肉用鸡成髓细胞白血病

在过去的3年内,肉用种鸡群中的成年鸡成髓细胞白血病(myeloidleukosis)(或称骨髓细胞瘤,myelcytomatosis)(ML)使世界范围内的禽肉加工业遭受了严重损失。本病是由一种有囊膜的病毒引起的,这种病毒属于禽白血病病毒(avianleukosisvirus,ALV)的一个新亚群,即J群,通常称之为ALV-J。70年代后期和80年代,ML病例在英国的商品代肉鸡中散在发生,但未达到引起人们重视的程度。一般来说,由ALV引起的白血病对于肉用型鸡并不是一个重要的疾病。事实上许多肉鸡品种似乎对通常ALV亚群病毒有遗传抵抗力。1988年,在研究肉用种鸡的ALV感染状况时,从…     

抗J亚群禽白血病病毒囊膜糖蛋白特异性单克隆抗体的研制及其特性

J亚群禽白血病病毒（ALV-J）是一种主要感染肉用型鸡的反转录病毒。本研究用表达ALV-J囊膜蛋白基因产物的Sf9细胞免疫Balb/c小鼠，取其脾脏细胞与骨髓瘤细胞NS1进行融合，获得了4株特异性抗ALV-J的单克隆抗体。免疫荧光分析结果表明，3株单克隆抗体仅与所试验的ALV-J毒株反应，而不能与ALV的A、B、C、D和E亚群的毒株反应。有趣的是，有一株单克隆抗体可以与所有试验的外源性ALV毒株反应，但不与内源性的E亚群反应。Western Blot和免疫沉淀试验结果表明，单克隆抗体识别的ALV-J囊膜糖蛋白的分子量为90-94kD，识别未糖基化的囊膜蛋白分子量约为53kD。用这些单克隆抗体能检测出ALV-J病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞中的病毒抗原。这些结果提示这些单克隆抗体可用于ALV-J疾病的诊断和流行病学调查。     

J亚群禽白血病研究进展

J亚群禽白血病病毒是上世纪90年代初从商品代肉鸡中分离鉴定出来的新的ALV亚群,主要引起肉鸡的骨髓瘤白血病(myloid leucosis,ML)。2009年,J亚群禽白血病在我国呈高发态势。我国于1999年首先在肉用型鸡群分离鉴定出ALV-J的中国株,随后相关研究依次展开。论文就ALV-J的流行病学、检测方法、病毒变异、免疫抑制及与其他免疫抑制疾病共感染等几个方面进行了简要介绍。     

祖代肉用鸡群禽白血病病毒感染的实验室诊断

对疑似J亚群禽白血病病毒（ALV－J）感染的祖代肉用型种鸡群进行病原微生物学的实验室诊断。组织病理学检测结果表明，病鸡脾、肾病理组织切片上有大量增生的髓细胞，呈典型的髓细胞瘤病理显微变化。肾组织触片和组织切片用抗ALV－J特异性单克隆抗体G2进行间接免疫荧光反应（IFA）检测，结果呈阳性。病料接种鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）盲传3代后，分离到1株病毒（JS－Nt），经鉴定为ALV－J。这些结果证明该鸡群存在ALV－J的感染。     

鸡J亚群白血病的诊断与控制

经典的禽白血病病毒(ALV)可被划分为A、B、C、D和E5个亚群，A、B、C和D亚群是外源性的白血病病毒，而E亚群则主要以前病毒的形式而无处不在。经过多年的努力，到80年代中期，世界发达国家已基本上消除了这类经典的外源性白血病病毒的感染。在1988年，英国的Payne等人从肉用型鸡群中分离出一株新的ALV，根据病毒感染宿主的范围，病毒干扰及交叉中和试验等确定这是一类新的ALV，称之为J亚群(ALV-J)。短短十几年间，该病毒迅速传播到世界各地，我国在1999年由杜岩等人从市场上的商品代肉鸡中分离检测到ALV-J。本文就临床症状、流行病学、病理学诊断、免疫学检查和综合防治措施等方面介绍了J亚群白血病的诊断与防治。     

华东地区蛋鸡群中禽白血病的分子流行病学调查

为了解华东地区蛋鸡群中禽白血病的流行情况,2011年3月至2012年10月,从江苏、山东、安徽、上海等省市的蛋鸡养殖场中采集疑似禽白血病病例样品105份,经DF-1细胞分离培养、间接免疫荧光试验鉴定,从中分离禽白血病病毒(ALV)15株,继而对分离毒株gp85基因进行了序列测定和遗传进化分析。结果表明,在所获得的ALV分离株中,有A亚群ALV(ALV-A)3株,B亚群ALV(ALV-B)4株,剩余8株则均为J亚群ALV(ALV-J)。ALV-A、ALVB分离株遗传进化较为稳定,与其原型株(RAV-1、RAV-2)gp85基因核苷酸序列同源性均在98%以上,与我国近年来的地方分离株亲缘关系较远。ALV-J分离株与其原型株(HPRS-103)gp85基因核苷酸序列的同源性在92.8%~94.5%之间。8株ALV-J分离株中,只有1株与蛋鸡ALV-J分离株有较高的亲缘关系,其余均较远,反而与早期的肉鸡分离株有较高的亲缘关系,表明目前于华东地区蛋鸡群中流行的ALV-J可能来源于早期肉鸡分离株的感染。4株ALV-J分离株与我国地方品系HR土鸡的ALV-J分离株HR332J具有很高的亲缘关系,表明ALV-J的感染范围进一步扩大,对地方品系鸡也造成了很大的危害。     

地方品系鸡中一株A亚群鸡白血病病毒的分离和鉴定

将种蛋孵化到9～11 d,分别制备成鸡胚成纤维细胞(chicken fibroblast cells,CEF)培养,再将其细胞上清接种对内源性白血病病毒(avian leukosis virus,ALV)有抵抗力的DF1细胞,从山东某地方品系种蛋中分离到一株外源性ALV,SDAU09E1.用PCR扩增其囊膜蛋白基因(env)并隆测序后,将其gp85序列与已发表的各亚群ALV比较分析表明,该毒株与A亚群6个毒株同源性最高,为89.1%～90.9%,而与已发表的鸡的A、C、D、E亚群ALV的gp85的同源性仅在73.2%～87.9%之间,与目前国内最常见的J亚群的gp85的同源性更是低至30.3%～32.4%.这是我国地方品系鸡群中第一次分离和鉴定出ALV-A及其gp85基因.     

J、K亚群禽白血病病毒的分离和囊膜蛋白(gp85)基因序列分析

为了解现阶段我国禽白血病病毒(ALV)的流行特征和演化趋势,本试验于2021—2022年从国内某鸡场采集蛋清ALV衣壳蛋白(p27)抗原阳性的鸡血浆,接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(DF-1)分离病毒并进行亚群鉴定;采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增分离株的囊膜蛋白(gp85)基因片段,并对其进行测序,将基因序列与ALV不同亚群毒株进行比对和遗传进化分析;选取氨基酸变化差异较大的分离毒株进行间接免疫荧光鉴定。结果显示,共分离到7株ALV毒株(3株J亚群,4株K亚群),ALV-J分离毒株CAU4932、CAU4860和CAU2259的gp85基因片段长度为918 bp,编码306个氨基酸,分离毒株之间gp85基因核苷酸同源性为90.5%～95.2%,gp85蛋白氨基酸同源性为95.1%～99.3%;ALV-K分离毒株CAU7049、CAU5006、CAU7176和CAU7168的gp85基因片段长度为1 008 bp,编码336个氨基酸,分离毒株之间gp85基因核苷酸同源性为89.4%～92.3%,gp85蛋白氨基酸同源性为94.0%～99.7%。gp85蛋白氨基酸序列同源性比对发现,分离株gp8...     

2009年湖北省鸡J亚群白血病的初步调查分析

禽白血病(avian leukosis,AL)是由反转录病毒科甲型反转录病毒属禽反转录病毒(avian leukosis virus,ALV)引起的以禽类造血组织中某些细胞成分增生为主的各种可传染的肿瘤疾病.根据病毒中和试验宿主范围和囊膜糖蛋白的特性及其它一系列标准,将禽白血病/肉瘤群病毒划分为A到J 10个亚群,其中分离自鸡的有6个亚群(A、B、C、D、E、J).鸡J亚群白血病病毒(ALV-J)是1988年Payne等[1,2]首次从商品代肉用鸡中分离到并鉴定出的鸡白血病病毒的一个新亚群.     

一株新亚群禽白血病病毒全基因组序列分析

为了解外源性禽白血病病毒(ALV)在山东省部分地区肉鸡中的流行状况,采集无菌抗凝血分离血浆接种DF-1细胞、ELISA p27抗原检测以及DNA提取进行PCR扩增等方法,从山东省某地区大型养殖场不同个体养殖场出栏肉鸡群中分离鉴定出1株ALV,命名为FC1505。分析其囊膜糖蛋白gp85氨基酸序列与近年来从地方品种鸡中疑似新亚群ALV-K分离株的相似性最高,相似性均在95%以上,而与其他已知亚群ALV的相似性均低于90%。为了进一步分析该分离株分子特性,对其进行全基因组测序,并与已知亚群ALV分离株序列进行比较。结果表明,FC1505分离株整个基因组中gag、pol和gp37基因相对保守,与ALV参考毒株序列相似性都在90%以上,但均与疑似K亚群的ALV分离株相似性最高;全基因组序列分析进一步说明FC1505属于ALV-K。本研究继我国江苏省和华南地区K亚群ALV报道后,首次从山东地区肉鸡中鉴定到一株ALV-K并完成其全基因组序列分析。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.