小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞的优化培养

为了找到小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞更加合适的体外生长环境,本研究分别向分离的小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞中加入无血清RMPI1640、含10%血清RMPI1640、无血清DMEM（高糖）、含10%血清DMEM（高糖）及含15%血清DMEM（高糖）的培养液对小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞进行体外培养。试验经观察结果显示,DMEM（高糖）总体培养效果好于RMPI1640,且含15%血清的DMEM（高糖）是较理想的培养用液。     

小鼠发情周期中黄体大小及细胞的数量变化规律

为探索发情周期黄体中细胞的形态分布及数量变化规律,采用HE染色法对发情周期中小鼠黄体的体积大小、黄体细胞的形态分布特征、细胞大小及不同大小细胞所占比例、细胞数量以及卵巢的体积大小等变化规律进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,黄体Ⅰ期中,细胞总数较多,体积中等的黄体细胞比例较高;黄体Ⅱ期中,细胞总数最多,体积中等的黄体细胞比例较高;黄体Ⅲ期中,细胞总数较多,体积中等的黄体细胞比例较高;而黄体Ⅳ期中,细胞总数最少,体积偏小的黄体细胞数量最多。通过静态数据分析,得出小鼠卵巢、黄体发育及其与小鼠发情周期阶段之间的动态关系,并为新的黄体细胞分类体系的建立和计算机模拟构建周期性黄体的三维立体构象提供了依据。     

昆明小白鼠卵巢玻璃化冷冻的研究

为了探讨小鼠卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻时适宜的平衡时间和冷冻保护剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的适宜浓度,试验采用不同平衡时间(10 min、15 min、20 min)及不同浓度(15%、20%、25%)的DMSO作为冷冻保护剂对2月龄昆明小白鼠的卵巢组织进行处理,处理后的卵巢组织采用玻璃化冷冻法进行冷冻,用解剖法采集冷冻解冻后的卵巢卵母细胞,通过对卵母细胞染色及体外成熟培养判定卵巢的冷冻效果。结果表明:以平衡时间为20 min的试验组小鼠卵巢冷冻效果较好,其卵母细胞存活率为65.0%,卵母细胞成熟率为27.4%;DMSO浓度则以20.0%为宜,冷冻解冻后卵巢内卵母细胞染色后存活率为66.7%,体外培养后卵母细胞成熟率为38.3%。     

IFN-α对猪黄体细胞增殖及VEGF基因表达的影响

为了探讨α干扰素(IFN-α)对体外培养猪黄体细胞增殖及VEGF基因表达的影响,试验分离猪卵巢中的黄体组织进行消化处理,制成细胞悬液,体外培养猪黄体细胞,采用MTT比色法测定猪黄体细胞的增殖,ELISA法测定培养液中孕酮的浓度;Real time PCR和Western-blot检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)基因表达。结果表明:IFN-α对猪黄体细胞增殖的抑制作用随着浓度升高而增强。在IFN-α浓度低于100 IU/m L时,对猪培养黄体细胞分泌孕酮呈现抑制作用;当IFN-α浓度高于100 IU/m L时,对猪培养黄体细胞分泌孕酮呈现促进作用。IFN-α下调猪黄体细胞中VEGF mRNA和VEGF蛋白表达。说明IFN-α抑制黄体细胞增殖并具有浓度依赖性,对猪黄体细胞中孕酮的分泌没有影响,下调猪黄体细胞中VEGF基因的表达。     

雄激素对培养的鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞增殖的影响

利用鸡胚性腺生殖细胞-体细胞体外无血清共培养模型研究雄激素对生殖细胞增殖的影响。培养的鸡胚卵巢细胞用睾酮（T，10^-8、10^-7、10^-4 mol/L）和／或芳香化酶抑制剂letrozole（Let．10^-9、10^-8、10^-7mol／L）处理．48h后测定生殖细胞增殖的变化。结果显示．睾酮能够促进卵巢生殖细胞的增殖。且这种促增殖作用可被Let部分阻断。由此推断．睾酮的这种促进鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞增殖的作用，部分是通过转变为雌激素才得以发挥的。     

奶牛体外受精胚胎的不同培养方法对比试验

以屠宰场奶牛卵巢为试验材料，研究体外、体内培养法对体外受精胚胎发育的影响。①体外受精胚胎分别在加输卵管上皮细胞单层和颗粒细胞单层（2×106个/ml）的体外培养体系的培养液中培养与临时受体绵羊体内培养对比试验。结果显示：在培养的第8 d囊胚发育率无显著差异，体外培养体系囊胚形成主要集中在第8 d（受精日为第0 d）。体内培养体系囊胚的形成多数在第7 d。加体细胞的体外培养体系与体内培养法囊胚生成率无显著差异，但却显著好于不加体细胞的简单体外培养法。②进行2种方法生产的胚胎的程序冷冻、解冻敏感性试验。结果显示：体内培养法和普通体外法生产的胚胎解冻后存活率（90%；60%）和囊胚孵化率(85.7%；44.4%)存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。     

奶牛体外受精胚胎的不同培养方法对比试验

以屠宰场奶牛卵巢为试验材料,研究体外、体内培养法对体外受精胚胎发育的影响。(1)体外受精胚胎在体外培养体系是否加输卵管上皮细胞单层(颗粒细胞单层)(2×106个/mL)的培养液中培养与临时受体绵羊体内培养对比试验。结果显示:在培养的第8天囊胚发育率无显著差异,体外培养体系囊胚形成主要集中在第8天(受精日为第0天)。体内培养体系囊胚的形成多数在第7天。加体细胞的体外培养体系与体内培养法囊胚生成率无显著差异,但却显著好于不加体细胞的简单体外培养法。(2)进行两种方法生产胚胎的程序冷冻、解冻敏感性试验。结果显示:体内培养法和普通体外法生产的胚胎解冻后存活率(90%、60%)和囊胚孵化率(85.7%、44.4%)存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

手工克隆小鼠胚胎的研究

与传统克隆相比,手工克隆使用较为简单的仪器设备和技术操作即可生产克隆动物。小鼠作为模式实验动物在多领域得以应用。本研究中采用杂交胎鼠细胞系提供核供体细胞,在含细胞松弛素(Cytochalasin B,CB)和链蛋白酶(Pronase)及2%血清的M199 hepes缓冲液滴(CBMP)中消化透明带并切割去核,电融合后1 h,重构胚置于含Sr Cl2及CB(5μg/m L)的无钙体外培养液(Ca2+-free IVC)中激活6 h,体外培养液(IVC)中清洗3遍后,移入WOW系统培养,培养至小鼠HMC囊胚阶段。研究发现:1)CBMP液中Pronase的浓度相比20μg/m L和100μg/m L,卵母细胞透明带在10μg/m L组需要更长时间消化至消失,较有利于操作;2)直流电(DC)80 V,持续40μs,融合率达60%。3)含10 mmol/L Sr Cl2的化学激活液处理的重构胚与5mmol/L组相比,囊胚更高(29±3%∶13±3%,P0.05),差异显著;4)两种体外培养液,CZB与m PZM,在IVC囊胚率上无显著差异(29±3%∶24±5%,P0.05),而使用CZB可获得较高的囊胚率。本实验首次采用HMC方法体外条件下生产小鼠克隆胚胎,通过摸索透明带消化时间、电激活参数、化学激活试剂及培养液,尝试小鼠体外生产克隆胚胎的新方法,并取得了初步成果,技术优化及效率提高问题仍需要更进一步的研究。     

梅花鹿卵巢颗粒细胞的体外培养与鉴定

卵巢颗粒细胞在卵母细胞生长和卵泡发育过程中起着重要作用,为卵母细胞提供营养,分泌孕酮和雌二醇,与膜细胞一起调控卵泡的增殖和分化。卵巢颗粒细胞也具有干细胞特性,可以作为核移植的替代物,用卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)抗体能很快地鉴定颗粒细胞。本研究通过对梅花鹿卵巢颗粒细胞进行体外培养,旨在探索梅花鹿颗粒细胞长期体外培养的条件,描述颗粒细胞的形态和表型特征,为进一步研究颗粒细胞的功能奠定基础。试验结果表明,梅花鹿卵巢颗粒细胞呈多角形或梭形,并伸出伪足,呈放射状生长,FSHR抗体鉴定结果为颗粒细胞纯度>90%。用含15%胎牛血清和1%双抗的DMEM/F12培养液培养,可获得生长活性好、细胞纯度高的梅花鹿卵巢颗粒细胞,HE染色和FSHR免疫荧光染色可以简便快速地鉴定梅花鹿卵巢颗粒细胞。     

不同血清浓度对金华猪耳缘组织成纤维细胞体外生长的影响研究

试验研究了不同血清浓度对金华猪耳缘组织成纤维细胞体外生长的影响,初步确定体外培养的适宜血清浓度。采用组织块贴壁培养法在不同血清浓度的培养基中进行条件培养(体积分数为5%、10%、15%),观察细胞形态,采用MTT法进行细胞增殖试验。结果表明,含10%、15%血清培养液相对于含5%血清培养液条件下,细胞从组织块迁移出来的时间较短,培养成纤维细胞生长、增殖迅速,细胞活力较强,MTT值明显增高(P0.05),而10%血清与15%血清比较,则差异不显著(P0.05)。     

Local Effect of the Corpus Luteum on Ovarian Follicular Functional and Morphological Features in the Goat

Ovaries of unilaterally ovulated goats (n=21) were used to study follicular morphological features (proportion and degree of atresia, oestradiol production in vitro and progesterone production of granulosa cells in culture). Follicles were dissected out and classified as small (1–2 mm), medium (2–4 mm) and large (>4 mm). Morphological and physiological features were compared in each size class between ovaries bearing and not bearing corpora lutea (CLO and NCLO, respectively). Within the same size class, there was no difference in proportion or in degree of atresia, between CLO and NCLO. A significant effect of follicular size on oestradiol production in vitro was detected, but no effect of the corpus luteum was found. Finally, progesterone production of granulosa cells in culture was significantly higher in CLO than in NCLO after 24 h (p < 0.05) and also after 90 h (p < 0.01) of culture. This higher progesterone production by CLO granulosa cells in culture could be explained by local influence of the corpus luteum stimulating the steroidogenic activity but not aromatase activity. Further studies are needed to clarify possible factors and pathways for this local effect of the corpus luteum upon follicular physiology.     

藏绵羊卵巢组织学及卵泡超微形态的观察

旨在通过观察藏绵羊卵泡、黄体的组织学特征及卵泡的超微形态,探讨其与生理功能的关系。本研究运用大体解剖、常规组织切片和H.E染色及透射电镜技术对藏绵羊卵巢卵泡和黄体的组织结构特点以及卵泡的超微形态进行观察和分析。结果发现,藏绵羊黄体期和卵泡期卵巢的宽度和厚度存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而重量和长度无显著差异（P>0.05）;卵巢上的大多数卵泡通过颗粒细胞萎缩和纤维化而闭锁;黄体中膜黄体细胞（直径22 μm）和颗粒黄体细胞（直径50 μm）结构特征明显且分界清晰,其内部分布着丰富的毛细血管;通过观察卵泡的超微形态发现,随着卵泡的发育,卵泡细胞的形状由椭圆形变为多边形,数量增多且被膜细胞包围;细胞器数量和种类也增多且之间联系紧密,胞质可见分泌的皮质颗粒。结果表明,藏绵羊卵泡系统和黄体的组织学特点以及卵泡的超微形态与其他绵、山羊类似,随着卵泡的发育,血管增生较快,卵泡结构特征变化明显和细胞器致密化程度增加且卵泡在不同时期均会闭锁;黄体内部在毛细血管滋生下使两种黄体细胞结构更加完整且特征明显,这可能是藏绵羊在高原低氧环境下仍然能够发挥卵巢机能的重要基础保障。     

The sensitivity and specificity of single manual examination tests for detection of corpora lutea in the ovaries of non-cycling cows

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of single manual examination of ovarian surface structures and of ovarian size as tests for the detection of corpora lutea in non-cycling cows DESIGN: Non cycling cows were dichotomously classified for the presence of palpable corpora lutea and for ovarian size. The performance characteristics of the palpable corpus luteum test and the ovarian size test were estimated using Bayesian analysis. Previously published information on prevalence and test performance was combined with observed data using the Gibbs Sampler to derive posterior distributions for prevalence and test parameters. RESULTS: Prior distributions for the prevalence of corpora lutea in cows not detected on heat before mating within seasonal herds were centred on 25%, and for the corpus luteum test sensitivity were centred on 70%. No prior assumptions for any other test parameter were made. From a total of 650 cows, 144 were found to have at least one corpus luteum, and 156 were found to have two small ovaries. The posterior estimate obtained for prevalence was 0.30 (95% Cl 0.22 to 0.43), for corpus luteum test sensitivity was 0.71 (95% Cl 0.49 to 0.93), and for corpus luteum test specificity was 0.98 (95% Cl 0.49 to 1.00). For the ovarian size test, the posterior estimate for size test sensitivity was 0.98 (95% Cl 0.95 to 1.00) and for size test specificity was 0.34 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.43). Sensitivity analysis indicated that corpus luteum test sensitivity ranged from 0.60 to 0.70 in most herds. CONCLUSIONS: Errors associated with pre-mating heat detection are likely to result in between 15 to 30% of cycling cows not detected in oestrous before mating, resulting in the inclusion of cycling cows within the population of non-cycling cows. This mixed population of cows is then subjected to manual examination by veterinarians in order to assign cows to treatment groups. The corpus luteum test has modest sensitivity and high specificity and the size test has high sensitivity and low specificity. Therefore the use of a single examination of the ovaries of cows not detected on heat before the mating period, in order to classify them as anovulatory anoestrous cows with or without a corpus luteum, is not sufficient to accurately classify them and thus to recommend treatment.     

Use of milk progesterone enzyme immunoassay for differential diagnosis of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum in cows

In 160 cows with ovarian cysts as determined by rectal palpation, differentiation was made of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum on the basis of milk progesterone concentrations estimated by an enzyme immunoassay before and at 10 days after cows were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Cows having a progesterone concentration in skim milk less than 1.0 ng/ml were considered to have follicular cysts and those with concentrations of 1.0 ng/ml or higher were regarded as the cases of luteal cyst or cystic corpus luteum. Luteal cyst was characterized by progesterone values remaining high in the cows for 10 days after treatment, and cystic corpus luteum was characterized by a decrease in progesterone concentration after cows were treated. By the rectal palpation procedure it was impossible to differentiate luteal cyst and cystic corpus luteum from follicular cyst. The frequencies of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum were 65%, 19%, and 16%, respectively. Of 104 cows with follicular cysts as defined by milk progesterone assay result, 73 (70%) responded to the treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the milk progesterone concentration increasing from 0.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) to 1.8 +/- 1.1 ng/ml. The accuracy of rectal palpation 10 days after treatment for judgment of luteinization of follicular cyst confirmed by milk progesterone analysis was only 30% (48 cows of 160).     

6月龄和成年牦牛卵巢及卵泡发育状况研究

为了研究6月龄牦牛和成年牦牛卵巢及表面卵泡发育状况,试验比较了6月龄和成年牦牛卵巢长度、宽度、厚度、重量、卵泡数量以及卵母细胞体外成熟培养效果。结果表明:成年牦牛卵巢长度(2.29±0.43)cm、宽度(1.91±1.31)cm和厚度(1.60±1.90)cm均显著大于6月龄牦牛[(1.65±0.30)cm、(1.14±0.25)cm、(0.79±0.26)cm](P<0.05),成年牦牛卵巢体积(6.92±7.00)cm3和重量(3.19±1.58)g极显著大于6月龄牦牛体积(1.63±0.93)cm3和重量(0.87±0.44)g(P<0.01)。6月龄牦牛Ⅰ级卵泡数(14.47±8.74)枚和平均总卵泡数(15.17±8.87)枚极显著高于成年牦牛Ⅰ级卵泡数(7.97±3.72)枚和平均总卵泡数(8.98±3.87)枚(P<0.01),Ⅱ级卵泡数差异不显著(P>0.05),成年牦牛平均每头含(0.02±0.15)枚Ⅲ级卵泡,而6月龄牦牛无Ⅲ级卵泡。成年牦牛有黄体卵巢重量显著大于无黄体卵巢重量(P<0.05),有黄体卵巢含(0.06±0.24)枚Ⅲ级卵泡,而无黄体卵巢不含Ⅲ级卵泡。6月龄和成年牦牛A、B级卵母细胞体外培养成熟率分别为(81.39±3.53)%、(80.44±4.50)%,差异不显著(P>0.05),而6月龄牦牛卵巢的平均卵母细胞数和平均A、B级卵母细胞数均显著高于成年牦牛(P<0.05)。     

Relationship between rectal findings of corpus luteum and whole milk progesterone levels in postpartum dairy cows

The reliability of clinical ovarian findings was assessed as an indicator of luteal function in primiparous dairy cows. The postpartum period of 103 cows following their first parturition was studied by thrice weekly rectal palpation of ovaries and whole milk progesterone assay from 1 week after parturition to the first insemination. The relationship between milk progesterone levels and 1101 ovarian findings was compared during the follicular phases, short luteal phases and during the early, mid and late thirds of normal luteal phases. The compatibility between elevated progesterone and palpable corpus luteum was 71%, and between low progesterone and lack of corpus luteum 77%. In 10% of all rectal examinations the finding was unspecified; i.e. the clinician could not differentiate between luteal and follicular activity. During the acyclic period prior to the initiation of luteal function, the proportion of false corpus luteum findings was 11%. The corpora lutea of the short oestrous cycles were more difficult to palpate than those of normal cycles. During early dioestrus the corpus luteum was significantly more difficult to palpate than during the rest of dioestrus. The percentage of unspecified findings was highest during early dioestrus.The paper discusses the reliability of rectal examination as a method of diagnosing cyclicity and of evaluating the responsiveness of a cow to prostaglandin treatment.     

Neural regulation of the bovine corpus luteum

The ovarian noradrenergic stimulation or noradrenaline (NA) administration directly to the ovary in cow increases ovarian oxytocin (OT) release and post-translational processing of OT synthesis within a few minutes has been established in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, NA affects progesterone secretion and its synthesis by an increase of cytochrome P450scc and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. This effect is mediated via luteal cell beta(1)- and beta(2)-receptors. Their total amount correlates with peripheral progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase and this reflects the ability of the ovary to react to beta-stimulation. On the other hand, ovarian denervation causes a decrease of steroidogenic activity in the CL, an increase of beta-receptors on luteal cells, a delay in follicular development and the disruption of cyclicity. Moreover, decrease of progesterone secretion by 20-30% was seen after brief pharmacological blockade of ovarian beta-receptors in the mid-cycle of cattle. We assume that tonic beta-stimulation of the CL ensures the basal secretion of progesterone, whereas acute noradrenergic activation supports the CL during stressful situations which could impair its function. Conversely, long-lasting increase in blood catecholamine concentrations markedly decreases the number of beta-receptors in CL, presumably due to their down-regulation. Concentrations of dopamine (DA) within the CL are highly correlated with those of NA during the estrous cycle, and are higher in the newly-formed than in the developed corpus luteum, the regressed corpus luteum or the corpus luteum of pregnant females. Bovine CL can synthesise de novo NA from DA as a precursor. Concluding, presented data indicate that noradrenergic stimulation can be an important part of mechanism supporting secretory function of CL.     

Relationship of ovarian contents to plasma progesterone concentration in the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Using rectal palpation and laparoscopy, the relationship of ovarian contents to plasma progesterone concentration during the oestrous cycle, early pregnancy and post partum periods in the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was studied. During the oestrous cycle, four stages in the lifespan of the corpus luteum were seen laparoscopically. The mean (+/- sd) concentrations of progesterone in plasma in cows with and without a corpus luteum on their ovaries were 1.49 +/- 0.78 ng/ml (n = 31) and 0.14 +/- 0.09 ng/ml (n = 14), respectively. Plasma progesterone levels reflected age-dependent changes occurring in the cyclic corpus luteum. The accuracy of diagnosing ovarian contents was 82 and 91 per cent for rectal palpation and plasma progesterone levels respectively. Approximately 29 per cent follicles (larger than 10 mm) were incorrectly diagnosed as corpora lutea by rectal palpation.     

牛卵巢黄体状况与腔前卵泡采集数量的关系

根据牛离体卵巢黄体的不同状况，将31枚卵巢分为5种类型，并采用机构方法分离腔前卵泡，观察不同黄体状况卵巢与腔前卵泡采集数量的关系，结果表明，火山口型，圆锥型和蘑菇型3种大黄体的卵巢腔前卵泡采集量多，扁平片状和表面无黄体型卵巢腔前卵泡采集量较少，具有黄体状况的卵巢初级卵泡（Pm)采集数量多于无黄体类型卵巢，原始卵泡（Pf) 以3种黄体较大的卵巢采集数量最多，次级卵泡（Sc)则以黄体为火山口型卵巢为最多，说明卵巢黄体状况不同，其腔前卵泡采集数量有所不同。