咪鲜胺对水稻恶苗病菌及其抗药突变体生长发育的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法和显微镜观察,研究了咪鲜胺对水稻恶苗病菌Fusarium fujikuroi生长发育及菌丝形态的影响。结果表明:咪鲜胺对水稻恶苗病菌敏感菌株及其抗药性突变体的菌丝生长、孢子萌发、芽管伸长均有明显的抑制作用,而对产孢量无影响。当咪鲜胺浓度为0.5 μg/mL时,能够完全抑制敏感菌株菌丝的生长,而不能抑制不同抗性水平抗性菌株的菌丝生长。随抗性倍数从24倍增加到112倍,药剂对抗药突变体菌落扩展的影响逐渐减小。咪鲜胺对敏感菌株菌丝生长的EC50 值为0.047 μg/mL,最小抑制浓度(MIC) 为 0.5 μg/mL。 20.00 μg/mL咪鲜胺可完全抑制亲本敏感菌株的孢子萌发,而对不同抗药突变体孢子萌发和芽管伸长的抑制率分别为84.1% ~89.0%和58.5％ ~65.8%,表明抗药突变体在菌丝生长、孢子萌发、芽管伸长等阶段对药剂的敏感性与亲本菌株相比都有了不同程度的降低。10 μg/mL咪鲜胺处理菌丝12 h后,亲本菌株菌丝顶端膨大畸形,抗药突变体的菌丝顶端膨大,并在菌丝上长有许多细小分枝,表明药剂对抗药突变体次生菌丝生长的抑制作用不明显。     

苹果轮纹病菌抗戊唑醇突变体UV-TS1-10的生理生化特性

利用苹果轮纹病菌敏感菌株TS1和抗戊唑醇突变体UV-TS1-10进行了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)活力、可溶性蛋白含量及酯酶同工酶图谱等生理生化特性的测定。经不同浓度药剂处理0~24h,抗性突变体UV-TS1-10体内PAL活性一直高于敏感菌株TS1,两者都呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在1.5h达到最高值;抗药突变体UV-TS1-10体内POD活力也高于TS1,一直处于上升趋势,24h达到最高值时两菌株活力差异最大;UV-TS1-10体内可溶性蛋白含量为TS1的1.3倍,同一菌株在不同浓度戊唑醇处理后可溶性蛋白含量差异不大,稳定性好;抗药突变体UV-TS1-10比敏感菌株TS1的酯酶同工酶图谱少了一条Rf=0.33的谱带,多了Rf=0.14的特征性谱带,表明抗戊唑醇突变体UV-TS1-10其生理生化特性发生了较大变化。本文以研究敏、抗菌株间生理生化特性的差异为基础,探讨苹果轮纹病菌对戊唑醇可能的抗性机制,为科学地指导生产用药提供理论依据。     

辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线及室内抗药突变体研究

 采用菌丝生长速率法测定了125株采自河北、内蒙古、陕西、安徽和北京等地区的辣椒疫霉病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性,结果表明,其EC₅₀值分布于0.126~0.318μg/mL之间,最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的2.5倍,平均EC₅₀=(0.218±0.0368)μg/mL。125个菌株对烯酰吗啉的敏感性分布呈单峰曲线,未出现抗性的病原菌亚群体,可将该单峰曲线作为辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线,将烯酰吗啉对该病原群体的平均EC₅₀值作为田间抗药性监测的参考标准。通过紫外诱变敏感菌株N-7的菌丝获得了12株抗烯酰吗啉的突变体,抗性指数在16.38~132.15之间;通过紫外诱变敏感菌株DZ-16的游动孢子获得1株抗性指数为680倍的高抗药水平的突变体。突变体的部分生物学性状研究表明,其致病力与敏感菌株相当;大部分突变体产生孢子囊的能力与亲本菌株相比均有不同程度的提高;离体条件下,突变体和亲本菌株释放游动孢子的能力相当;突变体的菌丝生长速率与亲本菌株相比具有不同程度的差异。测定了敏感亲本菌株和突变体的交配型,均为A1型菌株,经紫外诱变后交配型没有发生改变。综合分析表明,抗性突变体的产生有利于抗药性群体的发展。为避免和延缓抗药性的产生,生产上应将烯酰吗啉与其它无交互抗药性的杀菌剂交替使用。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线及其室内抗药突变体的研究

 2003-2004年在内蒙古和黑龙江省共分离获得100株马铃薯晚疫病菌,并测定了这些菌株对烯酰吗啉和甲霜灵的敏感性。结果表明,不同地区、不同年份的马铃薯晚疫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性无显著差异,其敏感性呈连续的单峰曲线分布,EC₅₀在0.0631-0.2206μg/mL之间,最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的3.1倍,平均为(0.1153±0.0308)μg/mL,未出现敏感性下降的抗药性亚群体,因此可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线;64%的供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性下降,甲霜灵与烯酰吗啉之间不存在交互抗药性。采用紫外线诱变菌丝的方法仅从3个菌株中的1个菌株获得了3%突变频率的抗烯酰吗啉突变体,抗性倍数为1.5-1.9,没有获得高抗药水平的突变体。这些突变体与氟吗啉之间具有正交互抗药性,而与霜脲氰或嘧菌酯之间无交互抗药性;与野生亲本菌株相比,抗药突变体的生长速率和产孢子囊能力显著下降,不利于抗药群体的发展。但由于马铃薯晚疫病菌被杀菌剂抗性行动委员会认为是高抗药性风险病原菌,建议生产上应将烯酰吗啉与其它无交互抗性的药剂交替使用或混合使用,以避免或延缓抗药性的产生。     

植物病原真菌对甲基立枯磷的抗药性及风险研究

通过对人工获得的抗甲基立枯磷菌株的抗药水平、在培养基上的生长速度、致病力、对其它杀菌剂的敏感性测定以及对菌核的观察和用药条件等方面分析, 在实验室内进行了植物病原真菌对甲基立枯磷的抗药性风险研究。结果显示, 不同的病原菌具有不同的抗药性。抗甲基立枯磷的水稻纹枯病菌菌株对甲基立枯磷的抗药性较强、抗药性风险大; 小麦纹枯病菌和油菜菌核病菌抗药菌株抗药性较弱、风险小。抗甲基立枯磷的水稻纹枯病菌对菌核净具有高水平正交互抗性; 抗甲基立枯磷的小麦纹枯病菌对菌核净和扑海因有中等程度正交互抗性; 这两种真菌的抗药菌株对五氯硝基苯的正交互抗性弱, 对烯唑醇和异稻瘟净没有交互抗性。甲基立枯磷与二甲酰亚氨类和芳烃类杀菌剂具有相似的抑菌作用。     

番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的抗性诱变及抗药突变体的生物学特性

为评估番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea对咯菌腈的抗性风险,就室内经紫外照射获得抗药突变体的方法及抗性突变体的生物学性状进行了研究。结果表明:番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子的紫外照射亚致死时间为90~120 s;经亚致死时间紫外照射后,4个亲本菌株中有2个菌株共产生了6个抗咯菌腈的突变体,其EC50值是亲本菌株的310倍以上,抗性突变频率为3.13×10-7;经紫外照射诱变获得的所有抗性突变体在菌丝生长速率、产孢量、产菌核能力及其在番茄果实上的致病性方面均比其亲本菌株明显降低。相关分析显示,所得抗咯菌腈突变体对氟啶胺、啶菌唑、啶酰菌胺和嘧霉胺无交互抗性。表明番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的抗药性风险较低。     

禾谷镰孢菌对氰烯菌酯的敏感性基线及室内抗药性风险初步评估

 本文报道了禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)对氰烯菌酯(2-氰基-3-氨基-3-苯基丙烯酸乙酯,JS399-19)的敏感性基线及其抗药性风险。离体条件下氰烯菌酯对51个禾谷镰孢菌菌株的平均EC₅₀和MIC值分别为(0.153±0.050)μg/mL和小于4.0μg/mL;通过紫外线照射和药剂驯化的方法获得了14个禾谷镰孢菌对氰烯菌酯的抗药性突变体,紫外光诱变抗药性突变频率为1.67×10^-7。这些突变体的抗性水平可分为低、中、高3种类型,其EC₅₀分别为1.5~15.0μg/mL、15.1~75.0μg/mL和75.0μg/mL以上。与亲本菌株2021相比,抗药突变体间的菌丝生长量和产生子囊壳能力发生不同程度的增加或下降,而分生孢子繁殖量则显著下降。在无药培养基上菌丝体转代培养8次后,抗药水平保持不变,且与亲本菌株有相同的致病性。所测定的突变体在含1%葡萄糖的PDA上菌丝生长除UV-2021-4显著下降外,其余都表现生长速率比亲本显著增加。在含3%和4%葡萄糖的PDA上2021生长优于亲本菌株。氰烯菌酯与苯并咪唑类、麦角甾醇生物合成抑制剂类、甲氧基丙烯酸酯类、二硫代氨基甲酸盐类和取代芳烃类杀菌剂没有交互抗性。     

抗苯醚菌酯(ZJ0712)小麦白粉病菌突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

经过药剂驯化10代后,从对苯醚菌酯(ZJ0712)敏感的小麦白粉病菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici 3个菌株中获得3个抗药突变体,突变体的抗性指数均大于80,且其抗性能够通过无性繁殖稳定遗传。室内接种试验发现,突变体的致病力与亲本菌株无明显差异。细胞色素b (cyt b)基因片段序列分析发现,突变体cyt b基因的第143位密码子均由敏感菌株的GGT(丙氨酸)突变成了GCT(甘氨酸)。研究结果表明,小麦白粉病菌对苯醚菌酯存在较高的抗性风险,该药剂在使用过程中需注意采取相应的抗性治理措施,以延缓抗性发生。     

番茄叶霉病菌对嘧菌酯的抗性检测及抗性风险评估

利用孢子萌发法测定了从河北、浙江、江苏、山东、四川等省田间采集的97个番茄叶霉病菌菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性。结果表明,田间番茄叶霉病菌已对嘧菌酯产生不同程度的抗药性。97个菌株可分为敏感菌株(EC50值50值5.4~54 μg/mL),中抗菌株(EC50值54~270 μg/mL)、高抗菌株(EC50值270~1 350 μg/mL)、特高抗菌株(EC50值>1 350 μg/mL) 5种类型,分别占55.67%、14.43%、11.34%、10.31%和8.25%。其中从未用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的27个菌株的EC50平均值为(0.544±0.349) μg/mL,可作为敏感基残;高抗和特高抗菌株集中在常施用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的河北定州。通过紫外线诱导和药剂驯化的方法获得了番茄叶霉病菌5个抗嘧菌酯突变体,其抗药性不稳定,在不含药PDA平板上继代培养后抗药性水平下降,甚至恢复至敏感状态;除突变体cf 21M1的产孢量高于其亲本外,抗药性突变体的菌落生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率均显著低于其亲本菌株,所有抗嘧菌酯突变体及其亲本菌株接种于番茄离体叶片后,突变体病情指数与亲本菌株之间没有显著差异。嘧菌酯与多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑之间不存在交互抗药性。田间抗药性检测及室内抗药性风险评估结果表明,番茄叶霉病菌对嘧菌酯具有较高的抗药性风险。     

番茄叶霉病菌异菌脲抗药性突变体的诱导与生物学性状

测定了苯并咪唑类杀菌剂敏感-乙霉威抗性(BenS-DieR)、苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗性-乙霉威敏感(BenR-DieS)和苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗性-乙霉威抗性(BenR-DieR)3种类型的番茄叶霉病菌Cladosporium fulvum菌株对不同类型药剂的敏感性。结果表明,蕃茄叶霉病菌对供试药剂的敏感性与其对苯并咪唑类杀菌剂及乙霉威的敏感性无关。根据药剂对3类菌株EC50值的平均值, 16种杀菌剂抑制菌丝生长的活性依次为腐霉利＞乙烯菌核利＞异菌脲＞戊唑醇＞百菌清＞嘧霉胺＞醚菌酯＞代森锰锌＞8-羟基喹啉铜＞丙环唑＞苯醚甲环唑＞嘧菌酯＞灭锈胺＞烯酰吗啉＞烟酰胺＞三唑酮;抑制孢子萌发的活性依次为醚菌酯＞腐霉利＞百菌清＞乙烯菌核利＞灭锈胺＞8-羟基喹啉铜＞异菌脲＞代森锰锌＞嘧菌酯＞烟酰胺＞嘧霉胺＞戊唑醇＞丙环唑＞苯醚甲环唑＞三唑酮＞烯酰吗啉。通过紫外诱变共获得17株抗异菌脲突变体,突变频率为4.5×10-7。其中低抗、中抗和高抗菌株分别占 17.65%、70.59%和11.75%。这些突变体对腐霉利和乙烯菌核利表现交互抗性,对苯并咪唑类、脱甲基抑制剂(DMIs)、QoIs等药剂的敏感性与亲本菌株之间没有显著性差异,与亲本菌株在生长、产孢、致病能力等方面也无显著差异,但对渗透胁迫的敏感性要显著高于亲本。     

抗戊唑醇禾谷丝核菌的渗透压敏感性及相对渗率变化研究

经药剂筛选和UV诱导,分别获得了抗戊唑醇的禾谷丝核菌Rhizoctonia cerealis菌株,比较了其与敏感菌株对渗透压的敏感性和经不同浓度戊唑醇处理后的相对渗率变化。在相同的渗透压环境下,敏感菌株对渗透压较抗性菌株更为敏感。不同抗性菌株间对渗透压的敏感性在低渗和中渗环境下差异不大,在高渗环境下有一定的差异;而敏感菌株只对低渗透压(1%葡萄糖)和高渗透压(8%葡萄糖)相对较为敏感。用不同浓度的戊唑醇处理后,与敏感菌株相比,抗性菌株能在较短的时间里(1 h)渗出更多的电解质,但最终前者的相对渗率要明显高于后者。用高浓度的戊唑醇处理抗性菌株后,其相对渗率明显高于低浓度处理。     

戊唑醇和菌核净复配对油菜菌核病的田间防效及抗性风险研究

本实验研究了戊唑醇·菌核净复配制剂对油菜菌核病的田间防效及抗药性风险,结果表明,戊唑醇·菌核净50%可湿性粉剂复配制剂20.0~25.0g(a.i.)/667m2对油菜菌核病的防效达到67.1%~88.7%,优于对照药剂菌核净40%可湿性粉剂20g(a.i.)/667m2的64.9%防效,且在试验浓度范围内无药害发生,对油菜安全。在室内利用含药PDA培养基对复配药剂和菌核净单剂的抗药性进行了连续20代的筛选,结果表明菌核净单剂和戊唑醇·菌核净复配药剂对油菜病菌核病的抑制率均有明显的下降,复配后与菌核净单剂相比抗药性风险没有降低。     

Characterization of a dicarboximide-fungicide-resistant laboratory isolate ofMonilinia laxa

Monilinia laxa, the incitant of blossom blight in stone fruits in Israel, is sensitive to 5μg/ml of the dicarboximide fungicides vinclozolin and iprodione in the growth medium. When a large number of spores, from an isolate never exposed to these fungicides, was seeded on a medium containing 15 μg/ml iprodione, spontaneous resistant mutants appeared at 10^-5 frequency. These mutants showed cross resistance to the dicarboximide fungicides vinclozolin, procymidone, l-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-3-propen(2)-pyrrolidin-2,5-dion (Co 4462), l-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methoxymethyl-pyrrolidin-2,5-dion (Co 6054), and to dicloran. Growth rate on fungicide-free medium was similar to that of the parental sensitive strain but sporulation was much reduced. Growth rate on media supplemented with dicarboximide fungicides decreased gradually with increasing fungicide concentrations. The resistance has been stable for more than one year in the absence of fungicides. Artificial inoculation of cherry, apricot and plum fruits previously treated with 500 μg/ml vinclozolin, iprodione, procymidone or Co 6054, with a resistant strain, resulted in brown rot; similar treatments provided full protection of the fruits against the sensitive strain.     

稻瘟病菌对稻瘟灵抗性遗传研究

在离体条件下就稻瘟病菌对稻瘟灵抗性的诱导、抗性水平和遗传进行了研究。结果表明,供试３个小种（ＺＡ_４９、ＺＦ_１和ＺＤ_１）４个菌株分别经稻瘟灵５０μｇ／ｍｌ、１００μｇ／ｍｌ和稻瘟灵１００μｇ／ｍｌ＋亚硝基胍０.５μｇ／ｍｌ的３种处理诱变,均得到了抗稻瘟灵突变株,在含稻瘟灵的培养基中加入诱变剂亚硝基胍可显著提高稻瘟病菌对稻瘟灵抗性的突变率。上述３个不同处理获得的突变株的抗性水平相似,为野生型亲本的２.８～８.８倍。突变株对稻瘟灵的抗性在单分生孢子无性系后代可以稳定遗传。     

对细交链孢菌在培养基上抗多氧霉素B与异菌脲变异体的分离及其特性鉴定

 将多氧霉素B感性细交链孢菌置于含100μg/ml多氧霉素B的PDA平板上培养时,从长出的菌落边缘菌丝体中可分离到抗多氧霉素B的变异体,而将其异菌脲感性菌株接种在含100 μg/ml异菌脲的PDA平板上培养时,只有约半数供试菌株能稳定地分离出抗异菌脲变异体。在多氧霉素B存在下分离的抗多氧霉素B变异体对异菌脲的敏感性通常大于其母本菌株。相比之下,在异菌脲存在下分离的抗异菌脲变异体对多氧霉素B的敏感性没有发生明显变化。对多氧霉素B与异菌脲均为感性的野生型菌株不能在这2种药剂共存的PDA平板上生长,且其分生孢子对多氧霉素B与异菌脲分别呈感性集中型及抗感分散型分布。     

小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性研究

测定了1976 年从江苏南京采集的54 株小麦赤霉病菌菌株对多菌灵的敏感性,EC50值在0. 2617～ 0. 6544 μg. mL - 1 之间, 1983 年在同一地点采集的76 株, EC50 值相应为0. 2517～ 0. 7050 μg. mL- 1 , 而1998 年从浙江、湖北、上海、福建、安徽、江苏各地采集的104 株菌株EC50值为0. 2478～ 6. 4574 Lg. mL- 1 , 表明湖北、上海、浙江等地田间已检测到小麦赤霉病菌抗多菌灵菌株。紫外光诱导分生孢子也获得了该病菌抗多菌灵突变株, 其EC50 值为14. 1993 Lg. mL - 1 。抗药性突变体JPR 与敏感亲本菌株JPS 相比, 在菌丝生长、产孢量方面无明显差异, 但JPR 孢子萌发率为57. 1% , 而JPS 为100% , 而且50% 孢子萌发的时间较野生亲本菌株滞后12 h。JPR 产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON 毒素) 3. 90 μg mL - 1 , 而JPS 产生的DON 毒素为9. 28μg. mL - 1 。     

Adaptation to fungicides in Monilinia fructicola isolates with different fungicide resistance phenotypes

The ability to develop fungicide resistance was assessed in Monilinia fructicola isolates with different fungicide sensitivity phenotypes by adapting mycelium and conidia to increasing concentrations of selective fungicides and UV mutagenesis. Results showed that adaptation to Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide azoxystrobin and sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide propiconazole was more effective in conidial-transfer experiments compared to mycelial-transfer experiments. DMI-resistant (DMI-R) isolates adapted to significantly higher doses of azoxystrobin in both, mycelial- and conidial-transfer experiments compared to benzimidazole-resistant (BZI-R) and sensitive (S) isolates. Adaptation to propiconazole in conidial-transfer experiments was accelerated in BZI-R isolates when a stable, nonlethal dose of 50 microg/ml thiophanate-methyl was added to the selection medium. One of two azoxystrobin-resistant mutants from DMI-R isolates did not show any fitness penalties; the other isolate expired before further tests could be carried out. The viable mutant caused larger lesions on detached peach fruit sprayed with azoxystrobin compared to the parental isolate. The azoxystrobin sensitivity of the viable mutant returned to baseline levels after the mutant was transferred to unamended medium. However, azoxystrobin resistance recovered quicker in the mutant compared to the corresponding parental isolate after renewed subculturing on medium amended with 0.2 and 1 microg/ml azoxystrobin; only the mutant but not the parental isolate was able to adapt to 5 microg/ml azoxystrobin. In UV mutagenesis experiments, the DMI-R isolates produced significantly more mutants compared to S isolates. All of the UV-induced mutants showed stable fungicide resistance with little fitness penalty. This study indicates the potential for QoI fungicide resistance development in M. fructicola in the absence of a mutagen and provides evidence for increased mutability and predisposition to accelerated adaptation to azoxystrobin in M. fructicola isolates resistant to DMI fungicides.     

新月弯孢菌营养体亲和群鉴定方法探讨

 采用菌株直接配对、显微镜观察菌丝融合和硝酸盐缺陷型(nit)突变体互补测试法,对44个来自不同地区的玉米弯孢菌叶斑病叶中的新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)菌株进行了营养体亲和性分析。在野生型菌株的两两配对中,C.lunata菌株接触产生4种反应类型,但无明显的抗衡反应产生。在菌丝融合显微观察中,光学显微镜下只见大多数菌丝反应为一菌丝向另一菌丝无限靠近,未见融合,但在电子显微镜下,发现两菌丝细胞已不再是独立的。这些结果表明,因两菌落间的抗衡反应和菌丝融合特征都不明显,故不宜采用直接配对和显微观察来划分C.lunata的营养体亲和群。在nit突变体互补测试中,菌株在KClO₃浓度1.5%~3.0%的KPS中诱导表明,2.0%~3.0% KClO₃适宜于大多数菌株。抗氯酸盐突变体在Czapek培养基中能鉴定出nit突变体,但在MM上却不能。全部3640抗氯酸盐突变体在Czapek中共鉴定出2 40个稳定的nit突变体,其中nit1占59.2%,nit3占39.2%,NitM占0.8%,nit D (3种氮源都不能利用)占0.8%。44个菌株中,24个(55%)获得了nit突变体,20个(45%)还没有,仅2个菌株(124和155)各获得了1个NitM突变体。各菌株突变体类型间只有NitM与nit1或nit3是异核亲和的,其余均不能产生亲和反应。菌株124和155都是营养体自身亲和菌株。用2个NitM作测试菌株,初步划分出2个VCGs,5个归入VCG1,另有5个归入VCG2,其它菌株因未获得NitM或nit突变体还不能鉴定。以上结果表明,硝酸盐缺陷型突变体互补测试法可用于鉴定C.lunata菌株的营养体亲和群。     

Characterization of fludioxonil-resistant and pyrimethanil-resistant phenotypes of Penicillium expansum from apple

Penicillium expansum is the primary cause of blue mold, a major postharvest disease of apple. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil are two newly registered postharvest fungicides for pome fruit in the United States. To evaluate the potential risk of resistance development in P. expansum to the new postharvest fungicides, one isolate of each of thiabendazole-resistant (TBZ-R) and -sensitive (TBZ-S) P. expansum was exposed to UV radiation to generate fungicide-resistant mutants. Four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants (EC(50) > 1,000 microg/ml) and four pyrimethanil-resistant mutants (EC(50) > 10 microg/ml) were tested for sensitivities to thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, and fitness parameters including mycelial growth, sporulation on potato dextrose agar (PDA), sensitivity to osmotic stress, and pathogenicity and sporulation on apple fruit. The stability of resistance of the mutants was tested on PDA and apple fruit. Efficacy of the three fungicides to control blue mold incited by the mutants was evaluated on apple fruit. Six fungicide-resistant phenotypes were identified among the parental wild-type isolates and their mutants based upon their resistance levels. All four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants were sensitive to pyrimethanil and retained the same phenotypes of resistance to TBZ as the parental isolates. All four pyrimethanil-resistant mutants had a low level of resistance to fludioxonil with a resistance factor >15. The two pyrimethanil-resistant mutants derived from a TBZ-S isolate became resistant to TBZ at 5 microg/ml. After 20 successive generations on PDA and four generations on apple fruit, the mutants retained the same phenotypes as the original generations. All mutants were pathogenic on apple fruit at both 0 and 20 degrees C, but fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants were less virulent and produced fewer conidia on apple fruit than pyrimethanil-resistant mutants and their parental wild-type isolates. Compared with the parental isolates, all four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants had an increased sensitivity to osmotic stress on PDA amended with NaCl, while the pyrimethanil-resistant mutants did not. Pyrimethanil was effective against blue mold caused by fludioxonil-resistant mutants at both 0 and 20 degrees C. Pyrimethanil and fludioxonil reduced blue mold incited by pyrimethanil-resistant mutants during 12-week storage at 0 degrees C but were not effective at 20 degrees C. TBZ was not effective against pyrimethanil-resistant mutants derived from TBZ-S wild-type isolates at room temperature but provided some control at 0 degrees C. The results indicate that: (i) a fitness cost was associated with fludioxonil highly resistant mutants of P. expansum in both saprophytic and pathogenic phases of the pathogen but not pyrimethanil-resistant mutants; (ii) pyrimethanil possessed a higher risk than fludioxonil in the development of resistance in P. expansum; and (iii) triple resistance to the three apple-postharvest fungicides could emerge and become a practical problem if resistance to pyrimethanil develops in P. expansum populations.     

Techniques for isolatinghelminthosporium pedicellatum from infected corn roots

In a comparison of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Czapek’s Dox broth (CDB) agar with and without benomyl, aa growth media forHelminthosporium pedicellatum Henry (Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum Nelson), PDA was 1.5 times more efficient than CDB under all conditions. Growth rate was negatively correlated with benomyl concentration, and was inhibited 11% and 74% at benomyl concentrations of 10 μg and 200 μar, respectively, on both media. Pure isolates of the fungus were recovered from corn roots only where roots had been sterilized with 10% sodium hypochlorite. Root sterilization may thus be more important than medium amendment in isolating pure cultures ofedicellatum from plant roots.