钼及钼铜联合对小鼠肝脏、肾脏、睾丸细胞微核率的影响

为探讨高钼条件下钼对小鼠组织的损伤作用和铜对钼中毒的保护作用,实验采用昆明ICR系健康雄性小白鼠36只,随机分成6组,分别自由饮用含有0 mg/l Mo、200 mg/l Mo、400 mg/l Mo、20 mg/lCu2+、20 mg/l Cu2++200 mg/l Mo和20 mg/l Cu2++400 mg/l Mo的水溶液(以Na2MoO4.2H2O和CuSO4形式)16周。实验期末将小鼠处死,取肝脏、肾脏和睾丸,研磨涂片,计算微核率。实验结果表明:钼暴露组中,随着钼剂量的增加,肝脏、肾脏和睾丸细胞微核率都呈增大的趋势,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05);钼补铜组与钼暴露组相比较发现,钼补铜组微核率低于钼暴露组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,高钼暴露可引起小鼠肝脏、肾脏和睾丸细胞的损伤,而补铜可在一定程度上减轻这种损伤。     

高钼对小尾寒羊外周血T淋巴细胞和免疫球蛋白的影响

为研究高钼对小尾寒羊细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的影响,12只2月龄小尾寒羊为试验材料,随机分为3组,分别喂以基础日粮120d,对照组(Mo 5.61mg/kg)、高钼日粮Ⅰ组(Mo 30mg/kg)、高钼Ⅱ组Mo 60mg/kg)。采用α-醋酸萘酯酶法、流式细胞术和酶联免疫吸附试验分别观察外周血T淋巴细胞和免疫球蛋白的变化。α-醋酸萘酯酶法和流式细胞术的检测结果表明:整个试验期间,加钼组小尾寒羊外周血T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞及CD4+/CD8+的比值与对照组相比显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。酶联免疫吸附试验结果表明,与对照组相比加钼组小尾寒羊血清免疫球蛋白IgE的含量无显著变化(P>0.05),免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM的含量与对照组相比呈不同程度的降低,且存在剂量-效应关系。结论,高钼(≥30mg/kg)能够对小尾寒羊外周血T淋巴细胞造成损伤,导致机体免疫球蛋白含量的降低,影响机体细胞免疫和体液免疫。     

高钼对艾维因肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白的影响

300只1日龄艾维因肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(Mo 13mg/kg)和高钼日粮(Mo 500mg/kg,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo 1 000mg/kg,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500mg/kg,高钼Ⅲ组)6周。病理形态学观察,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸡法氏囊与对照组比较淋巴细胞减少,网状细胞增生。免疫比浊法测定,高钼Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清IgG和IgM含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),IgA含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果显示,日粮钼水平为1 000mg/kg及其以上时,雏鸡法氏囊结构受损,日粮钼水平为500mg/kg及其以上时血清IgG和IgM含量降低,雏鸡体液免疫功能受损。     

高钼对雏鸡肝细胞周期和凋亡的影响

300只1日龄健康Avian肉鸡随机分为4组,分别喂以对照组日粮(Mo 13 mg/kg)和高钼日粮(M0 500mg/kg,高钼Ⅰ组;M0 1 000 mg/kg,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500 mg/kg,高钼Ⅲ组)6周,于14,28,42日龄每天随机抽取5只以流式细胞术研究高钼对雏鸡肝脏细胞周期和凋亡的影响.结果显示:高钼Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组雏鸡体质量和肝脏质量显著低于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),脏器指数显著高于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).电镜下肝细胞内质网扩张,线粒体肿胀、空泡化.流式细胞仪测定,高钼Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肝细胞G0/G1期极显著升高(P＜0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)与对照组相比不同程度地降低;同时,高钼Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肝细胞凋亡率均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结果表明,日粮含钼1 000mg/kg及以上时可引起肝细胞分裂增殖能力受阻,凋亡细胞显著增多.     

不同剂量钼对绵羊肝脏细胞的损伤作用

选用18只2月龄小尾寒羊,体质量约为（20±1.34）kg,随机分为3组,分别在基础日粮（Mo 5.61mg/kg）中添加不同剂量的钼（mg/kg）构成加钼日粮（Ⅰ组Mo 0、Ⅱ组Mo 30、Ⅲ组Mo 60）,试验周期120d,定期采血,剖杀取样,以化学比色法、流式细胞术和透射电镜的方法观察钼对绵羊肝脏细胞损伤的影响。与Ⅰ组相比：Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）活性显著下降（P〈0.01）,丙二醛（MDA）和NO含量显著升高（P〈0.01）,血清NO含量和相应抗氧化酶活性变化与肝脏中的一致;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肝脏细胞G0/G1期和凋亡细胞百分数显著升高（P〈0.01）,S期、G2＋M期和增殖指数（PI）显著降低（P〈0.01）。与Ⅲ组相比：Ⅱ组需要更长的作用时间引起机体抗氧化酶活性、NO含量和细胞周期发生相应变化。电镜观察,Ⅱ组肝细胞出现空泡变性及线粒体肿胀,Ⅲ组细胞线粒体数目减少,严重空泡化。结论：日粮钼含量30mg/kg及其以上可引起绵羊肝脏抗氧化功能降低和NO含量升高,导致细胞增殖分化受阻,细胞受损程度与机体钼暴露剂量和时间有关。     

高钼对雏鸡肾脏的病理损伤和抗氧化功能的影响

300只1日龄Avian肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别喂以对照日粮(Mo13mg·kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo1000mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo1500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)42d,研究高钼致雏鸡肾脏的病理损伤。与对照组比较,高钼组雏鸡肾脏肾小管上皮细胞肿大、颗粒变性和空泡变性;超微结构观察,肾小管上皮细胞内质网扩张、线粒体空泡化或体积缩小,基质电子密度增加,核膜扩张,微绒毛出现髓鞘样结构;高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸡肾脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性极显著下降(P0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著升高(P0.01);血清中上述相应酶活性和丙二醛含量变化与肾脏的一致,同时,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清肌酐和尿酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。结果表明,日粮钼含量1000mg·kg-1及以上可引起肾脏的病理损伤和抗氧化酶活性降低,导致肾脏功能受损。     

高钼对小尾寒羊睾丸生精功能和病理损伤作用的研究

2月龄雄性小尾寒羊12只,随机分为3组,Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮(Mo 5.61 mg/kg),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组饲喂高钼日粮(在基础日粮中分别添加30、60 mg/kg的钼构成).120 d后取睾丸,检测精液品质,以流式细胞术和透射电镜的方法观察睾丸的变化.结果表明,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组睾丸指数显著降低(P＜0.01),精子密度和精子活力显著下降(P＜0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异显著(P＜0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组睾丸细胞G0/G1期显著升高,S期,G2 +M期和增值指数(PI)显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间各项指标差异极显著(P＜0.01);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组睾丸细胞线粒体肿胀、空泡化,内质网扩张,胞核染色质边集,精子顶体膜模糊或缺损,Ⅲ组出现核溶解的现象.结论:日粮钼含量≥30 mg/kg可造成小尾寒羊睾丸超微结构损伤,导致精液品质和生精功能下降.     

钼镉联合胁迫对山羊组织和器官中微量元素含量的影响

36头波尔山羊随机分成4组,选用钼酸铵、氯化镉作为试验钼源、镉源。对照组口服相应剂量去离子水,试验组分为低镉低钼组(Cd 0.5mg/kg+Mo 15mg/kg)、低镉中钼组(Cd 0.5mg/kg+Mo 30mg/kg)、低镉高钼组(Cd0.5mg/kg+Mo 45mg/kg)。试验期为50d,并于第0、25、50天每组3头山羊采血并剖杀取组织样品,测定其钼、镉和铜的含量。结果显示:(1)随着试验攻毒时间的增加,心肌中的钼、镉含量与对照组相比显著升高(P0.05),且有随灌服钼的增加而升高的趋势。而铜的含量表现为部分显著下降(P0.05);(2)随着试验攻毒时间和灌服钼质量浓度的增加,肝脏、肾脏、肺脏中的钼、镉含量与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05),而铜的含量也显著升高(P0.05);(3)随着试验攻毒时间和灌服钼浓度的增加,血清中的钼、镉含量与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05),而铜的含量表现为部分显著升高(P0.05);(4)随着试验攻毒时间和灌服钼浓度的增加,脾脏中的钼含量与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05),镉、铜含量部分显著上升(P0.05)。由此可见,羊长期摄入过量钼、镉可使组织器官中钼、镉蓄积量增加,同时限制了机体对铜的利用。     

高钼对艾维茵肉鸡法氏囊细胞周期和凋亡影响分析

300只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(Mo 13 mg.kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo 500mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo 1 000 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)6周,以实验病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察雏鸡法氏囊变化。结果,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组法氏囊绝对质量和脏器指数显著低于对照组。组织学观察见法氏囊淋巴细胞减少,网状细胞增生。超微结构观察,淋巴细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂,或见线粒体基质电子密度增高;凋亡淋巴细胞增多。流式细胞结果显示,28和42日龄时高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组法氏囊淋巴细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P0.01),同时凋亡率显著高于对照组(P0.01),TUNUL染色观察结果与流式细胞仪检测结果一致。结果表明,日粮钼含量为1 000及1 500 mg.kg-1时可抑制法氏囊生长发育。     

高钼对艾维茵肉鸡胸腺细胞周期和凋亡影响的研究

本文旨在研究高钼对肉雏鸡胸腺的影响。300只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(Mo13mg·kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo1000mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo1500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)6周,以实验病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察研究雏鸡胸腺变化。与对照组比较,高钼Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸腺淋巴细胞减少,胸腺小体增大增多,肌样细胞增多;胸腺绝对质量和脏器指数显著降低(P0.05或P0.01);流式细胞仪测定,高钼Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸腺细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P0.05或P0.01),同时凋亡率显著高于对照组(P0.01)。TUNUL染色观察结果与流式细胞仪检测结果一致。结果表明,日粮钼含量500mg·kg-1及其以上可抑制胸腺的生长发育,导致雏鸡细胞免疫功能受损。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.