鸭疫里氏杆菌病的防治

鸭疫里氏杆菌病又名鸭传染性浆膜炎,是由鸭疫里氏杆菌感染引起的一种接触性传染病,本病以出现纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎和脑膜炎为特征。 　　鸭疫里氏杆菌病于 1932年在美国纽约州长岛的鸭群中首次发生,曾先后被称为新鸭病、鸭败血症、鸭疫综合征、鸭疫巴氏杆菌病。 1993年 Segers等人利用分子生物学技术对本病病原菌的各种表型参数和基因特征进行分析,认为应将该菌放在单独的一个属,为纪念首先发现本菌的 Riemer氏 (1904),特将本菌的属名命名为 Riemerella,由本菌引起的鸭病命名为鸭疫里氏杆菌病 (Riemerella anatipestife…     

鸭疫里默氏菌

鸭疫里默氏菌是黄杆菌种的一个成员，是鸭传染性浆膜炎的病原菌。过去多年因对本菌的生物学特性知之较少，故将其列入不同的菌属，但根据细菌的表型和基因型特征，现列为一个单独的属，过去业内人士对此菌了解甚少，故刊出本供参考。     

鸭疫里默氏菌分子生物学研究进展

鸭疫里默氏菌是造成雏鸭死亡最重要的病原菌之一,主要侵害2~6周龄雏鸭,严重阻碍了养鸭业的发展。作者从全基因组序列、基因分型、毒力因子、蛋白质组学、耐药基因及分子生物学检测等方面概述了鸭疫里默氏菌的分子生物学研究现状,为鸭疫里默氏菌病的防制提供指导和方向。     

鸭疫巴氏杆菌病的预防与治疗

鸭疫巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella anatipestifer,PA)病是家鸭、火鸡和多种禽类的一种高度接触性传染病,又称为新鸭病、鸭败血症、鸭疫综合征、传染性浆膜炎、鸭疫里雷默氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)病。鸭疫巴氏杆菌病于1932年由Hendrickson J M.首次报道,我国郭玉璞等于1982年在北京首次报道,并对本病病原菌进行了分离和鉴定。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验

对江西丰城地区某规模化养鸭场疑似鸭传染性浆膜炎的病死鸭进行病原菌的分离鉴定、生化试验和药敏试验,初步鉴定为鸭疫里氏杆菌。药敏实验结果发现分离菌对庆大霉素、链霉素、氯霉素、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、呋喃唑酮高度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素、诺氟沙星、四环素、氨苄西林存在耐药性。     

荆州地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌的药敏试验及其临床应用

对湖北荆州部分地区30例共118只疑似鸭传染性浆膜炎病死鸭的病料,经过病原菌分离培养和鉴定,共从病死鸭中分离到了75株典型的鸭疫里默氏杆菌;然后用15种常用抗菌药物的标准药敏纸片进行了常规药敏试验。结果显示:对该地区鸭浆膜炎病原高敏的药物有利福平、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松和阿米卡星,中敏的有氟苯尼考、复方新诺明、粘杆菌素和强力霉素,低敏的有痢菌净、氟哌酸、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠。将高敏药物和部分中敏药物组合进行临床应用,取得了较好的防治效果。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的防治

鸭浆膜炎是由鸭疫里默氏杆菌引起的传染病，该菌有21个血清型。本试验通过对发病鸭的临床诊断和病原进行分离鉴定。用本场的菌株制作灭活苗进行预防免疫，取得了很好的防治效果，保护率高达90％以上。     

人工感染鸭疫里氏杆菌雏鸭的病理学变化

用鸭疫里氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer)人工感染7日龄雏鸭，对其进行了临床症状、病理剖检和病理组织学观察。试验结果表明，人工感染鸭疫里氏杆菌24h后，感染鸭开始出现死亡，且在48h内全部死亡。剖检可见典型的纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎。病理组织学检查表明，在感染鸭的心、肝、脾、肺组织出现纤维素性炎症，脑和肾组织分别出现脑膜炎和坏死性肾炎等变化。     

河北故城地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离鉴定和血清型分析

对河北省故城地区送检的疑似鸭疫里默氏杆菌感染发病的病鸭进行病原菌的分离鉴定,根据培养特性和生化鉴定结果鉴定出13株鸭疫里默氏杆菌,并对分离菌进行了血清型鉴定和药物敏感试验;经玻片凝集试验和琼脂扩散试验得出血清1型5株,血清2型4株,血清6型1株,血清10型1株,还有2株未定型。试验证明血清1、2型是目前故城地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌的主要流行血清型,分离菌株对雏鸭有很强的致病性且耐药谱较广,但对氧氟沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星和氟苯尼考较为敏感。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌病

鸭疫里氏杆菌（Ｒｉｅｍｒｅｌａａｎａｔｉｐｅｓｔｉｆｅｒ,ＲＡ）可感染鸭、鹅、火鸡等多种禽类,能引起１～８周龄的鸭发生传染性浆膜炎［１,２］。目前,在世界各养鸭国家和地区（包括我国在内）,ＲＡ感染是造成肉鸭发病和死亡的最重要传染病之一。１病原特性１．...     

牛羊养殖中细菌性疾病防治

牛羊养殖技术不断增强,养殖中加强对于各类疾病的处理预防和控制也至关重要,需要不断完善相关管理措施,提升各系统类型疾病的预防效果,提升牛羊养殖业的整体收益,细菌性疾病是牛羊养殖中较为常见的一种病症类型,在实际养殖中需要明确了解细菌性传染病的发病原因,且在实际牛羊养殖中,需要通过对牛羊的生理表现及临床症状的关注,了解其病变情况,分析其是否存在细菌感染情况及时开展相应的控制措施。     

我国畜产品生产与贸易

对1990-2009年中国与世界主要畜产品生产和贸易进行分析,近20年世界和中国主要畜产品产量均呈增加趋势。1990-2009年,世界和中国肉类产量由17.99和3.0千万t增到28.39和7.8千万t,中国占世界比重由16.9%增到27.5%;世界鸡蛋产量由3.52千万t增到6.28千万t,中国占世界比重从18.61%增到37.61%;中国牛奶产量近20年增加8倍;世界羊毛产量从3.35百万t降至2.04百万t,中国羊毛产量由23.94万t上升到36.40万t。牛肉净贸易逆差量从478 t增到1694 t;2009年羊肉贸易逆差量和逆差额为7.65万t和1.566亿美元(美元),比1990年增加745.6%和1102%。中国猪肉进出口除2000年和2006-2008年外,其他年份贸易量和贸易额都处顺差;中国禽肉进口远超出口,1990-2006年贸易额处顺差,2007-2009年贸易额处逆差。2000-2009年,鸡蛋出口量持续增至13.47万t,2009年鸡蛋进口量268 t。过去20年,中国牛奶贸易处顺差,2009年其进口量和进口额增至1.46万t和1.18千万美元,比2008年增加80.9%和64.05%;中国羊毛贸易处逆差,逆差量和逆差额由3.52万t和1.274亿美元增至26.92万t和1.368亿美元。因动物疫病、药物残留、动物福利等问题,中国畜产品国际贸易受到限制,需从饲草生产、养殖、产品加工、流通等环节加以改善。     

Half a century of equine reproduction research and application: A veterinary tour de force

Over the past 50 years, per season pregnancy rate in Thoroughbred mares have risen from 70 to >90% and foaling rates from 55 to >80%. Some of the significant pharmacological treatments and diagnostic methods which have driven this marked improvement in breeding efficiency are reviewed. They include the application of artificial lighting to hasten the onset of ovulatory oestrous cyclicity in early Spring, rapid steroid hormone assays to aid in determining the stage and normality of the mare's cycle, prostaglandin analogues, synthetic progestagens and Gonadotrophin‐releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogues to better control and manipulate her cycle to good effect, transrectal ultrasound scanning to monitor follicle growth, endometrial architecture and ovulation and to allow accurate, early pregnancy diagnosis thereby enabling successful ablation of one of twin conceptuses. Also, flexible videoendoscopy to monitor physiological and pathological changes in the uterine endometrium and rigid laparoscopy to apply prostaglandin to the oviducts to dislodge and clear suspected blockages of them to restore fertility. The outbreak of Contagious Equine Metritis in Newmarket in the spring of 1977 and the swabbing‐related changes to mare and stallion management, plus the improved veterinary hygiene methods, which followed are also recounted. The past half century has witnessed many technical and therapeutic advances that have enhanced tremendously the diagnostic and treatment capabilities of studfarm veterinary surgeons. They, in turn, have improved greatly the efficiency of breeding Thoroughbreds and other types of horses.     

Decision support systems for monitoring and maintaining health in food animal populations

To mitigate the effects of risks to food safety and infectious disease outbreaks in farmed animals, animal health authorities need to have systems in place to identify and trace the source of identified problems in a timely manner. In the event of emergencies, these systems will allow infected or contaminated premises (and/or animals) to be identified and contained, and will allow the extent of problems to be communicated to consumers and trading partners in a clear and unambiguous manner. The key to achieving these goals is the presence of an effective animal health decision support system that will provide the facilities to record and store detailed information about cases and the population at risk, allowing information to be reported back to decision makers when it is required. Described here are the components of an animal health decision support system, and the ways these components can be used to enhance food safety, responses to infectious disease incursions, and animal health and productivity. Examples are provided to illustrate the benefit these systems can return, using data derived from countries that have such systems (or parts of systems) in place. Emphasis is placed on the features that make particular system components effective, and strategies to ensure that these are kept up to date.     

酸碱胁迫对柑橘砧木生长与生理的影响

以8种不同类型的柑橘砧木实生苗为试验材料,在处理条件较为一致的无土栽培系统中进行不同pH值(3.5和9.0,以6.0为对照)处理,测定胁迫下植株的形态表现、生长量指标以及与逆境相关的生理生化指标,利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法对柑橘砧木的耐酸/碱性进行综合性评价。结果显示,与对照相比,酸碱胁迫下供试砧木的各项指标均发生了变化,且变化幅度因砧木不同而不同。利用隶属函数法计算供试材料的耐性综合能力值,其值越大耐性越强,反之越弱。枳(Z-022)是耐酸性较强的砧木,资阳香橙是耐碱性较强的砧木,而KPJ-015和卡里佐枳橙分别是对酸胁迫和碱胁迫较为敏感的柑橘砧木。     

Constraints to microbial food safety policy: opinions from stakeholder groups along the farm to fork continuum

This exploratory qualitative study was conducted to identify constraints to microbial food safety policy in Canada and the USA from the perspective of stakeholder groups along the farm to fork continuum. Thirty-seven stakeholders participated in interviews or a focus group where semi-structured questions were used to facilitate discussion about constraints to policy development and implementation. An emergent grounded theory approach was used to determine themes and concepts that arose from the data (versus fitting the data to a hypothesis or a priori classification). Despite the plurality of stakeholders and the range of content expertise, participant perceptions emerged into five common themes, although, there were often disagreements as to the positive or negative attributes of specific concepts. The five themes included challenges related to measurement and objectives of microbial food safety policy goals, challenges arising from lack of knowledge, or problems with communication of knowledge coupled with current practices, beliefs and traditions; the complexity of the food system and the plurality of stakeholders; the economics of producing safe food and the limited resources to address the problem; and, issues related to decision-making and policy, including ownership of the problem and inappropriate inputs to the decision-making process. Responsibilities for food safety and for food policy failure were attributed to all stakeholders along the farm to fork continuum. While challenges regarding the biology of food safety were identified as constraints, a broader range of policy inputs encompassing social, economic and political considerations were also highlighted as critical to the development and implementation of effective food safety policy. Strategies to address these other inputs may require new, transdisciplinary approaches as an adjunct to the traditional science-based risk assessment model.     

草原牧区要率先实现乡村振兴

通过梳理草原、牧区和乡村振兴战略的概念、内涵与相互关系,阐述草原牧区乡村振兴在巩固脱贫成果、确保和谐稳定、维护民族团结、筑牢生态屏障和减轻农区压力等方面的重要意义,分析了草原牧区具有丰富的自然资源、深邃的草原文化、多样的物质传承、美丽的自然景观和良好的发展潜力等实施乡村振兴战略的有利条件,提出了以下推进草原牧区率先实现乡村振兴的对策措施：延伸绿色畜产品产业链、打造价值链,实现产业兴旺;通过草原改良措施,提升草原人口承载力,发展多种产业吸收富裕的农牧民,实现生态宜居;强化牧区教育,传承草原文明建设成果,培育农牧民的良好风气,实现乡风文明;完善法律法规,改善法治环境,增强法治建设,同时充分发挥农牧民群众自治的作用,实现治理有效;政策支持和引导草原牧区发展文化旅游业、花卉业、食品业、药材业等多种产业,实现草原牧区生活富裕。     

Mineral requirements for weight gain in growing male Santa Inês and Morada Nova hair sheep

This study estimated the net macro and micromineral requirement from the 48 male uncastrated lambs (24 growing male Santa Inês and 24 growing male Morada Nova hair sheep), with initial weights of 21.7 ± 1.2 kg and 20.8 ± 0.8 kg using the comparative slaughter method. The experimental diet consisted of 30% forage (Buffel—Cenchrus ciliaris (L) hay) and 70% concentrate (corn grain 43.5%, soybean meal 22.0%, vegetable oil 3.0% and mineral supplement 1.5%). The experimental design was a completely randomized with two breeds, four weights, and six replicate. Mineral requirements sufficient to promote weight gain in Santa Inês sheep ranged from 1.75 to 1.03 g Ca, 1.01 to 0.61 g of P, 0.38 to 0.21 g of K, 0.38 to 0.16 of Na, 0.10 to 0.06 Mg, 28.5 to 16.0 mg of Fe, 6.14 to 3.22 mg of Cu, and Zn 23.0 to 14.0 mg/kg per unit of empty body weight (EBW) gain. In the Morada Nova breed, the requirements ranged from 1.96 to 0.84 g of Ca, 1.15 to 0.46 of P, 0.39 to 0.19 of K, 0.28 to 0.13 of Na, 0.10 to 0.05 Mg, 26.2 to 12.9 mg of Fe, 5.59 to 2.46 Cu, and Zn 23.6 to 10.3 mg/kg of EBW gain. Mineral requirements varied mainly in accordance with the proportion of bone mass and fat concentration in the carcass, which were influenced by the slaughter weight of the animals, and therefore should be used in the formulation of dietary mineral supplements.     

Phenotypic Resistance to Disinfectants and Antibiotics in Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Pigs

The aim of this research was to study the phenotypic resistances to disinfectants and antibiotics in strains of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) obtained from Canary black pigs. Analyses were performed on 54 strains of MRSA, isolated in Canary black pigs from the province of Tenerife (Spain); all of them carried the mecA gene. The strains were isolated by means of nasal swab samples of healthy pigs, collected under veterinarian supervision. Bactericidal activity of antiseptics and disinfectants was tested by means of the dilution–neutralization method. Susceptibility to the disinfectants glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid and silver nitrate was assessed, as well as to the antiseptics chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride and povidone iodine. Susceptibility to a wide array of antibiotics representing the main groups was determined by means of the disc diffusion method. All the strains demonstrated susceptibility to the disinfectants tested at the recommended concentration, and even to dilutions equal to or lesser than 1/16. The most effective antiseptic and disinfectant were, respectively, chlorhexidine and silver nitrate. With regard to the antibiotics, the strains proved to be multiresistant. All presented phenotypic resistance to the β‐lactam antibiotics ampicillin, penicillin and cefoxitin, as well as to numerous aminoglycosides, tetracycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. It was also observed that 61.1% of the strains were carriers of plasmids. Our results underline that in the strains such as MRSA, which show multiple resistances to antibiotics, the antiseptics and disinfectants show great efficacy. Moreover, as other authors also suggest, for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by MRSA, the use of β‐lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics may be less effective.     

4种补血草属植物种子发芽对温度的响应

以乡土种黄花补血草（Limonium aureum）和引种于民勤沙生植物园的二色补血草（L.bicolor）、大叶补血草（L.gmelinii）、耳叶补血草（L.otolepis）4种植物种子为材料,进行了温度对种子发芽影响的研究。结果表明,种子发芽率达最大值的温度范围黄花补血草为10～20 ℃,发芽率为95％～97%;二色补血草为15～25 ℃,发芽率为95％～100%;大叶补血草为20～35 ℃,发芽率在98%以上;耳叶补血草为20～30 ℃,发芽率为97.33％～98.67%。种子发芽势达最大值的温度范围黄花补血草为15～20 ℃;二色补血草15～20 ℃;大叶补血草为20～35 ℃;耳叶补血草为25～30 ℃。发芽指数达最大值的温度范围黄花补血草为15～20 ℃;二色补血草20～25 ℃;大叶补血草为25～30 ℃;耳叶补血草为20 ℃。发芽指数出现最大值的温度不一致,黄花补血草、二色补血草、耳叶补血草均在20 ℃出现最大值,发芽指数分别为36.26、37.26和24.34,大叶补血草在30 ℃出现最大值,发芽指数为33.12。幼苗长度最大值的温度范围黄花补血草为15～20 ℃;二色补血草为20～25 ℃;大叶补血草为25～30 ℃;耳叶补血草为20～25 ℃,4种补血草幼苗长度最大值分别出现在20、15、25和25 ℃,分别为4.31、2.38、1.59和1.38 cm。综合各项指标,分析认为黄花补血草、二色补血草、大叶补血草和耳叶补血草种子发芽的适宜温度范围分别为15～20、20～25、25～30和20～25 ℃。