枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道消化酶活性、黏膜结构及肠道菌群组成的影响

将216羽1日龄罗斯308肉鸡随机分成对照组和处理组,每组设3个重复,每个重复36羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组饲喂基础日粮加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。饲养期42d。结果显示：与对照组相比,处理组肉鸡十二指肠内容物中胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和总蛋白水解酶的活性均显著提高（P〈0.05）;十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度显著增加（P〈0.05）,绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值（VH/CD）显著升高（P〈0.05）;空肠和盲肠内容物中乳酸菌数量显著增加（P〈0.05）,大肠杆菌数量显著降低（P〈0.05）。结果表明,肉鸡日粮中添加适量的枯草芽孢杆菌能显著提高肉鸡消化酶活性,改善肉鸡肠黏膜结构及菌群组成,从而提高肉鸡的生长性能。     

乳酸菌和酵母菌复合制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肠道健康的影响

本试验旨在研究乳酸菌和酵母菌复合制剂(LS)及其与维吉尼亚霉素(VM)联用对爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肠道健康的影响。选取1日龄健康AA肉鸡公雏400只,据体重相近原则分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加30 mg/kg VM(VM组)、15 mg/kg VM+1 000 mg/kg LS(VM+LS组)和1 000 mg/kg LS(LS组)的试验饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)VM、VM+LS和LS组的42日龄肉仔鸡体重显著高于对照组(P0.05);VM+LS和LS组的22~42和1~42日龄肉仔鸡平均日增重和料重比显著优于对照组(P0.05)。2)VM+LS组的42日龄胸肌率和全净膛率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,LS组21日龄空肠黏膜形态显著改善(P0.05),十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P0.05);VM+LS和LS组42日龄十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度及绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P0.05)。4)VM+LS和LS组的42日龄盲肠大肠杆菌数量和大肠杆菌/乳酸杆菌值显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上,LS及其与VM联合使用均能改善肠道健康,促进肉仔鸡生长。     

果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道菌群数量、发酵粪中氨气和硫化氢散发量及营养素利用率的影响

选用360只1日龄AA肉公鸡，随机分成5个处理组，每个处理设6个重复，每个重复12只鸡。试验饲粮分别为：基础饲粮（对照组），基础饲粮＋0．3％果寡糖，基础饲粮＋0．1％枯草芽孢杆菌，基础饲粮＋0．3％果寡糖＋0．1％枯草芽孢杆菌，基础饲粮＋150mg／kg金霉素（有效成分为15％）。结果表明：果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌具有选择性地增加肉鸡盲肠中的乳酸杆菌等有益菌群的数量，减少大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等有害菌的数量，二者的复合添加可以更好地调节肉鸡肠道微生态环境；与对照组相比，肉鸡饲粮中果寡糖的添加使发酵粪中NH3和H2S的散发量分别降低38．38％（P〈0．05）和24．35％（P〈0．05），果寡糖＋枯草芽孢杆菌的添加使发酵粪中NH3和H2S的散发量分别降低62．14％（P〈0．05）和28．49％（P〈0．05），枯草芽孢杆菌或金霉素的添加对发酵粪中NH3和H2S的散发量均无显著影响（P〉0．05）；果寡糖、枯草芽孢杆菌和果寡糖＋枯草芽孢杆菌的添加，使肉鸡对粗灰分的利用率分别提高了18．94％（P〈0．05）、17．36％（P〈0．05）和23．66％（P〈0．05），钙的利用率分别提高了20．78％（P〈0．05）、14．63％（P〈0．05）和21．31％（P〈0．05），磷的利用率分别提高了6．60％（P〉0．05）、12．32％（P〈0．05）和14．67%（P〈0．05），但不影响粗蛋白利用率（P〉0．05）。     

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长、胴体和鸡肉品质的影响

本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长性能、胴体和鸡肉品质的影响。选用90羽7日龄的肉仔鸡,随机分成3个处理组,每个处理设3个重复。对照1组饲喂基础日粮,对照2组饲喂基础日粮添加0.05%的硫酸新霉素制剂,试验组饲喂基础日粮添加0.1%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。试验期35d。试验结果表明:试验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均比对照1组高,且差异显著(P<0.05),但均比对照2组低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组鸡的平均采食量均略高于两对照组(P>0.05),试验组的饲料转化率较对照1组提高3.14%,比对照2组低1.59%(P>0.05)。试验组肉鸡胴体品质的各项指标与两对照组相比,除了腿肌重和腿肌率有显著差异外(P<0.05),其余各项指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组鸡肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均高于两对照组。这表明在较高的营养水平条件下添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长具有一定的促进作用,对肉鸡胴体和鸡肉品质无不良影响,可增加鸡肉鲜味。     

谷氨酰胺对肉鸡小肠组织结构和吸收能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同添加水平谷氨酰胺(Gln)对热应激肉鸡小肠组织结构和吸收能力的影响.选用1日龄科宝- 500肉鸡240只,随机分为6个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10只.Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.4％、0.8％、1.2％、1.6％和2.0...     

Effects of Yeast Culture on Growth Performance,Meat Quality and Intestinal Microflora of Broilers

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of yeast culture on growth performance, meat quality and intestinal microflora of broilers. A total of 432 1-day-old AA commercial broiler chicks with initial body weight of (41.73±0.15)g were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 18 broilers per replicate,receiving diets supplemented with 0,0.1%,0.2% and 0.3% yeast culture, respectively. The trial lasted for 42 days which was divided into two periods with 1 to 21 d and 22 to 42 d,respectively.The feed intake,body weight,death and culling rate were recorded in each period. At the end of the experiment,1 chickens in each replicate with the weight close to the average value were slaughtered after fasting for 12 h. The slaughter performance and intestinal microflora counts were determined.The results showed that compared with control group,the supplementation of 0.2% and 0.3% yeast culture significantly increased the body weight at 42 d and the average daily gain (ADG) during the whole trial (P< 0.05).The diet supplemented with 0.2% yeast culture significantly improved the ADG,decreased the F/G of broilers during 22 to 42 d (P< 0.05),and it also significantly increased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and ADG (P< 0.05),decreased the F/G of the whole period (P< 0.05).Moreover,the supplementation of 0.2% yeast culture significantly decreased the drip loss of meat and the count of Escherichia coli (P< 0.05),and significantly increased the count of Bifidobacterium(P< 0.05). In summary, the supplementation of 0.2% yeast culture could significantly improve the growth performance and the muscle quality of broilers.The intestinal microflora in broiler cecum were effectively optimized after inclusion of yeast culture in the study.     

Nano-sized Zinc in Broiler Chickens: Effects on Growth Performance,Zinc Concentration in Organs,and Intestinal Morphology

The effects of dietary supplementation of zinc (Zn) sources and concentrations were investigated on growth performance, absorption into tissues, fecal excretion, nutrient retention, and intestinal morphology in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 525 one-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were assigned based on body weight to seven dietary treatments. There were five replicate pens for each treatment and 15 broilers per replicate pen. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (control, without supplementing Zn), and basal diet supplemented with Zn, as inorganic zinc sulfate (ZnS; 110 mg/kg); organic Zn-methionine (ZnM; 110 mg/kg); hot-melt extruded (HME) 25 zinc sulfate (27.5 mg/kg); HME50 zinc sulfate (55 mg/kg); HME75 zinc sulfate (82.5 mg/kg); or HME100 zinc sulfate (110 mg/kg) for 35 days in two phases (d 1–21, phase I and d 22–35, phase II). Bodyweight and feed efficiency of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with increasing dietary concentrations of HME-Zn improved linearly during the study period (P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the ZnS, ZnM, and HME diets increased Zn concentrations in the serum and liver. Inorganic ZnS supply resulted in the highest Zn concentration in excreta. Increasing supplemented Zn content in diets as HME linearly increased Zn concentration in the excreta, serum, liver, and tibia. Broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of HME increased villus height (VH; linear and quadratic) of the jejunum and VH of the ileum (linear). Increasing concentrations of dietary Zn supplied as HME resulted in linearly enhanced dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen retention of broilers on day 21. These results suggest that dietary HME-Zn at a lower level (55 ppm) shows the same growth performance as common ZnSO₄ at 110 ppm.     

Effects of exogenous enzymes in corn-based and Canadian pearl millet-based diets with reduced soybean meal on growth performance, intestinal nutrient digestibility, villus development, and selected microbial populations in broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to compare a commercial corn-soybean meal diet with a pearl millet diet containing less soybean meal (-27%), alone or in combination with exogenous enzymes, on growth performance, jejunal villus development, ileal CP, and AA digestibility, and cecal microbial populations in broilers. One hundred sixty 1-d-old male Ross 508 broilers (5/cage) were randomly allocated to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) a standard corn-soybean meal control diet (CTL); 2) a pearl millet-soybean meal diet (PM); 3) CTL + exogenous enzymes (CE); and 4) PM + exogenous enzymes (PE) with 8 replicate cages/treatment. The PM and PE diets contained less soybean meal because of greater CP and AA contents of pearl millet. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly over 35 d. At d 21 and 35, 8 broilers per treatment were euthanized for sample collection and analyses. Gain-to-feed was greater (P < 0.01) for pearl millet- than corn-based diets. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and most AA was similar between corn-based and pearl millet-based diets, and enzyme supplementation improved AID of CP (P < 0.01) and most AA at both d 21 and 35. However, for AID of some AA at d 21, the response to enzyme supplementation was less pronounced in broilers fed pearl millet-based diets than those fed corn-based diets (grain × enzyme, P ≤ 0.05). The villus was longer (P < 0.01) in broilers fed PM and PE than CTL and CE at d 35. Similarly, at d 35, lactobacilli loads were greater (P < 0.01) in broilers fed PM and PE than CTL and CE. It is concluded that, in comparison with corn, broiler diets formulated with pearl millet require less soybean meal and can be used to improve growth performance traits, intestinal lactobacilli populations, and villus development, whereas enzyme supplementation increases AID of CP and AA.     

Effects of Butyrin on Growth Performance,Nutrient Apparent Digestibility,Slaughter Performance,Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Flora of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of butyrin on the growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,slaughter performance,intestinal morphology and microbial flora of broilers.A total of 384 1-day-old Rose 308 broilers were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups,4 replicates per group and 24 broilers per replicate.The blank control group was fed on basal diet,the experimental groups were fed on basal diet supplemented with 250,500 and 750 g/t butyrin,respectively,which replaced 40% oil of the basal diet.The experiment lasted for 42 days.The result showed that compared with the blank control group,diets supplemented with butyrin had an promoting effect on the performance of broilers,and the middle dose group (500 g/t) was the best.The slaughter performance of supplemented groups showed a tendency to be improved,but there was no significant difference with blank control group (P>0.05);The height of duodenum and jejunum villus of middle supplemented group were significantly improved (P<0.05),and the crypt depth of supplemented groups tended to be reduced,but there was no significant difference (P>0.05);Compared with the blank control group,the apparent digestibility of crude fat and crude fiber of middle supplemented group were significantly improved (P<0.05);The amount of Escherichia coli of middle supplemented group was significantly decreased (P<0.05);And the amount of Lactobacillus was significantly improved (P<0.05).In conclusion,basal diet supplemented with butyrin could promote the growth performance,increase the nutrient digestibility,improve the intestinal morphology and microbial flora of broilers.The best supplemented level of butyrin for diets was 500 g/t.     

Effects of a New Recombinant Phytase on the Performance and Mineral Utilization of Broilers Fed Phosphorus-Deficient Diets

An experiment was conducted with Arbor Acres broiler chickens that were fed 3 experimental diets—a control diet containing an adequate level of available phosphorus (AP) and 2 diets that were deficient in AP but supplemented with phytase at a level of either 500 or 750 phytase units/kg—to assess the effects of a novel microbial phytase supplement in broilers fed AP-deficient diets on growth performance and mineral utilization. Similar average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency (P > 0.05) were obtained among broilers fed different diets. Compared with broilers fed the control diet, broilers fed diets with phytase had greater (P < 0.05) retention of Ca, P, and Zn. Moreover, the levels of Cu, Zn, Mg, and Mn in the tibia bone at 28 d of age, and Zn and Mn at 42 d of age in birds fed diets with phytase exceeded (P < 0.05) those of birds fed the control diet. Supplementation of phytase increased Zn and Mg contents in the plasma at 42 d of age. Birds responded similarly to phytase supplemented at a level of 500 or 750 phytase units/kg in terms of growth performance, mineral retention, and mineral content in the serum and bone. Therefore, with the supplementation of this novel phytase, it is possible to reduce the dietary levels of P and other minerals to below the recommended levels of the Feeding Standard of Chicken in P. R. China (ZB B 43005-86).     

Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on broiler performance, and physical and morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract.

2. Experiment 1: A total of 180 one-d-old male chicks were placed in battery brooders in 3?×?6 replicate pens containing 10 chicks each. Chicks were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments; a maize-soyabean meal based diet supplemented with 0, 0·25, and 0·50% Torula yeast RNA (as a source of nucleotides) from 0 to 16?d of age.

3. Experiment 2: A total of 1344 one-d-old male chicks were placed in floor pens and reared on recycled wood shavings (two flocks) under a high stocking density (0·068?m²/bird). Chicks were randomly assigned to one of the 4 dietary treatments (0, 0·25% Torula yeast RNA, 2% and 6% Nupro®) for the starter period (0 to 14?d of age) with 6 replicate pens containing 56 chicks each. All the birds were fed on the same common grower diet with no supplementation of nucleotides from 15 to 32?d of age.

4. Experiment 1: Supplementing the diets with up to 0·50% Torula yeast RNA did not affect broiler performance, or relative intestinal tract weight and length of broilers at any periods measured.

5. Experiment 2: From 0 to 14?d of age, broilers fed on the diets supplemented with 0·25% Torula yeast RNA and 2 and 6% Nupro® were significantly heavier and had improved feed conversion (feed:gain) ratios as compared with the birds fed on the control diet. Supplementing the starter diet only with 2% Nupro® supplementation significantly improved body weight (BW) gain as compared with the control diet over the entire experiment (0 to 32?d of age). Broilers fed on the diets supplemented with 2 and 6% Nupro® from 0 to 14?d of age had better feed conversion (feed:gain) ratios over the entire experiment (0 to 32?d of age) as compared with the birds fed on the control diet, even though the birds were only fed on the diets supplemented with Nupro® from 0 to 14?d of age. The broilers fed on the diets supplemented with 0·25% Torula yeast RNA and 2% Nupro® had higher villus height and an improved villus height-to-crypt depth ratio as compared with birds fed on the control or 6% Nupro® diet at 14?d of age.

6. It is generally assumed that nucleotides are not an essential nutrient; thus there is no need to supplement the diets of broilers reared under normal conditions. However, dietary nucleotide supplementation may be important to maintain maximum growth performance when birds are exposed to stress conditions, such as high stocking density combined with dirty litter.     

玉米-杂粕型日粮添加木聚糖酶对肉鸡免疫功能、肠道形态和微生物菌群的影响

试验研究在玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加木聚糖酶对肉鸡免疫功能、肠道形态及微生物菌群的影响。试验将480只1日龄艾维因肉公鸡分为4个处理组,分别在基础日粮中添加0、709、1 419、2 128 IU/kg的木聚糖酶,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只肉鸡,试验期44 d。结果表明:在玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加木聚糖酶对肉鸡免疫器官指数和免疫功能有一定影响1,419 IU/kg组44日龄肉鸡血液E花环和淋巴细胞转化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加木聚糖酶可不同程度提高22日龄肉鸡空肠和回肠肠道肠绒毛长度,降低十二指肠和回肠隐窝深度,显著增加肉鸡肠绒毛长度和隐窝深度的比值(P<0.05);显著降低十二指肠固有层厚度(P<0.05);显著增加44日龄肉鸡乳酸杆菌的数量。结果显示,在玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加1 419 IU/kg水平的木聚糖酶对改善肉鸡免疫指标、肠道形态及微生物菌群效果最佳。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对地面平养和笼养肉仔鸡生产性能及血液指标的影响

选择240只1日龄新生罗斯308(ROSS 308)肉鸡分成4个处理组,用于研究枯草芽孢杆菌饲料添加剂对地面平养和笼养肉仔鸡的生长性能、养分利用率及血液生化指标等的影响。处理组1和处理组2肉仔鸡日粮添加抗生素金霉素,处理组3和处理组4肉仔鸡日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌饲料添加剂;同时,处理组1和处理组3肉仔鸡地面平养,处理组2和处理组4肉仔鸡采用笼养,试验周期21 d。试验结果显示:平均日增重、料重比、粗蛋白和代谢能的表观利用率等指标,处理组4显著优于(P<0.05)处理组1,处理组2和处理组3之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肉仔鸡血清白蛋白浓度指标,处理组4和处理组2之间无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著大于(P<0.05)处理组1。本试验证明,无论是传统的肉鸡地面平养方式还是现代的规模化肉鸡笼养方式,添加微生态制剂枯草芽孢杆菌,可有效替代饲用抗生素,改善肉仔鸡生长性能,其作用机理主要是提高饲料蛋白质的消化利用率。     

日粮中添加酵母培养物对肉仔鸡生长性能、肉品质和肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平酵母培养物对肉仔鸡生长性能、肉品质和肠道菌群的影响。选用432只1日龄、初始体重为（41.73±0.15）g的AA商品代肉仔鸡公雏,随机分为4个处理组（分别在基础日粮中添加0、0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的酵母培养物）,每组6个重复,每个重复18只鸡。试验期42 d,分为1~21和22~42 d两个阶段,试验期间记录采食量、体重和死淘率,试验结束时每个重复选择1只与平均体重接近的肉仔鸡空腹12 h后进行屠宰,测定其屠宰性能和肠道微生物数量。结果显示,与对照组相比,日粮中添加0.2%和0.3%酵母培养物能够显著提高肉仔鸡42 d的体重和试验全期平均日增重（P< 0.05）。且当添加量为0.2%时,能显著提高肉仔鸡22~42 d平均日增重（P< 0.05）,显著降低料重比（P< 0.05）;显著提高试验全期平均日增重和平均日采食量（P< 0.05）,显著降低试验全期料重比（P< 0.05）。同时,添加酵母培养物还可显著降低鸡肉的滴水损失和大肠杆菌数量（P< 0.05）,并显著增加盲肠双歧杆菌数量（P< 0.05）。综上所述,肉仔鸡日粮中添加0.2%酵母培养物的效果最佳,能够显著提高肉鸡生长性能,提高肌肉的系水力,改善其肌肉品质。同时,还能有效增加肉鸡盲肠中有益菌双歧杆菌数量和减少有害菌大肠杆菌数量。     

Effect ofBacillus amyloliquefaciens-based direct-fed microbials and antibiotic on performance,nutrient digestibility,cecal microflora,and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens

Two hundred eighty-eight 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments to examine the effect of usingBacillus amyloliquefaciens-based direct-fed microbials (DFM) to replace antibiotics in the late growth stage on performance, nutrient digestibility, cecal microflora, and intestinal morphology in broilers. The experimental diets were (1) a negative control (NC) group fed a basal diet without any antibiotics; (2) a positive control (PC) group fed the basal diet with 200 mg/kg of zinc bacitracin; (3) a test group fed the basal diet with 200 mg/kg of zinc bacitracin from d 1 to 21 and 30 mg/kg of DFM from d 22 to 42 (DFM30); and (4) a test group fed the basal diet with 200 mg/kg of zinc bacitracin from d 1 to 21 and 60 mg/kg of DFM from d 22 to 42 (DFM60). The results showed that DFM30 and DFM60 increased BW gain and improved FCR as compared with NC group (P < 0.05). Generally, the PC, DFM30, and DFM60 groups showed increased apparent total tract nutrient digestibility for DM, CP, and AME as compared with the NC group. Both the DFM30 and DFM60 groups decreased cecalEscherichia coli population as compared with the NC group, and increased the population ofLactobacillus as compared with the PC group. The PC, DFM30, and DFM60 groups increased villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth compared with NC. In conclusion, dietary supplementation withB. amyloliquefaciens-based DFM during d 22 to 42 may enhance performance by increasing nutrient digestibility and improving intestinal health in birds fed diets supplemented with zinc bacitracin from d 1 to 21.     

丁酸甘油酯对肉鸡生长性能、养分表观消化率、屠宰性能、肠道形态及微生物菌群的影响

试验旨在研究丁酸甘油酯对肉鸡生长性能、养分表观消化率、屠宰性能、肠道形态及微生物菌群的影响。选用1日龄罗斯308肉鸡384羽,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复24羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加250、500、750 g/t剂量的丁酸甘油酯替代40%的油脂饲喂,试验周期为42 d。结果显示,与空白对照组相比,饲料中添加丁酸甘油酯对于肉鸡的生长性能具有促进作用,其中中剂量组（500 g/t）添加效果最好。各剂量组肉鸡屠宰性能较空白对照组有所改善,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;与空白对照组相比,各剂量组十二指肠和空肠肠绒毛高度均有所提高,其中中剂量组与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）,各剂量组隐窝深度有变浅的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;与空白对照组相比,中剂量组的粗脂肪和粗纤维表观消化率均显著提高（P<0.05）;大肠杆菌数量显著减少（P<0.05）,盲肠乳酸菌数量显著增加（P<0.05）。综上所述,基础日粮添加丁酸甘油酯能促进生长性能,提高饲料养分消化率,改善肠道形态和微生物菌群,肉鸡日粮中丁酸甘油酯最佳添加剂量为500 g/t。     

Growth performance,carcass traits and digestive function of broiler chickens fed diets with graded levels of corn resistant starch

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to assess the effects of graded levels of dietary corn resistant starch (RS) on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient retention, digestive organ index, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, and mRNA expression of certain nutrient transporters in broiler chickens.

2. A total of 320, 1-d-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, with eight replicates of eight birds in each. These treatments included one corn-soybean control diet, a corn-soybean based diet containing 20% corn starch, and three diets supplemented with 4%, 8% and 12% RS by replacing corn starch with 6.67%, 13.33% and 20% of Hi-Maize 260® (identified as control, RS1, RS2, RS3 and RS4, respectively). The feeding period lasted 42 days.

3. Performance parameters including feed consumption, feed conversion, body weight gain and percentage of abdominal fat at d 42 of age, nutrient retention (including dry matter, fat, total starch and nitrogen free extract), and apparent metabolisable energy was measured from d 18 to 20 and d 39 to 41 and showed negative linear responses to increasing dietary RS level (P < 0.05). Birds fed the RS3 and RS4 diets showed higher relative weight of duodenum, jejunum and ileum, as well as lower villus height and villus height/crypt depth compared to the control (P < 0.05). The activity of pancreatic trypsin of birds at d 21 and 42 of age decreased linearly in response to the increase of dietary RS level (P < 0.01). There were linear changes in up-regulated mRNA expression of SGLT-1 and down-regulated mRNA expression of GLUT-2 with increasing proportion of RS at d 21 and 42 of age (P < 0.05), respectively.

4. It was concluded that feeding broilers with diets containing higher concentrations of RS impaired the development of small intestine, which resulted in lower apparent total tract retention of nutrients and poorer body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass traits of broiler chickens.     

女贞子对AA肉鸡肌肉抗氧化能力及GPx4基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究女贞子原粉对肉鸡肌肉抗氧化能力、鲜肉货架期挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的影响,并对肉鸡肌肉磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx4)基因表达进行分析。试验选用1日龄体重相近的AA肉鸡公雏320羽,随机分为4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加5 mg/kg黄霉素,0.5%、1%女贞子(生品)原粉,试验期为8周。结果表明:日粮添加女贞子可有效提高肉鸡肌肉的抗氧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力,抑制丙二醛(MDA)产生,其中肉鸡日粮中添加1%女贞子可显著提高肉鸡总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05);胸肌货架期TNB-N有降低趋势,并且第5天肌肉TNB-N显著低于对照组(P<0.05);日粮添加女贞子还可显著提高肉鸡肌肉GPx4基因的相对表达量(P<0.05),说明女贞子可从分子水平来提高肉鸡肌肉抗氧化能力,抑制鸡肉产品腐败。     

低蛋白质饲粮添加载锌蒙脱石对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和肠道组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加载锌蒙脱石(Zn-MMT)对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和肠道组织形态的影响。随机选择1日龄健康科宝公雏288只,按体重一致原则随机分成6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型低蛋白质基础饲粮,正对照组[硫酸锌(ZnSO 4)组]饲喂低蛋白质基础饲粮+40 mg/kg ZnSO 4,4个试验组分别在低蛋白质基础饲粮中添加20、40、60和80 mg/kg Zn-MMT(均以锌含量计算)。试验鸡自由采食和饮水,试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组和ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加60和80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡1~21日龄平均日增重(ADG,P<0.05),添加80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡1~21日龄料重比(F/G,P<0.05);添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡22~42日龄和1~42日龄ADG、平均日采食量和F/G以及1~21日龄ADG无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡21和42日龄免疫器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05);但与ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡21日龄胸腺指数和法氏囊指数(P<0.05),且添加80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡42日龄胸腺指数(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加20和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡42日龄腿比率(P<0.05);与ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)与对照组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加40和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡十二指肠隐窝深度(CD,P<0.05),且添加60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡空肠CD(P<0.05);添加20 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡回肠CD(P<0.05),并显著提高肉鸡回肠绒毛高度(VH)/CD(V/C)值(P<0.05);同时,添加80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡空肠V/C值(P<0.05)。与ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加20 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡回肠V/C值(P<0.05),并显著降低回肠CD(P<0.05);添加40 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡空肠VH(P<0.05),并显著降低肉鸡十二指肠CD(P<0.05);添加20和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡空肠CD(P<0.05);添加20、40和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡空肠V/C值(P<0.05)。综上所述,在低蛋白质饲粮中添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡后期生长性能无显著影响,但与添加ZnSO 4相比,可显著提高肉鸡免疫器官指数,提高小肠VH和V/C值,降低小肠CD,促进肉鸡肠道发育。     

Effects of Source of Inorganic Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Performance, Physiological Parameters and Bone Mineralization in Broilers

The objective of this study was to eval- uate the effects of inorganic phosphorus source and phytase addition on performance, nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. In Exp. 1,150 two-day old, male broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with phos- phorus provided by dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate or defluorinated rock phosphate. Five cages containing 10 birds were allotted to each of the three treatments. In Exp. 2,120 three-day old, male broiler chicks were fed the basal diet from Exp. 1 supplemen- ted with 0,250,500 ,or 1,000 P-＇rU phytase per kg of diet. Six cages containing five chicks were allotted to each of the four treatments. In Exp. 1, there was no difference in weight gain, feed intake or feed conver- sion as a result of feeding the different sources of in- organic phosphorus. The digestibility of phosphorus was significantly lower （P =0.01 ） for chicks fed di- ets supplemented with tricalcium phosphate than for chicks fed the other two diets. However, despite the lower digestibility, serum phosphorus levels did not differ among the three treatments. For Exp. 2, feedconversion showed a linear improvement （P = 0.03 ） with increasing levels of phytase inclusion （ days 0 to 33 ）. Phytase supplementation resulted in linear increa- ses in the digestibility of dry matter （P = 0.02 ）, crude protein （ P --- 0.04 ） and energy （ P 〈 0.01 ）. Chicks fed 1,000 FTU/kg phytase had significantly higher bone calcium （ P = 0.05 ） and bone breaking strength （P = 0.04 ） than chicks fed the basal diet on day 33. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that the performance of birds fed diets sup- plemented with dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phos- phate or defluorinated phosphate was similar and therefore production costs could be lowered by choo- sing the cheapest inorganic phosphorus source when formulating diets for poultry. When diets were formu- lated to meet dietary phosphorus requirements, the growth of broilers was not enhanced with phytase sup- plementation. However, increases in feed conversion and bone breaking strength and its potential to impact culling and mortality in broiler operations may be suf- ficient justification for the routine inclusion of phytase in diets fed to broilers.