜜蜂,访花效率及平均日工作时间显著高于蜜蜂,说明熊蜂比蜜蜂耐寒;熊蜂授粉后的蓝莓单果重及纵横径均显著高于蜜蜂授粉后的果实,但二者的坐果率、果实糖度及单株产量并无显著性差异。因此认为,在选择设施蓝莓授粉蜂时,北方地区因气温偏低可选择熊蜂,而南方熊蜂和蜜蜂均可选择。     

两种蜂授粉对西藏西红柿、油菜产量性状及甜度的影响

[目的]研究西蜂和熊蜂对西藏设施西红柿、甘蓝型油菜的授粉效果;[方法]本研究在西藏拉萨市和山南市开展蜜蜂授粉效果试验,分析西方蜜蜂和熊蜂授粉对设施西红柿产量性状、糖度和甘蓝型油菜的产量性状影响;[结果]1.西藏地区采用蜜蜂授粉确实能够明显提升蔬菜的产量品质和油料作物的产量;2.采取西蜂授粉会比熊蜂更加显著的提高设施西红柿的产量与品质,采取西蜂授粉比熊蜂授粉更加显著的提高甘蓝型油菜的产量和提前油菜的熟期;3.印证了西蜂比其他蜂更加适应在大规模单一的蜜源植物上进行采蜜授粉工作;[结论]综合西藏两个地区的西蜂、熊蜂授粉结果,建议西蜂更适宜在拉萨、山南地区为西红柿和油菜进行授粉.     

不同蜂授粉对设施番茄产量和品质的影响

在番茄温室内,熊蜂和蜜蜂的授粉习性不同.熊蜂的出巢温度低,日工作时间长,趋光性差,主要采用振动方式授粉;蜜蜂的出巢温度高,日工作时间短,趋光性强,主要采用接触方式授粉.和常规生产中采用的喷施激素方法相比,利用蜜蜂为设施番茄授粉,可以改善果实品质,但在产量上和喷施激素方法没有区别;采用熊蜂为设施番茄授粉,效果比蜜蜂更为显著,熊蜂授粉不仅可以改善番茄果实的营养品质,而且还可以显著提高产量,降低畸形果的比率,果实大而充实,种子数量多,商品性好.总之,对于设施番茄,蜜蜂授粉效果优于喷施激素处理,熊蜂授粉效果优于蜜蜂授粉.     

熊蜂授粉对温室草莓的影响研究

为了检验熊蜂为温室草莓授粉的效果,在温室内进行了熊蜂(Bombus lucorum)授粉试验,对照组为人工授粉.结果表明:与对照组相比,熊蜂授粉的草莓果实单果重达31.67g,比对照组增加了97.94%;果实的畸形果率为11.33%,比对照组下降了33.35%;熊蜂组的Vc含量为66.40 mg/100g,比对照组提高了19.00%,但在其它营养品质方面,两者之间的差异不显著.     

黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪免疫功能及腹泻的影响

研究了在断奶应激模式下添加黄芪多糖 (APS)对断奶仔猪免疫功能及腹泻的影响。试验分 3组 :对照Ⅰ组 (2 8日龄不断奶 ) ,对照Ⅱ组(2 8日龄断奶 )以及试验组 (2 8日龄断奶 +APS)。结果 :试验组与对照Ⅱ组相比 ,在断奶后第 7、 1 4天淋巴细胞百分数分别增加 7 7% (P >0 0 5)、 1 8 2 % (P >0 0 5) ;中性粒细胞百分数分别减少了 1 5 2 % (P >0 0 5)、 2 8 6 % (P >0 0 5) ;断奶仔猪的SRBC抗体效价分别提高 0 47、1 49(P <0 0 5)个滴度 ;单核细胞增殖率分别提高 1 1 % (P >0 0 5)、 2 5 % (P <0 0 5)。腹泻率在 3组间差异不显著 ;APS添加组腹泻频率显著低于对照Ⅱ组 (P <0 0 5) ,与对照Ⅰ组相比 ,差异不显著     

维生素C对中华蜜蜂死亡率及其铜锌超氧化物歧化酶基因表达的影响

本研究以中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)为试验材料,通过笼养的方法饲养刚出房的中华蜜蜂,并饲喂不同剂量的维生素C(vitamin C,VC),检测其对中华蜜蜂死亡率及铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Acc-SOD1)mRNA相对表达量的影响。结果表明,随着VC添加剂量的升高,中华蜜蜂的死亡率显著下降(P<0.05),Acc-SOD1相对表达量呈下降趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

转基因产品对蜜蜂和熊蜂的影响

随着更多的转基因农作物商业化,人们需要更多的信息以了解它对蜜蜂和熊蜂的影响.如果转基因在花粉、花蜜或树脂中得到表达,那么转基因编码所表达的蛋白被蜜蜂吸收后,会对蜜蜂产生直接影响;如果改变了花的表现型,将会对蜜蜂产生间接影响.讨论了Bt、蛋白酶抑制剂、几丁质酶、葡萄糖酶和生物素结合蛋白基因等对蜜蜂的影响.迄今为止的结果表明转基因植物对授粉者的影响将依赖于所涉及基因的个案分析以及被蜜蜂吸收植物的基因表达情况.     

Nosema spp. infection and its negative effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera iberiensis) at the colony level

Nosemosis caused by the microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are among the most common pathologies affecting adult honey bees. N. apis infection has been associated with a reduced lifespan of infected bees and increased winter mortality, and its negative impact on colony strength and productivity has been described in several studies. By contrast, when the effects of nosemosis type C, caused by N. ceranae infection, have been analysed at the colony level, these studies have largely focused on collapse as a response to infection without addressing the potential sub-clinical effects on colony strength and productivity. Given the spread and prevalence of N. ceranae worldwide, we set out here to characterize the sub-clinical and clinical signs of N. ceranae infection on colony strength and productivity. We evaluated the evolution of 50 honey bee colonies naturally infected by Nosema (mainly N. ceranae) over a one year period. Under our experimental conditions, N. ceranae infection was highly pathogenic for honey bee colonies, producing significant reductions in colony size, brood rearing and honey production. These deleterious effects at the colony level may affect beekeeping profitability and have serious consequences on pollination. Further research is necessary to identify possible treatments or beekeeping techniques that will limit the rapid spread of this dangerous emerging disease.     

富马酸亚铁对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、血液生化指标及微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究富马酸亚铁对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、血液生化指标及微量元素含量的影响。选择初始体重为（８９．２±０．２）ｇ的虹鳟幼鱼 ３６０尾,随机分成 ６组,每组 ３个重复,每个重复 ２０尾鱼,分别饲喂添加富马酸亚铁 ０、２０、４０、８０、１６０、４８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（以铁计）的试验饲料,各组分别为 Ｄ０、Ｄ２０、Ｄ４０、Ｄ８０、Ｄ１６０和 Ｄ４８０组,Ｄ０组为对照组。各组铁实测含量分别为 ６２．６、７９．５、９９．６、１３９．３、２１５．２、５３８．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,试验期６０ｄ。结果表明：１）饲料中不同铁水平对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２）血红蛋白含量和红细胞数量呈现先上升后平稳的趋势;各组血细胞比容无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３）各组全鱼、脊椎骨和肌肉铁含量随着饲料中铁水平的升高而升高,肝脏铁含量呈现先上升后平稳的趋势;各组全鱼锌含量无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,Ｄ０组脊椎骨和肌肉锌含量显著高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｄ０和 Ｄ２０组肝脏锌含量显著高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;全鱼铜含量随饲料铁含量的升高而升高,各组脊椎骨铜含量无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,Ｄ０组肌肉铜含量显著低于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。４）Ｄ０组血清溶菌酶活性显著低于 Ｄ２０、Ｄ４０、Ｄ８０和 Ｄ１６０组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但与 Ｄ４８０组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;过氧化氢酶活性呈现先上升后下降趋势,Ｄ４０组最高。由此可见,本试验条件下,以富马酸亚铁作为铁源,通过折线模型分析发现,以血红蛋白含量和肝脏铁含量为评价指标的虹鳟幼鱼对饲料中铁需要量分别为 ９９．８和 １００．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

喷浆玉米皮对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究喷浆玉米皮对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响。试验选取39日龄伊拉幼兔300只,公母各占1/2,根据体重和性别随机分为5组(对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组),分别饲喂含不同比例喷浆玉米皮(0、6%、12%、18%和24%)的试验饲粮,每组60个重复,每个重复1只兔。预试期5 d,正试期50 d。结果表明:1)Ⅲ、Ⅳ组末重和平均日增重显著低于对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05);对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间末重和平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅲ组的料重比显著高于对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅳ组料重比显著高于对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05),对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间料重比差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加喷浆玉米皮试验兔干物质表观消化率逐渐降低,以Ⅳ组最低,显著低于对照组及其他试验组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但高于Ⅳ组;各试验组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅳ组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组与对照组间粗灰分表观消化率、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)对照组及Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间宰前重和胴体重差异不显著(P>0.05),但与Ⅲ、Ⅳ组差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅰ组半净膛屠宰率显著低于其他组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑本试验所测指标,肉兔饲粮中适宜的喷浆玉米皮添加比例为6%~12%。     

Evaluation on Tolerance of Montmorillonite as a Mycotoxin Adsorbent

In order to study the tolerance dose of Kunming mice to montmorillonite as a mycotoxin adsorbent in diets,the experiment selected 60 healthy male Kunming mice with initial average body weight of (17±0.12)g,randomly divided them into 5 treatments with two replicates per group and 6 mice per replicate.Five experimental diets were added to 0 (control group),0.5%,1%,2% and 5% montmorillonite,respectively.After 30 days,the growth performance,nutrients apparent digestibility,serum biochemical indices and internal organization were tested to determine the tolerance dose of montmorillonite for Kunming mice.The results showed that the ADFI was significantly increased in 0.5% group (P< 0.05),while there were no significant differences in ADFI and ADG between 1% group and control group (P> 0.05),then the ADFI was significantly decreased with the increasing of montmorillonite supplemental level (P< 0.05).The ADG in 2% group had no significant difference when compared with the control group (P> 0.05),while significantly lower than that in 0.5% and 1% groups (P< 0.05).The apparent digestibility of DM,CP and EE showed no significant effect at any level of montmorillonite (P> 0.05).Serum ALT,AST activities and MDA content were gradually increased with the montmorillonite supplemental level increasing,and that in 1%,2% and 5% groups were significantly higher than that in control group (P< 0.05),but there were no significant differences between 0.5% group and control group (P> 0.05).Tissue sections showed that mice livers were damaged in varying degrees when the montmorillonite supplemental level was 5%.In conclusion,based on a comprehensive consideration of all indexes,it could be seen that the tolerance dose of the tested montmorillonite for Kunming mice was between 0.5% and 2% when mycotoxin contents in diets were in security range.     

不同品种牛卵泡液对水牛卵母细胞体外受精效果的影响

试验利用水牛卵泡液(BuFF)和黄牛卵泡液(BoFF)对不同来源水牛卵母细胞体外受精效果的影响进行了探讨,以完善水牛体外受精培养系统,进一步提高水牛胚胎体外生产效率。试验按成熟培养液中添加卵泡液替代胎牛血清量共分4个组。不添加卵泡液(0%+10%胎牛血清)为Ⅰ组(对照组);添加5%卵泡液+5%胎牛血清为Ⅱ组;添加10%卵泡液+0%胎牛血清为Ⅲ组;添加15%卵泡液+0%胎牛血清为Ⅳ组。结果表明,添加BuFF对活体采集卵母细胞和屠宰场收集卵母细胞的体外受精卵分裂率无显著影响(P0.05),但添加5%和10%BuFF对卵母细胞体外受精后的胚胎发育有明显促进作用,囊胚率均极显著高于对照组和15%BuFF组(P0.01),5%和10%BuFF组间无显著差异(P0.05);添加15%BuFF囊胚率有降低的趋势,但与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。而添加10%BoFF组活体采集卵母细胞体外受精的受精卵分裂率和囊胚率均极显著高于对照组和5%BoFF组(P0.01),添加5%BoFF组的受精卵分裂率和囊胚率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);添加BoFF对屠宰场收集水牛卵母细胞体外受精卵分裂率无显著差异(P0.05),但添加5%和10%BoFF组的囊胚率均显著高于对照组和15%组(P0.05),添加15%BoFF组与对照组相比,囊胚率显著降低(P0.05),5%和10%BoFF组间囊胚率无显著差异(P0.05)。综合以上结果,在水牛卵母细胞成熟培养液中添加5%～10%的BuFF或BoFF代替牛血清,可明显提高水牛体外胚胎生产效率,且以添加同种的BuFF效果略好。     

Effect of Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara on Growth Performance,Immune Function and Intestinal Structure of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara on growth performance,immune function and intestinal structure of broilers. A total of 270 one-day-old healthy Tiejiaoma broilers were chosen and randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 15 broilers per replicate.Control group was fed with the basal diet,group Ⅱ was fed with basal diet adding 8% flavomycin 60 mg/kg +15% aureomycin 270 mg/kg and group Ⅲ was fed with basal diet adding 1% Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara. The trial period lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follow:① At 21 days of age,the average daily feed intake of group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in the average daily gain and F/G among the three groups (P>0.05).②At 21 days of age,the thymus and bursa of Fabricius indexes of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05);But the spleen index were not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05).③ At 21 days of age,the content of IgA and IgM in serum of groups Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the content of IgG in serum of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05).④At 21 days of age,the content of IL-2,TNF-α and sIgA in intestinal mucosa of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the content of IL-6 in intestinal mucosa of group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05).⑤At 21 days of age,the villus height of jejunum in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05),the villus height/crypt depth of jejunum in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ (P<0.05). However,the crypt depth was not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05).In conclusion,that Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara could not affect the growth performance of broilers,but it could improve the development of immune organs,increase the secretion of serum immunoglobulin, promote the immune function of intestinal mucosa and intestinal morphology of jejunum.