胚胎干细胞分离和克隆影响因素的研究进展

胚胎干细胞ES是从早期胚胎或原始生殖细胞中分离出来的能够在体外进行传代培养,而不分化的全能性细胞,ES细胞最主要的生物学特征是具有发育的全能性或多能性,ES细胞能在体外培养、增殖、传代、冻存和诱导分化,是研究生物发育、行为和建立人体疾病模型的理想工具,本文重点论述了影响胚胎干细胞分离和克隆的因素。并展望了胚胎干细胞的应用前景。     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞来源于附植前胚胎的内细胞团或附植后胎儿的原始生殖细胞具有发育全能性的细胞。本文从它的研究概况、生物学特性、胚胎干细胞的分离培养与建系等方面做一概述。     

小鼠8-细胞期胚胎和囊胚制备嵌合体的比较

嵌合体是指由2个或2个以上具有全能性或多能性的细胞系发育而成的复合体。随着发育生物学理论和胚胎干细胞技术的发展,将胚胎干细胞导入小鼠植入前胚胎制备嵌合体逐渐成为研究细胞分化机制的有效工具[1]。经基因修饰胚胎干细胞来源的可遗传的嵌合个体,也成为基因功能研究的重要实     

分化抑制物对动物胚胎干细胞克隆率的影响

胚胎干细胞是从动物胚胎内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离的具有全能性的细胞，在遗传学、发育生物学和细胞工程领域具有广阔的应用前景。抑制胚胎干细胞分化和促进胚胎干细胞增殖是克隆胚胎干细胞的关键，本文介绍了饲养层、条件培养基、分化抑制因子对哺乳动物胚胎干细胞分离与克隆的影响，并探讨了白血病抑制因子影响胚胎干细胞克隆的机理，认为在饲养层中添加分化抑制因子能有效提高胚胎干细胞克隆率。     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展及其应用

胚胎干细胞 (ES细胞 )是一类从早期胚胎内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离和克隆出的、具有发育全能性和多能性的细胞。ES细胞在动物克隆、转基因动物生产、细胞工程、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学、遗传学以及制作动物疾病模型等的研究应用中起着重要的作用。文章介绍了胚胎干细胞及其生物学特性 ,国内外研究进展和新动态。阐述了建立干细胞系的技术要点、ES细胞的应用及发展前景     

胚胎干细胞及其应用

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)是从动物早期胚胎的内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离出来的具有发育全能性的一种未分化的无限增殖细胞系.ES细胞在动物克隆、转基因动物生产、细胞工程、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学等方面的研究应用中起着重要的作用.文章介绍了胚胎干细胞的生物学特性,国内外研究进展和研究动态.阐明了建立ES细胞系的技术要点以及ES细胞的应用及发展前景.     

鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞是存在于早期胚胎或原始生殖嵴,具有发育全能性和无限增殖能力的一类细胞。作为实验材料,该类细胞已广泛应用于基因的表达与调控、细胞分化的机制、动物克隆及转基因动物生产等研究领域。与其他哺乳动物胚胎干细胞的研究相比,虽然鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究起步较晚,但近年来该领域的研究进展迅速。本文综述了鱼类胚胎干细胞的分离培养、生物学特性、体外分化能力及嵌合体形成等方面的研究进展。     

胚胎干细胞分离培养研究进展

胚胎干细胞(ESCs)是一种高度未分化,能自我复制、自我更新,在体外连续传代并保持未分化状态和具有发育全能性的细胞.文章从研究概况、体外分离培养、生物学特性、鉴定方法、影响ESCs分离培养的因素、存在问题以及应用前景等方面对胚胎干细胞进行了概述.     

鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞是存在于早期胚胎或原始生殖嵴,具有发育全能性和无限增殖能力的一类细胞.作为实验材料,该类细胞已广泛应用于基因的表达与调控、细胞分化的机制、动物克隆及转基因动物生产等研究领域.与其他哺乳动物胚胎干细胞的研究相比,虽然鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究起步较晚,但近年来该领域的研究进展迅速.本文综述了鱼类胚胎干细胞的分离培养、生物学特性、体外分化能力及嵌合体形成等方面的研究进展.     

胚胎干细胞定向分化研究进展

胚胎干细胞是一类从早期胚胎内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离和克隆出的 ,具有自我更新和发育全能性并产生分化后代能力的早期细胞 ,可分化形成各种组织类型。在合适的条件下 ,胚胎干细胞可发育成造血细胞、神经细胞、肌细胞等各种细胞。探索胚胎干细胞分化机理及其体外定向诱导分化为其他组织细胞的条件 ,就可以通过改变体外培养条件来探索胚胎干细胞向不同组织细胞分化规律 ,对揭开动物个体发育之迷 ,具有极其重要的理论意义 ;也可为细胞替代治疗、器官移植、建立药物筛选模型以及进行发育及细胞生物学的研究奠定基础。本文仅就胚胎干细胞定向分化的理论基础 ,定向分化研究现状作一综述     

胚胎干细胞的研究与应用

胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）是由早期胚胎内细胞团或盈儿原始生殖细胞分离克隆出的具有发育全能性的细胞，是动物多种组织细胞的祖细胞。由于ES细胞与克隆动物、转基因动物、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学、遗传学以及昨动物疾病模型等研究与应用的关系密切，引起广大学者的关注和兴趣。尤其是从1999年以来，人类ES细胞研究取得很大进展，人们渴望该技术尽快成熟，应用于临床医学克隆治疗，在世界范围内掀起了ES细胞的研究热潮。海峡两岸应组织多学科、多行业、多单位的科技工作者协同攻关，使该项研究尽快取得突破性进展。     

Lipid droplets are formed in 2-cell-like cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells, derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, are believed to pluripotent cells and give rise to embryonic, but not extraembryonic, tissues. In mice, totipotent 2-cell stage embryo-like (2-cell-like) cells, which are identified by reactivation of murine endogenous retrovirus with leucin transfer RNA primer (MuERV-L), arise at a very few frequencies in ES cell cultures. Here, we found that a lipid droplet forms during the transition from ES cells to 2-cell-like cells, and we propose that 2-cell-like cells utilize a unique energy storage and production pathway.     

鼠源细胞TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为对鼠源细胞进行鉴别检测,以鼠线粒体16S rRNA基因序列为靶位点设计特异性引物及探针,建立实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并评价该方法的特异性及敏感性。结果显示,所建立的检测方法特异性好,针对鼠源细胞基因组荧光定量PCR扩增曲线良好,其他物种来源细胞基因组及生物制品原辅材料未出现特异性扩增曲线;敏感性高,基因拷贝数检出限度为45.3拷贝。本试验建立的荧光定量PCR检测方法能够有效地对鼠源细胞进行快速检测,为细胞质量控制提供了有效方法。     

Differential expression of microRNAs in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids (ES), the most common cutaneous tumour affecting horses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non‐coding RNAs that regulate essential biological and cellular processes, have been found dysregulated in a wide range of tumours. The aim of this study was to identify miRNAs associated with ES. Differential expression of miRNAs was assessed in control equine fibroblasts (EqPalFs) and EqPalFs transformed with the BPV‐1 genome (S6‐2 cells). Using a commercially available miRNA microarray, 492 mature miRNAs were interrogated. In total, 206 mature miRNAs were differentially expressed in EqPalFs compared with S6‐2 cells. Aberrant expression of these miRNAs in S6‐2 cells can be attributed to the presence of BPV‐1 genomes. Furthermore, we confirm the presence of 124 miRNAs previously computationally predicted in the horse. Our data supports the involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ES.     

Pluripotent stem cells--model of embryonic development,tool for gene targeting,and basis of cell therapy

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cell lines with the capacity of self-renewal and a broad differentiation plasticity. They are derived from pre-implantation embryos and can be propagated as a homogeneous, uncommitted cell population for an almost unlimited period of time without losing their pluripotency and their stable karyotype. Murine ES cells are able to reintegrate fully into embryogenesis when returned into an early embryo, even after extensive genetic manipulation. In the resulting chimeric offspring produced by blastocyst injection or morula aggregation, ES cell descendants are represented among all cell types, including functional gametes. Therefore, mouse ES cells represent an important tool for genetic engineering, in particular via homologous recombination, to introduce gene knock-outs and other precise genomic modifications into the mouse germ line. Because of these properties ES cell technology is of high interest for other model organisms and for livestock species like cattle and pigs. However, in spite of tremendous research activities, no proven ES cells colonizing the germ line have yet been established for vertebrate species other than the mouse (Evans and Kaufman, 1981; Martin, 1981) and chicken (Pain et al., 1996). The in vitro differentiation capacity of ES cells provides unique opportunities for experimental analysis of gene regulation and function during cell commitment and differentiation in early embryogenesis. Recently, pluripotent stem cells were established from human embryos (Thomson et al., 1998) and early fetuses (Shamblott et al., 1998), opening new scenarios both for research in human developmental biology and for medical applications, i.e. cell replacement strategies. At about the same time, research activities focused on characteristics and differentiation potential of somatic stem cells, unravelling an unexpected plasticity of these cell types. Somatic stem cells are found in differentiated tissues and can renew themselves in addition to generating the specialized cell types of the tissue from which they originate. Additional to discoveries of somatic stem cells in tissues that were previously not thought to contain these kinds of cells, they also appear to be capable of developing into cell types of other tissues, but have a reduced differentiation potential as compared to embryo-derived stem cells. Therefore, somatic stem cells are referred to as multipotent rather than pluripotent. This review summarizes characteristics of pluripotent stem cells in the mouse and in selected livestock species, explains their use for genetic engineering and basic research on embryonic development, and evaluates their potential for cell therapy as compared to somatic stem cells.     

Nanog基因的生物学功能研究进展

胚胎干细胞具有无限增殖能力和多向分化潜能决定了它在医学及生物学基础研究中具有巨大的应用潜力。探索维持胚胎干细胞特性的分子机制成为胚胎干细胞的生物学研究中的热点。研究发现与维持胚胎干细胞多能性相关的基因有Oct4、Nanog、Sox2等，其中Nanog是2003年5月末发现的一个基因，它对维持胚胎干细胞多能性起关键性作用，能够独立于L1F/Stats维持ICM和ES细胞的多能性。几年来，Nanog的生物学功能及其与Oct4、Sox2等多能性维持基因之间的相互作用关系已有较为深入的研究。作者在综述Nanog基因的表达特征和功能的基础上，重点探讨Nanog基因表达调控以及Oct4、Sox2等多能性维持基因之间的相互作用关系，并展望其应用前景。     

Eosinophilic substance is "not amyloid" in the mouse nasal septum

An eosinophilic substance (ES) is usually observed in the mouse nasal septum and increases in volume with aging. It has been described as amyloid in textbooks and one report. However, it has been described as "not amyloid" in other reports because there was a negative reaction to Congo red. In this study, the ES was investigated histopathologically and electron microscopically to determine whether it was amyloid or not. The ES was only observed at the interstitium of clear HE-stained nasal glands in the septum, in which 2 kinds of glands were present (dark and clear stained by HE). The volume of the ES was small in young mice and large in older ones. Neither nasal gland degeneration nor inflammation resulted, even if a large amount of the ES was observed. The ES reacted negatively to Congo red but was strongly positive to periodic acid-Schiff reaction with prior diastase treatment. In the electron microscope observation, the ES consisted of amorphous material and collagen, but no nonbranching fibrils. Similar amorphous material was also observed in the nasal gland epithelial cells and was connected to the material in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The above-mentioned findings indicated that the ES was not amyloid and suggested the ES might consist of not only collagen but also complex carbohydrate, which was produced by the nasal gland epithelial cells.     

影响昆明小鼠和BALB/c小鼠胚胎干细胞分离、克隆、传代的若干因素

对昆明小鼠和BALB／c小鼠2种胚胎的研究表明，2种品系小鼠胚胎均可用作胚胎干细胞（ES）分离建系的材料，两者在ES分离、传代上无显著差异（P〉0．05）；大鼠心肌细胞条件培养液与添加LIF的ES常规培养液相比，显著提高了小鼠ES细胞F1、F2出现率（P〈0．05）；采用低浓度消化液使形成ES克隆的比率分别从14％、16％提高到35％、32％，使ES传到第5代的比率分别从1．7％、0提高到5％、7．1％；而采用连续消化法使形成ES克隆的比率从15％、17％提高到40％、50％，使ES传到第5代的比率从0、1％提高到10％、20％；对ES进行伊红染色、核型分析、AKP染色及体外分化能力检测，证实所分离的ES符合小鼠ES的一系列特征。     

Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) on adipocyte differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate spontaneously into various lineages in vitro. However, spontaneous commitment of ES cells to the adipocyte lineage is rare. In the present study, bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP-4) is described as a factor inducing adipocyte differentiation from ES cells at a high rate. For this reason, ES-cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) in suspension cultures were exposed to different doses of BMP-4 for 5 days before they were plated onto gelatin-coated tissue culture plates. Moreover, the effect of serum-containing and serum-free media in three different combinations was assessed. Plated EBs, stained with Sudan Black and processed for transmission and scanning electron microscopy, were observed daily for adipocyte formation. Treatment with BMP-4 resulted in the appearance of adipocyte clusters in EBs' outgrowth, depending on the doses applied. Early in differentiation, many small fat droplets were observed in adipocytes, while later on they coalesced and formed a few large fat droplets. Adipocyte clusters had a fibrillar and vascular stroma, and each adipocyte was surrounded with a reticular external lamina. Furthermore, the appearance and development of adipocytes and their changes following 2-3 weeks of starvation mimicked live adipose tissue. In fact, understanding the biological activity of growth and differentiation factors is needed to regulate and direct stem cell differentiation to specific cell types in vitro.     

山羊PGCs用于分离与克隆类ES细胞

选择健康成年本地白山羊，自然发情，配种后44d取胎儿，以传统的原始生殖细胞（PGCs)分离与克隆的方法和PGCs与其胎儿生殖嵴周围组织细胞共同培养的方法获得类胚胎干细胞（类ES细胞），并对山羊类ES细胞在不同饲养层上进行培养。结果表明，采用传统方法与共培养的方法并添加细胞因子均能分离获得类ES细胞。分离获得的类ES细胞在同源（山羊）胎儿细胞饲养层上生长效果较好，可传4代或5代，而在小鼠原代成纤维细胞饲养层上类ES细胞仅传3代。另外，共培养不添加细胞因子组仅获1个ES细胞集落，传代后丢失。