Characterisation of ovine alveolar macrophages: regulation of surface antigen expression and cytokine production.

Regulation of ovine alveolar macrophage function by recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Ten units per millilitre of rIFN gamma increased surface expression of MHC class I and class II (DR alpha, DP alpha, and DQ alpha) molecules but not other surface antigens examined. The upregulation of MHC class II expression was specifically blocked by rIFN gamma specific monoclonal antibodies and determination of a dose/response curve established that the minimum concentration of rIFN gamma required for increased class II expression was 0.1 U ml-1 and for increased class I expression, 1 U ml-1. Northern blot analysis indicated that rIFN gamma mediated increases in surface MHC class I and class II expression were due to increased levels of specific mRNA. Using Northern blot analysis and homologous human cDNA probes we failed to detect mRNA encoding the cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF alpha in RNA extracted from freshly isolated macrophages or macrophages cultured in medium alone. Exposure of macrophages to LPS increased production of all three cytokines although kinetics of upregulation varied. TNF alpha mRNA was induced to maximal levels within 1 h, declining thereafter. IL-1 alpha mRNA was detected at 1 h post stimulation with a maximal level at 5 h, but none at 24 h. In contrast, IL-1 beta mRNA was not detected until 5 h after stimulation with a low level remaining at 24 h. Dose response analysis indicated that LPS concentrations of 100 pg ml-1 induced detectable levels of TNF alpha mRNA while levels as low as 10 pg ml-1 induced secretion of bioactive IL-1. Analysis of the kinetics of secretion of bioactive IL-1 from LPS stimulated macrophages indicated that levels peaked at 24 h post stimulation.     

复合植物精油对脂多糖诱导的断奶仔猪免疫应激的影响

试验旨在研究复合植物精油（OCT）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的断奶仔猪的免疫应激的影响。试验选取28日龄左右的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪，随机分成3个处理组：对照组（基础日粮，注射生理盐水），LPS组（基础日粮，注射LPS），OCT组（基础日粮+50 mg/kg OCT，注射LPS）。每组8个重复，每个重复1头猪。于试验第21天注射LPS（100 μg/kg体重）或等体积的生理盐水，注射3 h后前腔静脉采血进行白细胞分类计数；6 h后屠宰，取胸腺、脾脏，-80℃保存，用于测量胸腺、脾脏免疫相关基因白介素-4（IL-4）、白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-10（IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、核因子（NF-κB）以及转录相关基因转录激活因子3（STAT3）的基因相对表达量。结果表明：①与对照组相比，LPS刺激降低了仔猪血液中白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞数量（P<0.05）；与LPS组相比，日粮中添加OCT提高了白细胞的数量（P<0.05）；②与对照组相比，LPS刺激上调了脾脏、胸腺IL-6、STAT3 mRNA水平（P<0.05），下调了脾脏IL-4、TNF-α及胸腺IL-4、TNF-α、NF-κB mRNA水平（P<0.05）；与LPS组相比，添加OCT下调了脾脏、胸腺IL-6、STAT3 mRNA水平（P<0.05）；上调了胸腺IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α、NF-κB的mRNA水平（P<0.05）。综合上述结果，LPS诱导发生了仔猪免疫应激，OCT在一定程度具有缓解作用。     

The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses

When challenged with allergens and pro-inflammatory agents, such as Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), hay dust solution (HDS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the innate immune response will not only activate the immune system but also increase the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar space. The aim of this study was to assess the response of equine alveolar macrophages to different aerosolized challenges and to investigate the differences in this response between horses susceptible or nonsusceptible to recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Seven susceptible and 5 nonsusceptible horses were challenged with saline, LPS, HDS, or AF, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, total cell counts, and lung function were assessed. In addition, alveolar macrophages were isolated 6 and 24 hours after challenge, and macrophage mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukins (IL) IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by means of real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There was a significant difference in lung function, neutrophil ratios, and total cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between RAO-susceptible and nonsusceptible horses. In addition, the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 by alveolar macrophages after challenges were higher in susceptible horses, than in nonsusceptible horses. In contrast, I1-6, considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, showed a higher expression in nonsusceptible horses 6 hours after inhalation challenge with allergens and pro-inflammatory antigens. These data suggest that the differences between susceptible and nonsusceptible horses to RAO are not only dependent on adaptive immunity but also start with an innate immune response.     

脂多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响

为研究脂多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响,本研究采用100 TCID₅₀的PRRSV感染猪肺巨噬细胞（porcine alveolar macrophage,PAM）,感染12 h后用100 ng/mL脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理感染细胞,分别培养12、24、36、48 h后收集细胞及上清,同时设PRRSV组、LPS组和PAM细胞组,用河南农业大学兽医微生物研究室已建立的Real-time qPCR方法对LPS+PRRSV组和PRRSV组中PRRSV复制水平及各组PAM细胞中IFN-α、TNF-α mRNA转录水平变化进行定量分析。结果显示,LPS+PRRSV组与PRRSV组相比,PRRSV拷贝数12～48 h均较低,IFN-α mRNA转录水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,TNF-α mRNA转录水平升高,在48 h时转录水平降低。而与LPS组相比,LPS+PRRSV组IFN-α mRNA转录水平在12 h时升高,24、36、48 h均降低。结果表明,PRRSV感染PAM细胞经LPS刺激后,IFN-α、TNF-α mRNA转录水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,从而抑制了PRRSV在PAM细胞内的复制。     

Evaluation of cytokine production by equine alveolar macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide, Aspergillus fumigatus, and a suspension of hay dust

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cytokine production by equine alveolar macrophages after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Aspergillus fumigatus, and hay dust, and determine the effect of clenbuterol on the cytokine response. ANIMALS: 6 horses. PROCEDURE: Alveolar macrophages were exposed to PBS solution (negative control), LPS, hyphae and conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), or a suspension of hay dust (HDS) and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were measured in the supernatant. The procedure was repeated with cells that were concurrently incubated with 0.5 microM clenbuterol. RESULTS: Exposure to HDS and AF significantly increased production of TNF-alpha by equine alveolar macrophages. The increase in TNF-alpha produced in response to HDS and AF was 5 and 7 times as great, respectively, as the increase measured in response to LPS. The concentration of IL-1beta in the supernatant was significantly increased after exposure of cells to AF. Clenbuterol was effective at inhibiting TNF-alpha production by cells exposed to LPS, HDS, or AF. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 indicated that the pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by alveolar macrophages in response to allergens may play a role in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses. Equine alveolar macrophages are not only a primary pulmonary defense mechanism but may also influence the pathogenesis of equine RAO. The beta2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol, a drug that is commonly used for treatment of equine RAO, promotes immediate bronchodilation and may also contribute to downward modulation of the inflammatory response.     

Leukotriene C4 release and gene expressions of IL-8 and MCP-1 in porcine alveolar epithelial type II cells

Leukotrienes (LT) and chemokines are important chemotactic compounds in regulating the recruitment and activation of immune cells during pulmonary inflammatory reactions. Results showed that LTC4 release by porcine alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC IIs) is significantly enhanced by either LTB4 or LPS stimulation. The basal level of IL-8 gene expression in AEC IIs was only 1/3 of that observed in alveolar macrophages (AMs) while AEC IIs expressed a higher basal level of monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1) and also in response to LPS stimulation than do AMs. The increasing basal and LT-induced MCP-1 gene expressions after 8h of incubation were observed in AEC IIs but decreased in AMs. These findings suggest that AEC IIs play an important role in initial inflammatory reactions of the lung by releasing LTC4, and that they also modulate later inflammatory reactions, evidenced by consistent elevation of MCP-1 gene expression after and during exogenous challenge in pigs.     

Expression of Toll-like receptors and downstream genes in lipopolysaccharide-induced porcine alveolar macrophages

The aim of the present study was to determine the age-related kinetic changes of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream genes expression, and secretion of cytokine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated porcine alveolar macrophages (AM). For this purpose, AMs were isolated from 5-day-old newborn piglets and 120-day-old young pigs. mRNA expression and cytokine measurement was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. First, AMs were incubated for 24 h in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of LPS. Results showed the up-regulation of TLRs 2, 4, 5 and 9 mRNA from all concentrations of LPS used, as compared to non-stimulated cells, and TLR4 was the highest expression in both ages (P<0.05). Furthermore, quantitative analysis demonstrated increased expression of mRNAs encoding TLRs 2, 4, 5 and 9, LBP, CD14, MD2, MyD88, IRAK4 and TRAF6 in both ages in a time-dependant manner (P<0.05). Overall, LPS inducible mRNA for TLR4, LBP, CD14 and MyD88 had higher expression in newborn piglets compared with those of young pigs (P<0.05). The level of cytokine protein IL6 and TNFα in supernatant fluid significantly varied with time of incubation and age of animals. Their concentration increased immediately at 1 h after LPS stimulation and remained significantly higher up to 48 h in both ages. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein IL6 and TNFα in supernatant was significantly higher in young pigs than those of piglets. This study suggests that differential age-related changes in the expression of TLRs and downstream genes, and pro-inflammatory cytokine could contribute to a different age-related innate immune response during pulmonary infection. Further investigation is warranted to determine the precise effects of LPS on porcine AMs by means of a functional study across a wider age range.     

Cloning and expression of goat interleukin-18 gene

We isolated and sequenced a 480 bp cDNA encoding mature goat interleukin-18 (gIL-18) from alveolar macrophages and splenocytes activated with LPS by RT-PCR. The gIL-18 gene was cloned into pET32a (+) vectors and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence of gIL-18 shares high homology with cattle. Fusional expression with pET32a (+) of gIL-18 of about 38kD was obtained by SDS-PAGE analysis after induction by IPTG in the E. Coli BL21 expression system. The recombinant protein can induce IFN-gamma production in PBMC. The IL-18 mRNA was constitutively detected in goat alveolar macrophages with or without LPS, While, enhanced expression was detected in splenocytes and liver cells if treated by LPS, and can be weakly detected in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated by activators. Significant deference of IL-18 mRNA level may reflect the capacity to produce mature IL-18 in such tissues.     

杂交猪白细胞介素-18全基因的克隆与序列分析

通过RT-PCR方法直接从猪脾脏淋巴细胞中扩增出猪白细胞介素-18(IL-18)全基因的cDNA,其大小为579bp,编码192个氨基酸。与GenBank上已发表猪IL-18序列(ABO10003)进行比较,核苷酸同源性为99.8%,在第550位处(以ATG为1计)由A→G,存在有意义突变。与GenBank上的ABO10003、AF176949、AY262109、NM1997序列进行比较分析,氨基酸同源性分别为99%,98.5%,99.8%和99%。从系统进化树可以看出,河南良杂猪IL-18基因与ABO10003、AY262109亲缘关系最近。河南良杂猪IL-18基因和人及其他动物IL-18基因核苷酸序列进行比较分析,结果显示猪与人、猫、牛、鸡、鸭、海豚、山羊、马、家鼠、老鼠、绵羊的IL-18基因核苷酸同源性分别为83.1%、88.3%、90.7%、26.8%、31.4%、26.3%、90.0%、91.5%、67.7%、65.1%和90.8%。     

In vitro expression and inhibition of procoagulant activity produced by bovine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood cells

Local and systemic activation of coagulation is frequently associated with bacterial sepsis. The coagulopathy is due, at least in part, to expression of tissue factor (TF) by monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of procoagulant activity by bovine alveolar macrophages, leukocytes and platelets, and to determine the relative potency of three chemical inhibitors of TF expression (pentoxifylline, retinoic acid, and cyclosporin A). Bovine alveolar macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pasteurella haemolytica or recombinant bovine tumour nervous factor (TNF) and dose- and time-dependent effects on TF expression were studied. LPS and TNF induced TF expression in alveolar macrophages and LPS treatment of whole blood induced TF expression in mononuclear cells. Neutrophils and platelets also expressed procoagulant activity, but this activity was not inhibited by anti-bovine TF monoclonal antibody. Pentoxifylline (40 mol/L), retinoic acid (0.01 mmol/L) and cyclosporin A (0.08 mol/L) inhibited TF expression when added concurrently with LPS or TNF, but not when added 4 h after stimulation. TF mRNA was not detected in unstimulated alveolar macrophages by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, exposure to LPS or TNF for 6 h induced marked expression of TF mRNA, which was inhibited by treatment with pentoxifylline, retinoic acid and cyclosporin A. Expression of TNF by alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS was also inhibited by these compounds. Our results indicate that procoagulant activity expressed by alveolar macrophages and monocytes is associated with expression of TF, whereas procoagulant activity expressed by neutrophils and platelets is not. The concentrations of pentoxifylline and retinoic acid necessary for inhibition of TF expression in vitro may not be achievable in vivo owing to their toxic effects. However, the in vitro concentration of cyclosporin A that inhibited TF expression did not exceed the plasma concentration observed in humans, and therefore may be useful for inhibition of TF expression in vivo.Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage - LPS lipopolysaccharide - cDNA cloned deoxyribonucleic acid - cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate - GAPDH glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase - mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid - TF tissue factor - TNF tumour necrosis factor - DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline     

Cloning,Bioinformatics and Tissue Expression Analysis of IL-6 Gene in Banna Minipig Inbred Line

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important immune regulatory factor, and has great development prospects in the application of adjuvants.Using the Banna minipig inbred line (BMI) as the experimental animal, we successfully cloned the coding region of pig IL-6 gene through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and had deposited the sequence into NCBI database and assigned to the accession No.JQ839263.Then we further studied this gene by bioinformatics analysis method.The results showed that BMI IL-6 encoded 212 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 23.88 ku, the isoelectric point (pI) was 6.66 and a signal peptide in N-terminal.It was a nuclear protein with 89% probability.In addition, BMI IL-6 contained one conserved structure domain and one transmembrance structure, and its N-terminal and C-terminal were both hydrophobic.Comparing the sequence of the coding region of BMI IL-6 gene with the download 4 IL-6 gene sequences of pig, the result showed BMI was identical with GenBank accession No.NM_214399 and DQ832259, only had one base pair difference with GenBank accession No.AF309651 and AF518322, respectively.Multi-species amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that BMI IL-6 showed the closest relationship with camel.Finally, we analyzed IL-6 gene mRNA expression in 12 important tissues of BMI through PCR method, the results showed that BMI IL-6 gene was highly expressed in lung, skin and muscle of BMI.These data laid a foundation for further insight into the expression and regulation of this gene of pig.     

版纳微型猪近交系白细胞介素6基因克隆、生物信息学及组织表达分析

白细胞介素6(IL-6)是机体重要的免疫调节因子,在佐剂的应用方面具有很好的发展前景。本研究以版纳微型猪近交系(BMI)为实验动物,通过PCR法获得IL-6基因编码区序列,提交GenBank数据库,登录号为JQ839263。对BMI IL-6基因和相应的蛋白序列进行了生物信息学分析,结果显示该基因编码212个氨基酸,分子质量为23.88 ku,等电点(pI)为6.66,存在一个保守结构域,一个跨膜结构,N端和C端均疏水,且在N端存在信号肽,有89%的可能性定位于细胞核。将BMI的IL-6基因编码区序列与NCBI下载到的4条猪IL-6基因序列进行比对,结果显示BMI IL-6与GenBank登录号为NM_214399和DQ832259的核苷酸序列完全相同,与GenBank登录号为AF309651和AF518322的核苷酸序列各存在1处碱基差异;多物种氨基酸序列比对及系统进化分析结果表明,BMI与骆驼亲缘关系最近。同时利用半定量PCR法确定了IL-6基因mRNA在BMI 12个组织中的表达量,结果发现在肺脏、皮肤、肌肉中表达量较高。本研究为进一步研究猪IL-6基因的表达调控奠定了理论基础。     

人参多糖对脂多糖刺激小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫调控作用

本试验旨在研究脂多糖(LPS)刺激条件下人参多糖(GPS)对小鼠单核巨噬细胞形态及免疫功能的调节作用。采用LPS刺激小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7),通过测量不同浓度(1、0.5、0.1 mg/mL)GPS对细胞形态、生物酶活性、促炎症因子分泌及TLR4/NF-κB信号通路mRNA表达量的影响来研究不同浓度的GPS对LPS引起小鼠巨噬细胞免疫应激的调控作用。结果表明:添加GPS能抑制由LPS引起的细胞形态和细胞增殖能力的变化;1 mg/mL GPS能够显著提高巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶的活性;0.5、1 mg/mL GPS能够显著缓解由LPS刺激引起的碱性磷酸酶活性的降低;不同浓度GPS均能显著降低由LPS诱导的促炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α水平;LPS刺激显著提高巨噬细胞TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB的mRNA表达量,而添加GPS后,巨噬细胞TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB的mRNA表达量均表现出不同程度降低(P<0.05)。结果显示,添加GPS可以改善细胞形态,恢复细胞增殖能力,GPS可通过调节TLR4/NF-κB信号通路降低促炎症因子IL-1β和TNF-α的分泌及表达,减少机体免疫应激反应。     

Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against porcine CD205

The aim of this work was to develop mAbs against porcine CD205 and to conduct a comparative analysis of the CD205 protein expression on lymphoid tissues, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and DCs isolated from the porcine skin. To conduct this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody, designated 1.F6F6, against the C-type lectin-like domain-5 of the porcine CD205 and showed that it recognizes a protein band of ～200 kDa by Western Blot analysis in mesenteric lymph nodes cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the mAb 1.F6F6 recognized 28.5%, 28.1% and 34.1% of cells from tonsil, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, respectively, and 6% of cells from thymus. Analysis of monocyte-derived DCs showed that approximately 20% were positive and activation of the cells with LPS increased the positive population to 36%. Analysis of DCs isolated from the porcine skin showed that approximately 70% of the cell population expressed the CD205 receptor. The development of a monoclonal antibody capable of recognizing the CD205 receptor in swine opens up possibilities of applying new strategies for enhancing vaccine efficacy by using the anti-CD205 antibody for DC antigen-targeting to enhance priming of immune responses.     

猪肺巨噬细胞FcγR Ⅲ受体基因的克隆与序列分析

为研究猪肺巨噬细胞FcγR Ⅲ的生物学功能,本研究应用RT-PCR技术从猪肺巨噬细胞总RNA中克隆出猪FcγR Ⅲ的cDNA序列,并对其进行了分析。结果表明,克隆到的序列长820 bp,包含有1个771 bp完整开放阅读框(ORF),与GenBank中登录的猪FcγR Ⅲ序列(AF237453)的核苷酸同源性为99.9％;与人、牛、马、绵羊、猕猴、狗、猫、小鼠氨基酸同源性分别为61.6%、62.9%、55.3%、62.2%、63.0%、59.0%、61.8%和53.2%;蛋白质分子结构预测结果表明,该分子由信号肽（20个氨基酸）、胞外区(185个氨基酸)、跨膜区(23个氨基酸)和胞内区(28个氨基酸)组成,在胞外区存在2个Ig样结构域。猪肺巨噬细胞FcγR Ⅲ基因的成功克隆,为进一步研究其结构与功能奠定基础。     

鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性炎症的影响

试验旨在探讨鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小鼠急性炎症的影响。将24只SPF雌性小鼠随机分成4组:PBS组,LPS模型组,重组UBC13蛋白高、低剂量组(分别为100和25μg/只),每组6只。LPS模型组与各蛋白剂量组腹腔注射20 mg/kg LPS,PBS组腹腔注射等体积PBS;注射结束1 h后,各蛋白组按相应剂量背部皮下多点注射重组UBC13蛋白,PBS组与LPS模型组注射等体积PBS。给予蛋白24 h后处死小鼠。收集小鼠肺脏、脾脏、胸腺及肝脏组织,计算脏器指数,HE染色观察组织病理学变化,实时荧光定量PCR检测肺脏、脾脏、胸腺和肝脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量,以及肺脏中iNOS mRNA的相对表达量,综合评价鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对LPS诱导小鼠急性炎症的影响。结果显示,与PBS组相比,LPS模型组小鼠肺脏、脾脏及肝脏指数均显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01),且肺脏、脾脏和肝脏组织均出现病理变化。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,与PBS组相比,LPS模型组肺脏、脾脏、胸腺和肝脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA相对表达量均极显著升高(P<0.01),肺脏中iNOS mRNA相对表达量也极显著升高(P<0.01);与LPS模型组相比,UBC13蛋白高剂量组肺脏、脾脏和肝脏中病理变化明显改善,肺脏、肝脏、脾脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6及肺脏中iNOS mRNA表达量均极显著降低(P<0.01);胸腺中TNF-αmRNA表达量显著降低(P<0.05),IL-6 mRNA和IL-1β表达量极显著降低(P<0.01)。表明鼠源重组UBC13蛋白可下调炎性因子的表达,从而改善LPS诱导的小鼠急性炎症反应。