保护活疫苗的热稳定剂

疫苗是一类需要给予精心管理的敏感产品,将其置于适当的温度下进行保存和运输极为重要.热应激可能会降低疫苗的效价,或甚至会使其失去活性,目前的疫苗热稳定剂功效如何呢?     

Genetic variation and responses to vaccines

Disease is a major source of economic loss to the livestock industry. Understanding the role of genetic factors in immune responsiveness and disease resistance should provide new approaches to the control of disease through development of safe synthetic subunit vaccines and breeding for disease resistance. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been an important candidate locus for immune responsiveness studies. However, it is clear that other loci play an important role. Identifying these and quantifying the relative importance of MHC and non-MHC genes should result in new insights into host-pathogen interactions, and information that can be exploited by vaccine designers. The rapidly increasing information available about the bovine genome and the identification of polymorphisms in immune-related genes will offer potential candidates that control immune responses to vaccines. The bovine MHC, BoLA, encodes two distinct isotypes of class II molecules, DR and DQ, and in about half the common haplotypes the DQ genes are duplicated and expressed. DQ molecules are composed of two polymorphic chains whereas DR consists of one polymorphic and one non-polymorphic chain. Although, it is clear that MHC polymorphism is related to immune responsiveness, it is less clear how different allelic and locus products influence the outcome of an immune response in terms of generating protective immunity in outbred animals. A peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was used as a probe for BoLA class II function. Both DR and DQ are involved in antigen presentation. In an analysis of T-cell clones specific for the peptide, distinct biases to particular restriction elements were observed. In addition inter-haplotype pairings of DQA and DQB molecules produced functional molecules, which greatly increases the numbers of possible restriction elements, compared with the number of genes, particularly in cattle with duplicated DQ genes. In a vaccine trial with several peptides derived from FMDV, BoLA class II DRB3 polymorphisms were correlated with both protection and non-protection. Although variation in immune responsiveness to the FMDV peptide between different individuals is partly explainable by BoLA class II alleles, other genetic factors play an important role. In a quantitative trait locus project, employing a second-generation cross between Charolais and Holstein cattle, significant sire and breed effects were also observed in T-cell, cytokine and antibody responses to the FMDV peptide. These results suggest that both MHC and non-MHC genes play a role in regulating bovine immune traits of relevance to vaccine design. Identifying these genes and quantifying their relative contributions is the subject of further studies.     

Local reactions in sheep to clostridial vaccines

Abstract

Extract

Each year, several million sheep are injected with clostridial vaccines in New Zealand; though this must safeguard the animals, it is of overriding importance that the vaccine should be “safe”. The British Veterinary Codex (1965 1965. British Veterinary Codex, 435–438. London: Pharmaceutical Press. and p. 462 [Google Scholar]) recommends to manufacturers that a sample of each batch of vaccine should be injected into the intended animal species as a safety test. For pulpy kidney vaccine, twice the maximum dose recommended on the label injected subcutaneously should produce no significant local or systemic reaction in sheep during an observation period of seven days.     

支原体的疫苗防制

一些国家的禽业生产中,支原体(MG)是肉用种鸡及其后代的本土病.它的危害在于:感染呼吸系统、小母鸡及产蛋鸡的输卵管,致使产蛋下降,蛋壳质量差,雏鸡质量下降.     

Response of puppies to canine-origin parvovirus vaccines

Pups 9-18 1/2 weeks old were given a single dose of 1 of 4 commercial, live, canine-origin parvovirus vaccines. All 4 vaccines evoked high levels of antibody in seronegative pups, but variable response in those with low levels of maternally derived antibodies. Vaccinal virus spread to unvaccinated contact controls and elicited essentially equivalent titers. No clinical signs of parvovirus infection were observed in vaccinates or controls.     

使用灭活疫苗低致病性禽流感

在一个国家或地区广泛使用优质的H9N2灭活疫苗,可明显减少该地区禽流感的暴发次数,降低由禽流感给养禽业带来的经济损失。     

Strategies and hurdles using DNA vaccines to fish

DNA vaccinations against fish viral diseases as IHNV at commercial level in Canada against VHSV at experimental level are both success stories. DNA vaccination strategies against many other viral diseases have, however, not yet yielded sufficient results in terms of protection. There is an obvious need to combat many other viral diseases within aquaculture where inactivated vaccines fail. There are many explanations to why DNA vaccine strategies against other viral diseases fail to induce protective immune responses in fish. These obstacles include: 1) too low immunogenicity of the transgene, 2) too low expression of the transgene that is supposed to induce protection, 3) suboptimal immune responses, and 4) too high degradation rate of the delivered plasmid DNA. There are also uncertainties with regard distribution and degradation of DNA vaccines that may have implications for safety and regulatory requirements that need to be clarified. By combining plasmid DNA with different kind of adjuvants one can increase the immunogenicity of the transgene antigen – and perhaps increase the vaccine efficacy. By using molecular adjuvants with or without in combination with targeting assemblies one may expect different responses compared with naked DNA. This includes targeting of DNA vaccines to antigen presenting cells as a central factor in improving their potencies and efficacies by means of encapsulating the DNA vaccine in certain carriers systems that may increase transgene and MHC expression. This review will focus on DNA vaccine delivery, by the use of biodegradable PLGA particles as vehicles for plasmid DNA mainly in fish.     

炭疽芽孢杆菌疫苗研究进展

炭疽病是一种人畜共患的烈性传染病.该病由炭疽杆菌所致,传播迅速,潜伏期短,死亡率高.炭疽杆菌在生物武器中占有重要地位.本文简述了现用疫苗及各国正在开发的新疫苗,探讨了疫苗研发的新思路,客观评价了人用炭疽疫苗的安全性及有效性.     

"猪圆环病毒病的发病机理及其预防措施"专栏(五)猪圆环病毒相关病的并发感染情况及其有效预防疫苗

勃林格殷格翰动物保健(美国)有限公司(Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., BIVI)和美国爱荷华州立大学兽医诊断实验室对养猪场进行的最新调查表明,其它数种猪病也会影响猪圆环病毒相关病(Porcine Circovirus-Associated Disease, PCVAD)的流行性和病情严重程度.     

双顺反子表达质粒在DNA疫苗研究中的应用

简述了DNA疫苗的研究概况，介绍了真核双表达质粒的结构特点及其在基因佐剂和二价DNA疫苗中的应用情况，总结分析了双表达质粒的优点和存在的问题，并对其今后在DNA疫苗中的研究方向和前景进行了展望。     

Chlamydial vaccines

With few exceptions, immunity from chlamydiosis availed by current vaccines is limited and can even be detrimental. Possible reasons for failure include immunotype or strain differences, ill-defined virulence variation, presentation of deleterious antigens, and incorrect presentation of critical antigens to the body. Antigens that stimulate neutralizing antibodies active at 2 steps of infection have been identified. A third step, prevention of phagolysosomal fusion, needs to be further studied, and causal antigens need to be identified. A fourth possible stage for antibody participation is in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. If chlamydial antigens are expressed on the surface of infected cells, this mechanism of destruction of infected cells and the antigens that elicit it will need to be more fully examined. Cell-mediated immune responses participating in eliminating chlamydial infections need to be further clarified. Activated macrophages are the best characterized effector mechanism of cell-mediated immunity thus far, regardless of the stimulatory cytokines involved. It is important to determine how sensitized lymphocytes recognize antigen(s) that cause them to release macrophage-activating cytokines. It must be determined whether chlamydial antigens are expressed on the surface of infected cells and then recognized by potential cytokine-releasing lymphocytes in context with major histocompatibility antigens (surface expression) or whether they are recognized on antigen-presenting cells functioning in more of a scavenging capacity. Membrane expression of antigen is also important in that it also defines whether cytotoxic T cells and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity have roles in resistance to chlamydial infection. Also, it is important to realize the possible limitation of these mechanisms to systemic sites of the body. If membrane expression does occur, it must be determined how it functions at mucosal sites, whether it occurs at the luminal surface of mucosal epithelial cells only, or whether there is expression of antigens at abluminal membrane surfaces perhaps more accessible to such immune effector mechanisms. Delivery of critical antigens to the individual is the final component in establishing effective vaccines. Carrier systems capable of stimulating long-lasting mucosal and systemic immunity are available and need to be further studied as protective immunogens become available.