我国部分地区蛋鸡群ALV-J及与REV、MDV、CAV混合感染检测

为了解J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)及其与禽网状内皮细胞增生症病毒(REV)、马立克氏病病毒(MDV)和鸡传染性贫血病病毒(CAV)的混合感染现象,本研究从宁夏、湖北、广东、山东、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江7个省的39个蛋鸡群收集临床表现和剖检病理变化疑似禽白血病的病料样品184份,采用PCR、病毒分离和IFA检测样品中ALV-J、REV、MDV和CAV。结果表明,7个省蛋鸡场均存在ALV-J感染,病料样品阳性率为60.9%,检测鸡群阳性率为82.1%,与REV、MDV、CAV的混合感染率分别为13.6%、24.5%、22.8%,其中存在较为严重的双重感染(29.0%)和3重感染(18.8%),甚至4重感染(1.7%)。研究结果表明,我国蛋鸡群中普遍存在ALV-J感染,而且与REV、MDV、CAV混合感染严重;提示ALV-J已经可以引起蛋鸡群发病,在临床诊断和致病性研究中,应考虑到多重感染的影响。     

鸡群中免疫抑制性病毒的共感染及其相互作用——对新城疫和禽流感疫苗免疫反应的抑制作用

在鸡场中对NDV和高致病性禽流感疫苗的免疫失败时而发生,由不同免疫抑制性病毒亚临床感染造成的免疫抑制很可能是引起这种免疫失败的流行病学因素。我们的研究表明,在这些亚临床感染中,网状内皮增生病病毒(REV)是最强的免疫抑制性病毒。在中国鸡群中REV感染非常普遍,而且经常是以与其它病毒共感染的形式存在,如马立克氏病病毒(MDV)、传染性贫血病病毒(CAV)、J亚群白血病病毒(ALV-J)等。动物试验表明,REV的早期感染可显著抑制NDV,H5-和H9-AIV疫苗的抗体反应。而且,这种免疫抑制作用至少可持续4个半月。REV与ALV-J、MDV和CAV的共感染又能进一步增强这种免疫抑制作用。由免疫抑制性病毒亚临床感染造成的免疫抑制有可能造成不完全免疫抑制的个体,进而成为鸡群中被NDV和AIV进一步感染的靶动物和传染源。鸡群的免疫抑制状态还将有助于NDV和AIV在鸡场中持续循环和变异。     

禽网状内皮组织增生病诊断与防制研究进展

禽网状内皮组织增生症(Reticuloendotheliosis,RE)是禽类一种重要的致瘤性和免疫抑制性疾病.近年来,鸡群中REV流行比较严重;REV与马立克氏病病毒(Marek's disease virus,MDV)、鸡贫血病病毒((Chicken infectious anemia,CAV)和J亚群禽白血病病毒(Subgroup J Avian Leuko-sis Virus,ALV-J)等几种免疫抑制性病毒的混合感染也比较普遍.鉴于REV正越来越受到重视.本文就RE的诊断和综合防制作一综述.     

禽白血病病毒与免疫抑制

禽白血病是由禽白血病病毒(Avian Leukosis Virus, ALV)引起的以造血细胞恶性增生为主的一类传染病,包括淋巴细胞性白血病,成红细胞性白血病,成髓细胞性白血病和骨髓细胞瘤病.1988年,Payne等从肉仔鸡中分离出一种新型的禽白血病病毒亚群即J亚群(ALV-J),1997-1998年间,禽白血病J亚群世界范围内的流行,给世界养禽业带来了巨大的经济损失.鸡群感染ALV-J后造成广泛的免疫抑制,从而继发其它病毒和细菌的感染,给生产带来巨大的损失.因此,在未来数年内,研究和控制禽白血病免疫抑制问题可能成为家禽业的主要任务之一.本文就白血病的病原及其产生免疫抑制的危害进行了概述,并且从基因水平上分析了ALV-J引起免疫抑制的主要机理.     

J亚群禽白血病病毒与禽网状内皮增生症病毒共感染对肉鸡生长和免疫功能的抑制作用

1日龄网鸡感染J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)以及共感染禽网状内皮增生症病毒(REV)后,肉鸡生长发育明显受阻,体重增重明显下降(P＜0.05),法氏囊、胸腺明显萎缩(P＜0.05),在用新城疫疫苗免疫后,感染组血清中新城疫抗体效价显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);在ALV-J和REV共感染后,这种抑制作用更为明显(P＜0.01).ALV J单独感染后,鸡对传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)弱毒疫苗免疫后的抗体反应与对照组没有明显差别,但ALV-J与REV的共感染可明显延缓鸡对IBDV弱毒疫苗免疫的抗体反应.     

RE病毒诊断方法的研究进展

禽网状内皮组织增殖病(Reticuloendotheliosis,RE)是指由网状内皮组织增殖病病毒(Reticuloendotheliosisvirus,REV)群的反转录病毒引起的一群病理综合征.这些综合征包括急性网状细胞肿瘤形成、矮小病综合征和淋巴组织与其他组织形成慢性肿瘤.REV感染不仅能引起肿瘤,还可引起感染鸡胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官萎缩,使鸡的免疫功能下降、甚至丧失,导致免疫抑制,使感染鸡极易继发其他疾病的感染.国内REV感染及在鸡群中造成的危害已相当普遍,并且有愈发严重的趋势.免疫抑制是REV感染引起鸡群经济损失的最根本原因.我国2008年新修订的《一、二、三类动物疫病病种名录》将禽网状内皮组织增殖病列为二类动物疫病.     

ALV-J和REV诱导雏鸡胸腺细胞凋亡

应用原位末端标记法和HE染色法对人工感染J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)和禽网状内皮增生症病毒(REV)的SPF雏鸡胸腺细胞的凋亡情况进行了检测,同时辅以电镜超薄切片观察。结果表明,ALV-J和REV均可诱导雏鸡胸腺细胞发生凋亡,混合感染诱导的细胞凋亡更加严重;切片中可出现局灶状凋亡,凋亡细胞多于坏死细胞。研究结果表明,细胞凋亡是导致感染鸡胸腺萎缩的主要原因。     

禽网状内皮组织增生症流行现状及检测技术研究进展

禽网状内皮组织增生症(RE)是禽类一种重要的致瘤性和免疫抑制性疾病。近年来,国内外鸡群中网状内皮组织增生症病毒(REV)流行比较严重;REV与马立克病病毒(MDV)、鸡贫血病病毒(CAV)和J亚群禽白血病病毒(Avianleukosis virus subgroup J,ALV-J)几种免疫抑制性病毒的混合感染在我国部分养鸡场中均普遍存在,使得鸡群处于免疫力低下的状态,导致禽流感、新城疫等重要疫苗免疫失败,并容易造成继发感染,使疫病的诊断和防控难度加大。另外,REV可以整合到MDV和鸡痘病毒(Fowlpox virus,FPV)基因组中,从而导致商品化疫苗受到污染,并可用做将外源基因插入到鸡和哺乳动物细胞内的表达载体;基于REV传统检测方法的基础上,新型的分子生物学检测技术如PCR、实时荧光PCR、LAMP提高了诊断REV的敏感性和特异性。     

禽肿瘤病病毒诊断与防治

1禽肿瘤病病毒禽肿瘤病病毒包括疱疹病毒、马立克氏病病毒(MDV)、网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)、禽白血病和禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)。火鸡对MDV、REV以及相对罕见的反转录病毒——淋巴细胞增殖病病毒(LPDV)易感。MDV为双股DNA病毒,     

2016年鲁北地区鸡群病毒性肿瘤病例的检测分析

为了解鸡马立克病病毒(MDV)、禽白血病病毒(ALV)和禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒(REV)在鲁北地区鸡群中的感染情况,对来自21个鸡群的送检病例进行了病原核酸的PCR检测.结果显示,MDV阳性率为28.5%,ALV-J阳性率为23.8%,REV阳性率为14.3%,肿瘤病毒的二重感染率为28.6%.结果表明,3种肿瘤病毒在鲁北地区蛋鸡和地方品种鸡群中的感染严重,病毒的混合感染较多.因此,做好MD的疫苗防护,对ALV-J及REV的感染状况要进行定期检测,控制好养殖环境,尽量避免3种肿瘤病毒的继发感染.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.