正交试验法优化肝毒净颗粒的提取工艺

以干膏得率和绿原酸提取率为考核指标，采用正交设计法对肝毒净颗粒水提取工艺进行考察。肝毒净颗粒最佳提取工艺的方案为加水量8倍，提取2次，每次1．0h。该工艺科学合理，适于大规模生产。     

HPLC法同时测定双葛止泻口服液中绿原酸和葛根素的含量

[摘 要] 建立了同时测定双葛止泻口服液中绿原酸和葛根素含量的测定方法。采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,使用Waters XBridge C18（250 × 4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱;检测波长为315 nm;流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为30 ℃。结果表明,绿原酸浓度在0.008242~0.1030 mg/mL的范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好（r = 1.0000）,平均回收率为99.1%（n = 6）,RSD为1.8%;葛根素浓度在0.02296~0.2871 mg/mL的范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好（r = 1.0000）,平均回收率为98.7%（n = 6）,RSD为1.6%。该方法简单、准确、专属性强,可用于双葛止泻口服液中绿原酸和葛根素的质量控制。     

HPLC测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

为准确测定银黄颗粒制剂中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量,建立了一套运用HPLC进行绿原酸和黄芩苷含量测定的简便方法。色谱柱,十八烷基硅烷基键合硅胶柱（4．6mm×250mm;5μm）;绿原酸检测波长为327nm;流动相,乙腈-0．4％磷酸溶液（10：90）;黄芩苷检测波长为274nm;流动相,甲醇-水-0．29／6磷酸（50：50：0．2）,并对该方法进行了方法学考证。结果表明,此方法具有样品处理简便、色谱分离度和重现性好的特点,可用于银黄颗粒制剂中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量的准确测定,以实现对银黄颗粒产品的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定中药复方“LH”中绿原酸和连翘苷的含量

目的：建立同时测定中药复方“LH”中绿原酸和连翘苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法：以Zorbax Extend．C18柱（4．6mm×150him,5μm）为色谱柱,以乙腈-0．1％醋酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1．0mL／min,检测波长344nm。结果：绿原酸、连翘苷的线性范围分别为0．0125—0．625vg（r=0．9999）,0．05—2．5μg（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为98．40％和96．67％,RSD分别为1．35％、1．23％（n=6）;结论：该法准确、快速、简便、重现性好,且具有良好的回收率,可用于中药复方“L”中绿原酸和连翘苷的含量测定。     

白英质量标准初步研究

通过性状、显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别,水分及总灰分的检查,醇溶性浸出物的测定,绿原酸和咖啡酸含量的HPLC同时测定初步建立了白英的质量标准。水分及总灰分不得大于7.0%和9.0%。醇溶性浸出物不得少于4.0%。绿原酸和咖啡酸含量的HPLC同时测定以C18柱为固定相,0.4%的磷酸溶液-乙腈（87: 13）为流动相,流速为1.0mL.min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长327nm。采用外标法定量计算含量。绿原酸的线性范围为5.0~1000μg.mL-1,回归方程为Area =14.924×Amt+2.6256 (n = 5),相关系数r2= 0.99999。添加量为1.50mg.g-1的8个添加样品的平均回收率为86.5%;咖啡酸的线性范围为2.0~50μg.mL-1,回归方程为Area =24.423×Amt+2.4557 (n = 5),相关系数r2= 0.99998。添加量为55μg.g-1的8个添加样品的平均回收率为83.0%。方法专属性强,灵敏度佳,准确度高,可作为控制白英的质量标准。     

HPLC法测定徐长卿中绿原酸的含量

建立HPLC法测定徐长卿中绿原酸的含量。采用索氏提取法以70％的甲醇水溶液为提取剂对徐长卿中的绿原酸进行提取。在SHIMADZU C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相乙腈-0．5％磷酸水溶液（1：9,V/V）;流速1．0mL/min;柱温25℃;检测波长327nm的条件下进行检测。结果表明,绿原酸在0．232—4．640μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0．9997。平均回收率为99．32％,RSD为0．216％（n=5）。该方法简便、可靠、重现性好,可作为徐长卿中绿原酸含量测定的方法。     

高效液相色谱法同步测定甜叶菊提取物中7种绿原酸

为建立高效液相色谱法测定甜叶菊提取物中绿原酸、新绿原酸、隐绿原酸、洋蓟素、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C 7种绿原酸及其类似物的分析方法,本实验以超声提取法对样品进行前处理,以甲酸溶液-乙腈作为流动相,采用梯度淋洗和C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）进行各化合物分离。结果显示：7种绿原酸及其类似物的检出限为0.47 ~ 1.18 mg/kg,相关系数r均大于0.9990,加标回收率为95.10% ~102.63%,相对标准偏差（n=3）为1.7% ~ 4.1%。将本方法应用于甜叶菊提取物中的绿原酸及其类似物的含量分析,实验结果满意。 [关键词] 绿原酸|高效液相色谱法|甜叶菊提取物     

RP-HPLC法测定甘肃油松针叶中绿原酸含量

目的：运用RP-HPLC法建立绿原酸分析方法。方法：采用Waters 1525液相色谱附二极管阵列检测器与紫外检测器,Waters ODS C18柱（3.9 mm×150 mm,4μm）,流动相：2.5 mmol/L四丁基溴化铵水溶液-乙腈（87∶13）,检测波长：325 nm,流速：1 mL/min;柱温：25℃。结果：绿原酸线性范围为0.41-41μg/mL,r=0.999 9,样品平均回收率为99.81%,RSD为1.49%。结论：本方法简便、准确可靠,适用于松针叶及成分复杂且含量低的常绿植物中绿原酸含量测定。     

单剂量静注绿原酸在奶山羊体内的药代动力学研究

以9 mg/kg的剂量给奶山羊静注绿原酸后,采用高效液相色谱法测定药动学参数。流动相为甲醇∶1%冰醋酸(20∶80),色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(5μm×4.6 mm×150mm),紫外检测波长327 nm,柱温25℃,流速1 mL/min。绿原酸在奶山羊体内呈二室开放模型,其药代动力学参数CO/(μg.mL-1)=20.978 8±6.322 2,A/(μg.mL-1)=17.364 0±5.594 3,B/(μg.mL-1)=3.614 7±1.637 7,α/h-1=22.293 2±5.003 8,β/h-1=5.969 2±0.907 9,t1/2β/h=0.118 6±0.020 5,AUC/(mg.L-1.h-1)=1.366 8±0.251 5。     

高效液相色谱法测定天然植物饲料原料中绿原酸含量

本文旨在建立一种高效液相色谱法测定天然植物饲料原料中绿原酸含量的分析方法。样品用甲醇水溶液（1:1,V/V）提取后，滤过，高效液相色谱法测定。色谱柱为岛津InertSustain C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm），以乙腈-0.4%醋酸溶液为流动相，梯度洗脱。柱温25℃，流速1.0 mL/min，检测波长330 nm。结果表明：该方法在0.025～0.5 mg/mL内线性良好，R2=0.999 9；该方法具有较好的重复性、准确度和精密度，加样回收率为93.08%～104.86%，相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3.07%，可用于测定天然植物饲料原料中绿原酸含量。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.