犬A型产气荚膜梭菌灭活疫苗的制备及免疫学评价

产气荚膜梭菌是引起犬猝死症的主要病原菌,目前临床上还没有预防犬猝死症的疫苗。本试验以分离自犬的A型产气荚膜梭菌为制苗菌株,首先对利用甲醛进行产气荚膜梭菌培养液脱毒的浓度和时间进行了优化,然后利用脱毒后的产气荚膜梭菌培养液对小鼠和犬进行免疫,并对不同佐剂(铝佐剂和油佐剂)和不同免疫途径(皮下注射和腹腔注射)的免疫效果进行评价。结果显示,产气荚膜梭菌灭活疫苗具有良好的免疫保护效果,免疫后小鼠体内可产生高水平的血清抗体,抗体效价最高可达6.25×104。产气荚膜梭菌铝胶灭活疫苗对犬具有良好的安全性,单次免疫(4mL/只)或2次免疫(2mL/只)均可产生良好的免疫保护效果(5/5)。结果表明,本试验制备的犬A型产气荚膜梭菌灭活疫苗可用于预防犬产气荚膜梭菌感染。     

仔猪大肠杆菌病、C型产气荚膜梭菌病二联灭活疫苗的研制与应用

为了研制仔猪大肠杆菌病、C型产气荚膜梭菌病二联灭活疫苗,将大肠埃希菌C83549(K88)、C83644(K99)、C83710(987P)菌株和C型产气荚膜梭菌C59-2菌株分别接种适宜培养基,提取大肠埃希菌纤毛和C型产气荚膜梭菌外毒素,灭活和脱毒后加入冻干保护剂,冷冻干燥制成冻干灭活疫苗。该疫苗性状为类白色海绵状疏松团块,无菌检验合格,疫苗对仔猪和怀孕母猪安全,怀孕母猪免疫该疫苗后所产仔猪对大肠埃希菌和C型产气荚膜梭菌的攻毒保护率均在80%以上。临床应用结果表明,该疫苗能明显提高免疫母猪的窝平仔猪成活数。     

鹿产气荚膜梭菌二价灭活疫苗的制备和免疫效力试验

为了研制鹿产气荚膜梭菌A型和C型二价灭活疫苗,对疫苗的免疫效力和免疫持续期以及疫苗保存期进行测定,从而为开发免疫原性较好的无毒副作用的灭活疫苗奠定基础。将产气荚膜梭菌T5-A和J28-C株的培养液按1∶1混和,混合菌液按9∶1加入灭菌铝胶,经浓缩制备3批灭活疫苗0406-1,0406-2,0406-3。安全检验合格后,采用"血清中和试验"检验技术,进行家兔攻毒与血清抗体效价的平行试验,测定疫苗的免疫效力和免疫持续期以及疫苗保存期。结果是疫苗的安全性良好,免疫效力表明疫苗的免疫保护率为100%,抗体效价显示C型抗体效价高于A型,疫苗对C型菌的保护期长达6个月,而对A型菌的保护期为3个月。疫苗保存期的测定表明,疫苗可以保存10个月以上。表明3批疫苗安全性较好,对家兔有较强的免疫保护,为疫苗的下一步鹿田间试验提供了理论依据。     

兔病毒性出血症、多杀性巴氏杆菌病、产气荚膜梭菌病(A)型三联灭活疫苗研制

对 5批兔病毒性出血症、多杀性巴氏杆菌病、产气荚膜梭菌病三联灭活疫苗进行了动物试验 ,结果表明该疫苗安全有效。近期效检对兔病毒性出血症的保护率为 1 0 0 % ,对兔多杀性巴氏杆菌病保护率为 92 % ,对产气荚膜梭菌病 (A)型保护率为 88%。在免疫期试验中 ,免疫 6个月后 ,对兔病毒性出血症保护率为 1 0 0 % ,对多杀性巴氏杆菌病的保护率为 79% ,对产气荚膜梭菌病 (A)型的保护率为 88%。在保存期试验中 ,4～ 8℃保存 1年仍有效。     

山羊梭菌类疾病的诊治体会

山羊梭菌类疾病主要包括C型产气荚膜梭菌（羊猝狙）、D型产气荚膜梭菌（羊肠毒血症）、B型产气荚膜梭菌（羔羊痢疾）和B型诺维氏梭菌（羊黑疫），对养羊业生产危害较为严重。这几种病原菌在羊舍普遍存在，如在粪便、尿液及污水中大量存在，特别是老养羊场（舍），卫生条件差、管理不到位，暴发该类疫病的机会更大，应高度重视。     

猪诺维氏梭菌诊治报告

诺维氏梭菌又称水肿梭菌，是一种革兰氏阳性、大小不一的厌氧杆菌，能形成芽胞，在猪体内可产生极强的外毒素，引起猪的突然死亡。此病在冬季和春季寒冷季节多发，主要侵害成年肥猪和种猪，老龄母猪的发病比例较高。临床上诺维氏梭菌病以突然猝死、死后迅速臌气为特征。2009年12月营口某规模猪场陆续发生了几例此病，现将诊治情况报告如下。     

D型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗的研制及保护效果的评价

为研制更有效的预防家畜D型产气荚膜梭菌肠毒血症的疫苗,本研究采用D型产气荚膜梭菌标准菌株增菌培养,经自制产毒培养基高效产毒,制备成D型产气荚膜梭菌氢氧化铝类毒素疫苗和白油类毒素疫苗。通过不同剂量疫苗免疫绵羊的攻毒保护试验和免疫绵羊的抗体水平监测,评估疫苗的免疫保护效果。结果表明:D型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗安全性良好,氢氧化铝苗和白油苗对绵羊有效免疫剂量均为4 m L(外毒素对小鼠半数致死量为2-6.4/m L),绵羊接种一个有效免疫剂量后,氢氧化铝疫苗免疫保护周期为6周以上;白油疫苗免疫保护周期为21周以上。本研究结果表明两种疫苗均具有良好的应用前景。     

A型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗与全菌灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫效力的比较研究

制备了六批兔A型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗和其全菌灭活疫苗,并且对其安全性和免疫效力进行了比较研究。结果表明,类毒素灭活疫苗无毒副作用,局部刺激小,安全性好于全菌灭活疫苗。免疫效力结果二者无明显差异,两种疫苗的攻毒保护率均不低于4/5,免疫期均在6个月以上。     

仔猪产气荚膜梭菌肠毒血症病原分离及疫苗研究Ⅵ.疫苗的本动物免疫效力试验及保存期试验

用实验室制备的仔猪产气荚膜梭菌肠毒血症A型疫苗、C型疫苗和AC型二价疫苗各3批,分别免疫接种初产或无特异性中和抗体的经产怀孕后期妊娠母猪36头.免疫母猪所产仔猪在其采食初乳后,分别攻击致死量的产气英膜梭菌毒素.试验结果表明,3种疫苗对免疫母猪所产仔猪的保护率分别为100%、100%和96.63%.疫苗保存期试验表明,疫苗在2～8℃条件下保存3年,其效力保持不变.     

C型产气荚膜梭菌病单价和二价混合灭活苗与三价灭活苗免疫效力比较

为了比较C型产气荚膜梭菌病单价和二价混合灭活苗与三价灭活苗的免疫效力,试验制备了单价和二价混合灭活苗与三价灭活苗,并接种奶牛及ICR小鼠,分别进行静脉采血,观察抗血清中和C型产气荚膜梭菌强毒株C59-2毒素粗提物的情况.结果表明:制备的抗血清可以中和C型产气荚膜梭菌强毒株C59-2的剂量为1LD100,ICR小鼠血清毒...     

Clostridium Infection (Jisizheng) in Yaks in Qinghai,China

Since the mid-1980s, outbreaks of a disease characterized by a sudden onset, acute deaths and extensive haemorrhages in the viscera and digestive tract of yaks have been prevalent in Qilian, Qinghai, China. The disease is known as jisizheng by local people. Virulent Clostridium perfringens type A and Clostridium haemolytica were isolated from yaks that had died of jisizheng. In 1996 and 1997, yaks were immunized with a polyvalent inactivated vaccine against C. perfringens and with an inactivated vaccine against C. haemolyticum, and this prevented the occurrence of jisizheng.     

Bacteria of Pathogenic Importance in Faeces from Cadavers of Free-ranging or Corralled Semi-domesticated Reindeer in Northern Norway

There is little information on bacteria that have the potential to cause disease in reindeer husbandry. In this project, faecal samples from 35 free-ranging or corralled reindeer, adults and calves, that died in the winter of 2000 in northern Norway, were examined for the occurrence of Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Listeria spp., Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp. to evaluate the role of these microrganisms in loss and mortality in reindeer husbandry. In addition, 31 of these samples were examined for the occurrence of bacteria producing shigatoxin-1 and 2. C. perfringens was isolated in 20 (57.1%) of the faecal samples. In the free-ranging reindeer, 44% were positive carriers of C. perfringens and 90% of the corralled ones were positive for C. perfringens. In addition, the gene encoding for shigatoxin-1 was detected in one of the samples derived from a corralled reindeer. The other bacteria investigated were not found. Shigatoxin-1-producing bacteria were isolated for the first time from reindeer in Norway. However, no correlation between C. perfringens or shigatoxin-1-producing bacteria and mortality in the reindeer could be established.     

凝结芽孢杆菌对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能、肠道病变及免疫器官指数的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能、肠道病变及免疫器官指数的影响。选用312只1日龄科宝500肉鸡公雏,随机分成4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复13只鸡。采用2×2双因子完全随机设计,产气荚膜梭菌分为无感染产气荚膜梭菌组和感染产气荚膜梭菌组,日粮中凝结芽孢杆菌水平分别为0和400mg/kg。试验期35d。结果表明,感染产气荚膜梭菌后15~35日龄肉鸡平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),28日龄肠道病变严重(P0.01),35日龄法氏囊指数极显著降低(P0.01);日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可显著提高15~35日龄肉鸡平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低料重比(P0.05),能缓解感染导致的肠道损伤(P0.05),28日龄肉鸡胸腺指数极显著提高(P0.01),35日龄法氏囊指数极显著提高(P0.01)。肠道病变结果分析表明,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌与感染产气荚膜梭菌有显著交互作用(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌能够提高感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能及免疫器官指数,增强动物免疫能力,并能缓解由于产气荚膜梭菌感染而导致的不利影响。     

Enterotoxaemia in goats

Enterotoxaemia of sheep and goats occurs worldwide, but the condition in goats is poorly understood. The disease in goats is mostly caused by Clostridium perfringens type D, although the role of the toxins of this microorganism in the pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood. The disease occurs in three forms, peracute, acute and chronic, the cardinal clinical sign of the acute and chronic forms being diarrhoea. The main biochemical alterations are hyperglycaemia and glycosuria, while at necropsy the disease is often characterized by haemorrhagic colitis. The typical histological changes observed in the brain of sheep with enterotoxaemia are not considered to be a common feature of enterotoxaemia in goats. Although the pathogenesis of caprine enterotoxaemia has not yet been properly defined, it is usually accepted that the presence of C. perfringens type D in the small bowel, together with a sudden change to a diet rich in carbohydrates, is the main predisposing factor for the disease. Vaccination seems to be poorly effective in preventing caprine enterotoxaemia, which might be due to the fact that the enteric form of the disease is partially independent of circulating C. perfringens toxin. More studies are needed on caprine enterotoxaemia, especially of its pathogenesis and immunity, in order to develop more efficient control measures for this disease.     

一种A型魏氏梭状芽孢杆菌氢氧化铝灭活疫苗及其控制猪“猝死症”的效果

Ａ型魏氏梭状芽孢杆菌ＸＰ５株分离自典型猝死症病猪，将其制成氢氧化铝灭活疫苗。疫苗０．６ｍｌ、２ｍｌ和４ｍｌ的剂量可以分别保护小鼠、兔和猪抵抗标准Ａ型魏氏梭状芽孢杆菌毒素１ＭＬＤ的攻击。在两个疫病流行区应用了疫苗，１２１５头接种疫苗猪中死于猝死症的有１２头，死亡率０．９９％，８１５２头未接种疫苗的对照猪中，死于猝死症的有２８４头，死亡率３．４８％，二者显著差异（Ｘ２＝１２．２３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Streptococcus suis type 2 infections in pigs in the Netherlands (part two)

Summary

Since 1983 some pig breeding and fattening farms in the Netherlands have been faced with a considerable mortality in pigs due to Streptococcus suis type 2 infections. The most predominant clinical feature of S. suis type 2 infection is meningitis, although sudden deaths often occur. It was noted that some affected farms had imported breeding stock from the United Kingdom.

Tonsils of slaughter pigs were collected from herds with and without a history of S. suis type 2 infections. Bacteriological examination was done by using an elective‐selective medium. No significant difference was found in carrier rates of S. suis type 2 between clinically healthy and affected herds (38% vs. 45%).

A cohort study was carried out by regular bacteriological examination of tonsil biopsies on a farm with a high incidence of streptococcal meningitis. Twenty‐seven percent of the pigs were carriers of S. suis type 2 at nine weeks of age. Possible methods for disease control are discussed.     

Identification and cloning of two immunogenic Clostridium perfringens proteins, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) of C. perfringens

Clostridium-related poultry diseases such as necrotic enteritis (NE) and gangrenous dermatitis (GD) cause substantial economic losses on a global scale. Two antigenic Clostridium perfringens proteins, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), were identified by reaction with immune sera from commercial meat-type chickens with clinical outbreak of Clostridium infections. In addition to the genes encoding EF-Tu and PFO, C. perfringens alpha-toxin and necrotic enteritis B-like (NetB) toxin were also expressed in Escherichia coli and their corresponding recombinant proteins were purified. Using the four recombinant proteins as target antigens in ELISA immunoassays, high serum antibody titers were observed not only in chickens with clinical signs of Clostridium infections, but also in apparently healthy animals from the same disease-endemic farm. By contrast, no antibodies against any of the proteins were present in the serum of a specific pathogen-free bird. In ELISA using recombinant proteins of C. perfringens, the levels of anti-bacterial protein antibodies were also higher in chickens which were experimentally induced to show NE clinical signs after co-infection with C. perfringens and Eimeria maxima compared with uninfected controls. These results show that two antigenic C. perfringens proteins, EF-Tu and PFO can be useful detection antigens for C. perfringens-afflicted infections in commercial poultry.     

Molecular analysis of the virulence determinants ofClostridium perfringens associated with foal diarrhoea

During an epidemiological study of foal diarrhoea, over half of the cases yielded Clostridium perfringens whichwas significantly associated with disease (Netherwood el al., 1996b). However, the association could not be accounted for by enterotoxigenic isolates which had a low prevalence (Netherwood et al., 1997). Nonetheless, we have hypothesized that the association may be caused by a pathogenic sub-population which would be significantly more common amongst C. perfringens-positive cases compared with C. perfringens-positive healthy controls if it acted as a pathogen when present. Conversely, if foal diarrhoea caused by C. perfringens was dependent on a predisposing factor, then such an association might not be evident. As a first step to determine if a molecular marker was more frequently to be found in C. perfringens-positive cases than controls, we have genotyped the study isolates (up to five per foal) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the published gene sequences for the major lethal toxins alpha, beta, epsilon and iota as well as for theta toxin, large and small sialiclases, hyaluronidase and virulence regulation. Isolates of major toxin types B, C, D and E, or isolates which were untypeable, were isolated from less than 15% of C. perfringens-positive foals and these were not associated with diarrhoea nor were they more commonly found in C. perfringens-positive cases. Isolates of type A were found in more than 90% of all C. perfringens-positive foals. A number of different genotypes were identified by their different patterns of gene possession but types without any of the genes for theta toxin, large and small sialidases, hyaluronidase and virulence regulation were found in only 10% of positive foals. Only type A isolates with all of these genes were associated with diarrhoea overall but they were not more commonly isolated from C. perfringens-positive cases than controls. In conclusion, genotyping by the sequenced virulence genes did not identify a marker for a sub-population of C. perfringens which may be acting more frequently as a pathogen when present.     

Nitric oxide and lysozyme production as an impact to Clostridium perfringens mastitis

The anaerobic mastitis incidence was used to study the bovine udder response in anaerobic bacterial mastitis caused by the Gram-positive bacterial strain of Clostridium perfringens. Milk samples positive for C. perfringens were assayed for NO and lysozyme. The model produced a strong NO and lysozyme response which correlated positively with the severity and outcome of the disease (subclinical and clinical stages). This study is, to our knowledge, the first to suggest a possible link between NO and lysozyme and bovine mastitis caused by C. perfringens. The results raise the possibility that interfering with NO production during mastitis may help to prevent tissue damage.     

An investigation into the association between cpb2-encoding Clostridium perfringens type A and diarrhea in neonatal piglets

To investigate the possible role of cpb2-positive type A Clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrheal illness in pigs, the jejunum and colon of matched normal and diarrheic piglets from 10 farms with a history of neonatal diarrhea were examined grossly and by histopathology, and tested for C. perfringens, for C. perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin, as well as for Clostridium difficile toxins, Salmonella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus, and coccidia. Clostridium perfringens isolates were tested using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the presence of cpa, consensus and atypical cpb2, and other virulence-associated genes. The numbers of C. perfringens in the intestinal contents were lower in diarrheic piglets (log₁₀ 5.4 CFU/g) compared with normal piglets (log₁₀ 6.5 CFU/g) (P < 0.05). The consensus cpb2 was present in 93% of isolates in each group, but atypical cpb2 was less common (56% healthy, 32% diarrheic piglets isolates, respectively, P < 0.05). The presence of CPB2 toxin in the intestinal contents of normal and diarrheic piglets did not differ significantly. Clostridium difficile toxins and rotavirus were each detected in 7 of the 21 (33%) diarrheic piglets. Rotavirus, C. difficile toxins, Salmonella, or enterotoxigenic E. coli were concurrently recovered in different combinations in 4 diarrheic piglets. The cause of diarrhea in 8 of the 21 (38%) piglets on 6 farms remained unknown. The etiological diagnosis of diarrhea could not be determined in any of the piglets on 2 of the farms. This study demonstrated that the number of cpb2-positive type A C. perfringens in the intestinal contents was not a useful approach for making a diagnosis of type A C. perfringens enteritis in piglets. Further work is required to confirm whether cpb2-carrying type A C. perfringens have a pathogenic role in enteric infection in neonatal swine.