三江平原湿地植物毛苔草枯落物分解过程中热值动态研究

根据三江平原毛苔草枯落物分解过程中热值及有机物组分含量的测定,分析了枯落物分解过程中热值动态变化及与有机物各组分含量之间的相关性。结果显示：（1）随着分解的进行,O～10cm埋藏深度下毛苔草枯落物热值呈先快速下降后缓慢上升,最后又快速下降的变化趋势;10～20cm埋藏深度下毛苔草枯落物热值呈逐渐降低的趋势,在分解初期降低速率较大,后期降低缓慢。（2）从分解天数与有机物各组分的相关性来看,0～10cm、10～20cm层枯落物中C、C／N和纤维素与分解天数呈显著负相关性,表明随着分解的进行,枯落物中C、C／N和纤维素含量呈显著减少的趋势;而10～20cm层枯落物中N与分解天数存在显著正相关关系。（3）从不同埋藏深度枯落物分解过程中热值与有机物各组分含量的相关性来看,枯落物分解过程中热值与枯落物中木质素含量呈显著相关。本研究有助于明确沼泽湿地植物枯落物分解过程中能量流动特征,为完善沼泽湿地生态系统能量生态学研究提供依据。     

三江平原典型沼泽生态系统毛果苔草枯落物中化学元素变化分析

通过对三江平原典型沼泽生态系统毛果苔草枯落物中元素分析发现，Fe、Ni、Na元素随时间在枯落物中有积累的趋势；Mn、K、Mg元素先减少后增加；Ca元素在整个过程中是减少趋势；Cd、Co含量随时间呈减少的趋势，但速率平缓。在影响枯落物分解的因素中，积水深度和地表温度是决定性因素；枯落物中元素间有很好的相关性。     

三江平原小叶章枯落物分解及硫素释放动态

利用分解袋法研究了三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物在两个生长季的分解动态和硫素释放规律。结果表明：小叶章枯落物的分解模式为快一慢交替的变化模式。残留率随着时间逐渐降低，分解480d后小叶章典型草甸枯落物的残留率为70．87％，小叶章沼泽化草甸枯落物的残留率为66．28％，其二者相应的分解速率分别为0．0006117d^-1和0．0006745d^-1，二者的质量损失没有显著差异。二者枯落物中硫素的浓度在分解过程中均呈波动变化，并和干物质残留率存在线性关系，硫素释放模式为：淋溶一固持一释放，C：S是决定其释放模式的主要因素，当C：S降至908．59时小叶章典型草甸枯落物中硫素开始迅速释放，而小叶章沼泽化草甸枯落物硫素开始释放的C：S是1451．41。     

三江平原典型沼泽生态系统毛果苔草枯落物中化学元素变化分析

通过对三江平原典型沼泽生态系统毛果苔草枯落物中元素分析发现,Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｎａ元素随时间在枯落物中有积累的趋势;Ｍｎ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ元素先减少后增加;Ｃａ元素在整个过程中是减少趋势;Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ含量随时间呈减少的趋势,但速率平缓。在影响枯落物分解的因素中,积水深度和地表温度是决定性因素;枯落物中间元素间有很好的相关性。     

坡向对云雾山典型草原枯落物分解特性的影响

为探讨不同坡向对草地枯落物分解特性的影响,应用尼龙网袋法研究云雾山典型草原主要优势种本氏针茅(Sti pa bungeona)和铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)(茎、叶)枯落物在阴阳坡1年内的分解失重情况及营养元素动态.结果表明:枯落物分解残留率呈逐渐下降趋势,1年后失重率在18.8％～39.94％之间,分解速率呈快-慢-快变化.指数回归方程拟合得到分解速率常数κ值大小顺序为铁杆蒿叶(0.446)＞本氏针茅(0.321)＞铁杆蒿茎(0.220),阳坡(0.355)＞阴坡(0.301),且不同物种和不同坡向对分解速率影响差异显著(P＜0.001).枯落物50％分解和95％分解所需的时间在1.39～3.45年和6.22～15.12年之间.Pearson相关分析显示分解速率常数κ与枯落物初始氮含量成显著正相关(r=0.895),与C/N比成极显著负相关(r=-0.940).枯落物1年分解过程中氮浓度波动上升,磷浓度波动下降,钾浓度持续下降.总体上N,P,K元素绝对量均下降,养分累积指数NAI＜100％.不同元素由于在枯落物中初始含量、存在方式及降解中微生物作用的不同,释放和积累模式也不同.     

典型草原枯落物分解过程中官能团的动态特征

选择锡林浩特东部国家气候观象台的生态监测研究样地,对大针茅(Stipa grandis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、知母(Anemarrhena asphodeloides)枯落物的化学结构特征进行阐释。结果表明:(1)枯落物分解速率呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,且知母枯落物分解速率高于大针茅、羊草和糙隐子草;枯落物总碳(TC)含量为富集-释放模式,在第120d时,知母枯落物TC含量高于其他3种植物。(2)大针茅、羊草、知母、糙隐子草枯落物所含的主要官能团为-OH;=C-H、-CH 2、-CH 3;C=O;C=O、C=C;C-O。(3)不同植物枯落物官能团含量在分解初期迅速减少,在分解后期减少趋势较为缓慢,与分解过程中枯落物的分解速率变化趋势一致;知母的含碳官能团含量在分解结束后最低,而羊草的则最大,且知母和糙隐子草损失量最大,与分解过程中枯落物TC含量的特征一致。(4)大针茅的支链化指数最大,羊草的最小;糙隐子草的芳香性指数最大,知母的最小。不同植物芳香性指数在分解初期迅速减少,在分解后期减少趋势较为缓慢,与分解速率变化趋势一致。     

三江平原小叶章枯落物分解动态及其分解残留物中磷素季节动态

对三江平原典型小叶章植被5～10月生长季内枯落物分解速率、分解残留物中磷素的浓度和重量的季节动态以及相应土壤中的磷素季节动态进行了系统的分析研究.结果表明,小叶章枯落物分解失重率为29.80%,最大日失重率为0.25%;小叶章枯落物分解残留物中磷素浓度与重量的季节变化随分解的进行均呈减少趋势,当分解到157d后两者减少的量分别为57.69mg/kg和1.6199mg,分别占原有量的72.84%和76.30%;相应土壤中磷素的变化与其分解残留物中磷素的同期变化具有较好的多项式负相关关系.     

宁夏盐池草地典型群落枯落物与土壤和水热的关系

摘要：利用原位观测法及分解袋埋放法对宁夏盐池县草地生态系统典型群落枯落物进行研究,得到以下结果,1）试验地冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)枯落物蓄积月动态与月降水量、均温没有显著相关性,4种枯落物蓄积量10月达最大值,且月波动变异系数较高,为71.77%~107.91%;2）各典型群落枯落物含水量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;3）各典型群落枯落物的分解能引起土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的变化,但是对土壤全磷、全钾的影响不明显。     

宁夏荒漠草原优势植物枯落物分解特征及其影响因素

为明确宁夏荒漠草原植物枯落物分解规律,以赖草（Leymus secalinus）、胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）及其混合物枯落物为研究对象,采用网孔分解袋法,调查了不同处理植物枯落物分解率及其影响因素。结果显示：植物枯落物分解率均呈现出前期显著增加、中期平缓变化趋势,但后期受网孔影响较大。70 d和210 d时,4 mm和2 mm网孔中分解率均表现为混合物最高,胡枝子居中,而赖草最低;但在0.01 mm网孔中,仅210 d分解率表现为混合物和胡枝子较高,而赖草最低。并且,140 d时仅4 mm网孔、280 d时仅2 mm和0.01 mm网孔中3种处理植物枯落物分解率呈现出显著差异性。分解50%和95%所需时间,随网孔减小,赖草和混合物枯落物则延长,而胡枝子枯落物则缩短。研究表明,210 d是3种处理枯落物分解率显著变化的重要节点。不同处理植物枯落物分解过程显著不同,并且受到不同土壤动物类群分布及温湿条件的深刻影响。     

干旱与半干旱区红砂枯落物分解初期节肢动物群落结构特征

选择宁夏盐池半干旱区和内蒙古乌拉特后旗干旱区荒漠草原为研究样地,以红砂枯落物为研究对象,利用网孔分解袋法,在灌丛内外微生境布设分解袋。通过调查分解袋中节肢动物群落组成与多样性分布特征,结合枯落物化学分析和土壤环境因子测定,研究灌丛微生境红砂枯落物分解初期节肢动物群落结构分布规律。结果表明：1）红砂枯落物节肢动物优势类群在盐池半干旱区灌丛中有3类,裸地中仅2类;而在乌拉特后旗干旱区表现为灌丛内外优势类群均有3类。常见类群在盐池半干旱区灌丛中有7类,而裸地中仅3类;而乌拉特后旗干旱区灌丛中有7类,裸地中有4类。稀有类群在盐池半干旱区表现为仅在裸地出现,而乌拉特后旗干旱区表现为仅在灌丛内出现。2）红砂枯落物节肢动物个体数和类群数在盐池半干旱区均表现为裸地显著高于灌丛,而在乌拉特后旗干旱区均表现为裸地显著低于灌丛（P<0.05）。红砂枯落物节肢动物Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数以及Pielou指数在盐池半干旱区和乌拉特后旗干旱区均表现为灌丛内外无显著差异（P>0.05）。3）红砂枯落物节肢动物个体数在盐池半干旱区仅与土壤pH值呈显著正相关性,而与土壤砂粒含量呈显著负相关性;类群数在盐池半干旱区仅与土壤砂粒呈显著负相关性（P<0.05）。在乌拉特后旗干旱区红砂枯落物节肢动物个体数和类群数与环境因子间均无相关性（P>0.05）。冗余分析（RDA）和偏RDA分析结果表明,枯落物K含量是影响干旱与半干旱区红砂枯落物节肢动物个体数分布的主要环境因子。4）综合表明,红砂枯落物节肢动物个体数和类群数受到灌丛微生境和气候因子的双重影响,但群落多样性受灌丛微生境和气候因子的影响均较小。并且,随干旱程度的加强,灌丛微生境对红砂枯落物节肢动物个体数和类群数分布的影响从溢出效应转变为聚集效应。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.