不同诱变方法对TL-15028菌株产泰乐菌素相关性能的影响

为了选育出泰乐菌素高产菌株,以弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)TL-15028菌株作为出发菌株,利用化学诱变、物理诱变以及复合诱变的方法对菌株进行诱变处理,比较不同诱变方法的诱变效果,通过诱变筛选出1株遗传稳定性好、且具有泰乐菌素和豆油抗性的菌株TLEU-1503,其发酵效价比出发菌株提高了36.5%,达到14124μg/m L,对泰乐菌素高效生产、品质提升具有重要意义。     

泰乐菌素高产菌株的推理选育

以弗氏链霉菌CK6-6为出发菌株,分别采用紫外(UV)、甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)、紫外与氯化锂(LiCl)复合、甲基磺酸乙酯与紫外复合4种方法对其进行诱变。比较了4种方法的最大提高率、致死率、正变率及突变株的传代稳定性,结果发现诱变效果较好的为EMS与UV复合诱变,筛选出1株传代稳定菌株EU45-15,相对于出发菌株CK6-6,泰乐菌素产量的提高率为15.36%。经HPLC分析发现,它的最高活性组分A的含量高于对照,提高率为48.28%。同时利用豆油作为筛选物质对弗氏链霉菌进行定向筛选,筛选效果较好,筛出1株高产稳定菌株O3.6-8,效价提高率为12.15%。     

弗氏链霉菌双拷贝串联基因tylF、tylE和tylCV工程菌的构建

为提高弗氏链霉菌对泰乐菌素的产素能力,构建了弗氏链霉菌双拷贝串联基因tylF、tylE和tylCV基因工程菌。本研究以弗氏链霉菌作为出发菌株,并以其全基因组DNA为模板分别扩增tylF和tylE以及tylCV基因、以质粒pSET152为模板扩增强启动子基因permE,采用重叠延伸PCR技术和EcoRV、XbaI双酶切结合的连接方法,构建弗氏链霉菌表达载体pSET152-permE-tylF-tylE-tylCV,并转化至大肠杆菌ET12567,利用大肠-链霉菌属间接合转移技术获得工程菌株。研究结果表明,工程菌株摇瓶效价(14580 u/mL)比出发菌株(11318 u/mL)提高了29%;液相色谱结果显示,工程菌株的泰乐菌素A和泰乐菌素C相对峰面积显著(P≤0.05)高于出发菌株。增加弗氏链霉菌tylF、tylE和tylCV的拷贝数可有效提高泰乐菌素的产量,以及优化组分,为泰乐菌素生产菌的遗传改造提供参考。     

螺旋霉素高产菌株的选育

以螺旋霉素链霉菌(Streptomyces spiramyceticus)SPM-14078菌株作为出发菌株,利用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变、紫外线(UV)诱变和亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变的方法对菌株进行诱变处理,比较3种方法的诱变效果,通过诱变筛选出1株遗传稳定性好且具有Co~(2+)和豆油耐受性、噬菌体抗性的菌株SPMAR-1603,其发酵效价比出发菌株提高了294.9%,此结果对螺旋霉素高效生产、品质提升具有重要意义。     

猪喘气病的克星--爱乐新

爱乐新(Aivlosin)是由英国伊科动物保健公司生产的全新大环内酯类抗生素新药———酒石酸乙酰异戍酰基泰乐菌素的商品名称。该药现已在世界60多个国家注册销售。2003年该药首次在中国上市。防治猪喘气病的药物多沿用泰乐菌素或枝原净(泰妙菌素)。泰乐菌素也是大环内酯类药物,上市之初,其杀灭支原体的效果极好,但多年大量的应用使得支原体对泰乐菌素的抗药性增加了数十倍,甚至使泰乐菌素对某些抗性菌株失去了作用。枝原净是泰妙菌素的商品名称,属杂环类抗生素。经英国、日本、阿根廷、墨西哥等国的抑菌及临床试验,证实爱乐新对猪肺炎支原体…     

替米考星饮水剂治疗人工感染禽巴氏杆菌试验

替米考星是泰乐菌素的合成衍生物，具有其类似的分子结构和抗菌谱，但对某些病原菌的抗菌活性比泰乐菌素更高，如鸡支原体，巴氏杆菌等。替米考星由于具有非常高的抗菌活性，在鸡上作为饮水剂预防和治疗呼吸道感染疾病，具有使用剂量比泰乐菌素低得多的优势。近年来国内多家药厂已开始研制并生产出替米考星，     

多拉菌素的复合诱变及发酵条件优化

为通过诱变获得遗传性状稳定的多拉菌素高产菌株,对多拉菌素产生菌RDL19-1进行多种诱变处理包括常压室温等离子(ARTP)诱变,紫外(UV)诱变,及ARTP-UV复合诱变。该菌株接种瓶后于28 ℃摇床培养32 h,以10%的接种量转入装量为35 mL/300 mL 发酵瓶中,在28 ℃条件下发酵培养14 d,多拉菌素发酵产量达到了1390 μg/mL,相较于诱变前提高了4倍。通过对多拉菌素产生菌RDL19-1进行ARTP-UV复合诱变,获得了一株遗传性状稳定的高产菌株。     

高效、低毒、无残留的动物专用抗生素——泰乐菌素及其应用

泰乐菌素是由弗氏链霉菌产生的一种大环内酯类动物专用抗生素，主要有酒石酸泰乐菌素和磷酸泰乐菌素，具有抗菌谱广、临床应用范围广、促生长作用明显、毒副作用小、残留量低等特点。在兽医临床上，泰乐菌素对支原体有特效，是治疗畜禽支原体疾病的首选药物。在畜禽饲养业，泰乐菌素广泛应用于鸡、猪、牛的饲料中，能明显促进畜禽生长，提高生长速率，缩短饲养周期，提高饲料利用率和经济效益。1． 泰乐菌素的使用方法（图1） 2． 使用泰乐菌素的注意事项 1．配伍禁忌 泰乐菌素一般不与杆菌肽锌、北里霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、黄霉素、喹乙醇、…     

替米考星在预防和治疗几种呼吸道疾病中的优越性

<正>替米考星是泰乐菌素的合成衍生物,具有泰乐菌素类似的分子结构和抗菌谱,但其对病原菌引发的猪呼吸道疾病的抗菌活性比泰乐菌素更强。基于这一原理,     

环境中泰乐菌素残留及其与土壤微生物的互作效应研究进展

泰乐菌素是中国养殖业广泛使用的抗菌促生长类兽用抗生素之一,它进入畜禽体后,其原形和代谢产物会随畜禽粪尿进入环境,与环境微生物产生互作效应,由此本文首先介绍了环境介质中泰乐菌素残留现状,然后综述了泰乐菌素与土壤微生物的互作效应。目前畜禽生产中使用的泰乐菌素是泰乐菌素A、B、C和D的混合物,其中泰乐菌素A占80%以上,因此泰乐菌素A也是泰乐菌素在环境中残留的主要形式,但在不同环境条件下,泰乐菌素A可转化为泰乐菌素B、C和D,而且已有研究表明在畜禽粪便、污水、土壤及水体等环境介质中均检测到泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物的残留。土壤中残留的泰乐菌素可与微生物产生互作效应,即一方面泰乐菌素可影响土壤中微生物的数量、群落结构和功能;另一方面土壤微生物在受到泰乐菌素胁迫时会产生和传播耐药基因以及可降解泰乐菌素微生物等。笔者还对今后该领域的研究进行了展望。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.