鱼腥草素钠对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用

为了研究鱼腥草素钠对金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)生物被膜的抑制活性,试验采用微量稀释法考察了鱼腥草素钠对S.aureus浮游菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),用琼脂平板法测定了其对生物被膜的最小抑膜浓度(MBIC)和最小杀膜浓度(MBBC);通过激光共聚焦显微镜考察了鱼腥草素钠对生物被膜的清除能力;通过Western-blot考察了鱼腥草素钠对S.aureus毒力因子分泌的影响。结果表明:鱼腥草素钠对浮游菌有很好的抑制作用(MIC、MBC:16~64μg/mL),对成熟的生物被膜没有明显的抑制作用(MBIC、MBBC1 024μg/mL),但其亚抑菌浓度在生物被膜形成早期有显著抑制作用,并呈剂量依赖抑制α-溶血素、肠毒素A和肠毒素B的分泌。说明鱼腥草素钠对金黄色葡萄球菌浮游菌和早期生物被膜有较好抑制活性。     

赤芍水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素及蛋白A表达的影响

探讨了赤芍水提物在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B及蛋白A分泌及mRNA转录的影响。试验中采用微量倍比稀释法测定赤芍对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);采用Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR检测亚抑菌浓度下赤芍水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B及蛋白A在mRNA转录和毒素蛋白分泌表达的影响。结果表明,赤芍水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213的MIC值为6.3mg/mL;在亚抑菌浓度下,赤芍水提物可以明显抑制肠毒素A、B及蛋白A在蛋白水平和转录水平的表达,且呈现明显的浓度依赖性。     

高速逆流色谱分离黄连生物碱及其抑菌活性初探

为了研究黄连生物碱的抑菌活性,采用高速逆流色谱(HSCCC)法分离黄连生物碱,K-B法检测其抑菌活性,测其对敏感菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示：从黄连中分离出黄连碱、掌叶防己碱、小檗碱、表小檗碱,提取率分别为44.41%、36.72%、68.54%、18.33%;对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈分别为10.00、29.50、21.00和12.50 mm;对无乳链球菌分别为11.40、27.50、14.00和15.50 mm;对粪肠球菌、大肠杆菌O157等均无效;黄连碱、表小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌的MIC和MBC均分别为136.36、272.73μg/mL;小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为62.18、136.36μg/mL,对无乳链球菌的MIC和MBC分别为136.36、272.73μg/mL;掌叶防己碱对金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌的MIC和MBC均分别为62.18、136.36μg/mL。结果表明：用HSCCC制备生物碱,省时、方便,4种生物碱对金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌作用明显,对其余试验菌无效。     

黄连水提物盐酸小檗碱及黄连碱对猪链球菌生物被膜的体外干预作用

通过微量稀释法、结晶紫染色法、生物被膜内活菌计数及生物被膜的形态学观察,探讨黄连水提物、盐酸小檗碱及黄连碱对猪链球菌生物被膜的体外干预作用。结果显示,黄连水提物、盐酸小檗碱、黄连碱对猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:100μg/mL、62.5μg/mL、62.5μg/mL。亚抑菌浓度的黄连水提物、盐酸小檗碱和黄连碱均可抑制生物被膜的形成,盐酸小檗碱作用后生物被膜内活菌数较阴性对照组明显减少(P0.05),电镜观察可见与阴性对照组相比,黄连水提物、盐酸小檗碱和黄连碱试验组生物被膜结构被破坏,菌量明显减少。研究表明,50μg/mL黄连水提物、31.25μg/mL盐酸小檗碱和31.25μg/mL黄连碱对猪链球菌体外生物被膜的形成具有显著的干预作用。     

正己酸对大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果研究

对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌进行正己酸的抗性试验,以研究正己酸对病原菌的抑制作用。试验采用等浓度梯度稀释、光密度值测定、平板涂布方法、牛津杯法,分别测定大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)以及最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),绘制1/2MIC以及MIC处理过的大肠杆菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌的生长曲线,抑菌圈直径,结合扫描电镜图片分析最小杀菌浓度处理后的细胞形态结构的变化。结果表明:正己酸对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为700μg/mL、对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为1 000μg/mL;对大肠杆菌的最小杀菌浓度为1 000μg/mL、对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小杀菌浓度为1 300μg/mL;当正己酸浓度为1 600μg/mL时,电镜下,大肠杆菌数量较少,金黄色葡萄球菌数量少且呈现出细胞破裂萎缩现象。综上,正己酸对大肠杆菌和金黄葡萄球菌有抑制作用,破坏了金黄葡萄球菌的细胞膜结构。     

穿心莲内酯影响猪链球菌生物被膜形成

旨在探究穿心莲内酯对猪链球菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用,为猪链球菌病的耐药性提供替代疗法。试验采用微量稀释法测定穿心莲内酯对猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);利用结晶紫染色(CV)和扫描电镜(SEM)检测穿心莲内酯对猪链球菌生物被膜形成的影响。结果表明:1)穿心莲内酯对猪链球菌的MIC和MBC分别为0.25和0.5mg·mL~(-1);2)扫描电镜观察可见阴性对照组细菌镶嵌于生物被膜中,而穿心莲内酯在亚抑菌浓度下(1/2MIC、1/4MIC、1/8MIC)能使细菌生物被膜中的细菌数量和生物被膜形成量均减少,并呈剂量依赖性;3)luxS基因和毒力基因的RT-PCR检测显示亚抑菌浓度(1/2MIC、1/4MIC)的穿心莲内酯明显降低gapdh、sly、fbps、ef和luxS基因的转录,显著增加cps2J、mrp和gdh基因的转录;4)哈维氏弧菌生物发光法测定细菌培养液显示穿心莲内酯在亚抑菌浓度下(1/2MIC、1/4MIC、1/8MIC)对猪链球菌AI-2信号分子的产生有抑制作用,呈剂量依赖性。穿心莲内酯亚抑菌浓度的干预可抑制猪链球菌生物被膜的形成,并且可致毒力基因表达水平差异。     

苦参碱对奶牛乳房炎产膜表皮葡萄球菌Ⅰ类整合酶基因表达量的影响

为探究苦参碱对产膜表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis,SE)Ⅰ类整合酶基因(class 1integrase gene,intI1)的影响,本试验采用二倍稀释法分别测定苦参碱、苦豆子碱、卡那霉素和头孢西汀对SE的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);利用棋盘滴定法测定4种药物对SE的联合作用的效果;用XTT法测定不同质量浓度下药物对产膜阳性菌株的抑菌效果并绘制其抑制曲线;采用荧光定量PCR方法分析药物对生物膜状态下intI1在mRNA水平表达的影响。结果显示:苦参碱、苦豆子碱、卡那霉素和头孢西汀对产膜阳性菌株的MIC分别是12.5g/L、20g/L、512mg/L、128mg/L;它们在亚抑菌浓度下均对产膜阳性菌株有一定的抑菌作用;取1/2MIC的药物质量浓度对产膜阳性菌株作用2h和4h,发现苦参碱作用4h后intI1基因表达量下调,表明苦参碱对在生物被膜状态下的SE中intI1在mRNA水平上有抑制作用,提示苦参碱对被膜状态下的SE的整合酶基因表达量有一定的抑制作用,从而影响整合子在生物被膜状态下捕获耐药基因的能力。     

利福昔明和精油对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用

为了探究利福昔明、精油单独和联合应用对乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)及其生物被膜形成的抑制作用,测定利福昔明、精油对9株金葡菌临床分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低抑膜浓度(MBIC),棋盘法测定二者对金葡菌菌株S.a-2的联合抑菌指数(FICI),研究其对金葡菌菌株S.a-2生物被膜形成的作用。结果显示:利福昔明对金葡菌的MIC为0.016～4.00μg·mL~(-1),3种精油中,薄荷油的抑菌作用最强,MIC为0.16%～2.50%,且与利福昔明联合表现相加作用;利福昔明联合1/2 MIC、1/8 MIC薄荷油对金葡菌菌株S.a-2生物被膜形成的抑制率为90%和51%,极显著高于1/2 MIC、1/8 MIC薄荷油单独组(61%和37%)及利福昔明组(40%)(P0.01);利福昔明联合1/4 MIC薄荷油的抑制率为62%,极显著高于利福昔明组(P0.01),显著高于1/4 MIC薄荷油组(53%)(P0.05);利福昔明联合1/16 MIC的薄荷油的抑制率为44%,与1/16 MIC薄荷油组(41%)及利福昔明组差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明:利福昔明、薄荷油单独作用对金葡菌菌株S.a-2生物被膜的形成有明显抑制,一定浓度的薄荷油与利福昔明联合应用对其有更强抑制作用。     

不同浓度大蒜素溶液对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌N2分离株生物被膜的影响

为了研究不同浓度的大蒜素溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用,试验采用XTT法检测了不同浓度大蒜素(512,256,128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1μg/m L)处理对不同生长时间的金黄色葡萄球菌N2分离株生物被膜的影响。结果表明:大蒜素浓度与OD450值呈反比。512μg/m L浓度大蒜素作用于金黄色葡萄球菌N2菌株后测得的OD450值均0. 1,表现为对生物被膜的强烈抑制作用;256,128,64,32,16,8,4μg/m L浓度大蒜素作用于金黄色葡萄球菌N2菌株后测得的OD450值均≥0. 1～≤0. 4,表现为对生物被膜的明显抑制作用;2,1μg/m L浓度的大蒜素作用于金黄色葡萄球菌N2菌株后测得的OD450值均0. 4,表现为对生物被膜的微弱抑制作用。说明大蒜素浓度是影响金黄色葡萄球菌N2分离菌生物被膜的主要因素,大蒜素浓度为512μg/m L时呈现明显的杀菌作用。     

辣椒碱体外抑菌及抗氧化能力评价

文章旨在研究体外条件下辣椒碱对鸭源性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果和抗氧化能力。试验采用平板涂布法测定辣椒碱对3种致病菌的MIC,采用比浊法测定不同时间点菌液的光密度(OD值),绘制生长曲线。采用体外法测定辣椒碱对1,1-二苯基-二苦基肼(DPPH)、超氧阴离子和羟自由基的清除率评价辣椒碱的抗氧化能力。结果显示,辣椒碱对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别1、2、2 g/L,对DPPH、超氧阴离子和羟自由基均有一定的清除能力。试验表明,辣椒碱对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果明显,是一种良好的抑菌剂和抗氧化剂。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。