湖北省甘薯病毒病调查研究

甘薯病毒病在湖北省甘薯产区普遍发生,主要病状类型有:皱缩花叶型、卷叶型、叶片斑点型,其中表现皱缩花叶病的品种较多,占被调查品种的42%.用巴西牵牛作钻木,与显症甘薯植株进行靠接,80%的巴西牵牛新生叶片出现系统感染症状,其中皱缩花叶病传毒率88%.电镜观察有症状的巴西牵牛新生叶片,均有长线状病毒存在.另外,用电镜观察有明显症状的甘薯样品82个,在三种病症类型的病叶中均观察到了长线状病毒粒子.甘薯99和北京553两个品种中,病苗氨基酸含量均比正常薯块苗增加,增幅为17.9%～ 97.2%.鄂薯一号、51-93、南薯88的茎尖脱毒苗薯块比正常苗薯块增产9.0%～20.5%,比病苗薯块增产54.1%～128.9%.     

甘薯茎尖脱毒研究

本文报道了应用甘薯茎尖分生组织培养技术获得脱毒苗的研究结果。试验表明切取的茎尖大小与脱毒效果呈显著的负相关（ｒ＝－０．９８７５），表明病毒距茎尖呈递减分布，越接近茎尖顶端带病毒越少或不带病毒。分生组织带１～２个叶原基脱毒效果较好，添加适量的病毒钝化剂可提高脱毒率，但抑制茎尖生长，成苗率有所降低。选用无症状、生长健壮的薯苗作脱毒材料，可以得到较高脱毒率的组培苗。     

植物诱抗剂AHO联合茎尖培养脱除马铃薯S病毒和马铃薯Y病毒

研究了植物诱抗剂3-丙酮基-3-羟基羟吲哚(3-acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole, AHO)联合茎尖培养从试管苗中脱除马铃薯S病毒(PVS)?马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的方法和效率?取PVS侵染的‘定薯3号’和‘定薯4号’以及PVY侵染的‘靖薯3号’和‘靖薯4号’的壮芽, 茎尖剥离后培养至4~5个叶片, 用100 mg/L植物诱抗剂 AHO水剂喷施试管苗, 每隔2 d喷施一次, 共3次, 末次喷施2 d后取茎尖剥离培养, 获得再生试管苗?用电子显微镜负染色?ELISA?荧光定量RT-PCR检测再生试管苗的带病毒情况?结果显示, AHO对4个品种的马铃薯试管苗生长无影响, 用AHO处理后再茎尖剥离培养, 脱毒率均高于未处理的对照; 检测结果还显示AHO处理的马铃薯再生苗的带毒量也低于未处理的对照, 且随处理次数增加带毒量下降?研究结果表明, 利用植物诱抗剂AHO联合茎尖剥离培养方法可以提高脱除PVS?PVY的效率, 获得无病毒核心苗?     

甘薯无病毒苗培育技术研究

１９９１￣１９９６年,甘薯茎尖离体培养采用ＭＳ为基本培养基,添加６－苄基氨基嘌呤（６－ＢＡ）０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋萘乙酸（ＮＡＡ）０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋腺素（Ａｄ）５ｍｇ／Ｌ,培育出１２个甘薯品种的脱毒苗,茎尖培养成苗率５０．０％￣９５．６％,成苗期４３￣６０ｄ。切取的茎尖大小与脱毒效果呈显著的负相关（ｒ＝－０．９８７５）,茎尖带１个叶原基时,ＳＰＦＭＶ脱毒率为３８．１％,培养基中添加适量的植物病毒钝化剂可使     

地黄脱毒技术及增产效果

对地黄脱毒技术进行了研究.从6种不同浓度激素组合的培养基中,筛选出地黄茎尖培养较适宜的培养基为MS 6-BA 1mg/L NAA 0.1mg/L,不同地黄品种在该培养基上的茎尖培养成苗率为76.6%～90.5%;适宜的快繁培养基为MS 6-BA 0.3mg/L NAA 0.02mg/L GA 0.1mg/L.建立了地黄茎尖苗的病毒检测技术,培育出4个地黄品种的脱毒苗,茎尖苗的平均脱毒率为52.3%.对地黄脱毒苗与非脱毒苗的生育性状、田间发病率及产量进行了比较,脱毒地黄种苗的株高、叶面积和叶片数明显高于非脱毒苗;脱毒地黄地上部病毒病的显症率明显下降,新生叶片数增加;脱毒地黄的增产幅度为16.5%～45.5%,平均31.0%.     

应用免疫电镜技术检测马铃薯病毒

用免疫电镜技术检测田间有病毒症状的马铃薯叶片证实带有马铃薯 Y 病毒,马铃薯 X 病毒,马铃薯 S 病毒和苜蓿花叶病毒。用免疫电镜技术检测田间健株和人工茎尖培养的脱毒苗证明健株和脱毒苗都有部分是带毒的,只是其含毒量很低。用免疫电镜技术检测马铃薯薯块证实,用此方法可检测已萌发的单个小芽以及未萌发的休眠芽。同时证明有病毒病症状的病株,其地下薯块多数是带毒的;另同一薯块,病毒在各个芽眼之间的分布也是不均一的。     

我国甘薯脱毒种薯种苗繁育存在的问题及建议

病毒病是甘薯的重要病害, 种植脱毒健康种苗是防治病毒病?提高甘薯产量最有效的方法?近年来, 我国甘薯病毒及其传播介体的发生呈现出新的特点, 传统的脱毒种薯种苗繁育体系不能满足当前甘薯生产的需要?本文综述了当前我国甘薯病毒的种类及危害现状, 分析了我国甘薯脱毒种薯种苗繁育中存在的问题, 对规范和完善我国甘薯脱毒种薯种苗繁育体系提出了建议?     

甘薯病毒病脱毒技术及检测

茎尖分生组织脱毒培养技术是目前国际上防治甘薯病毒病最有效的方法。本文综述了我国甘薯病毒病的田间表现及病原种类，在此基础上阐述了茎尖分生组织脱毒培养技术以及脱毒效果的检测技术等。     

大蒜茎尖脱病毒微繁组织培养

用新疆吉木萨尔白皮蒜经过1个月热处理,剥0.5—0.8mm茎尖,经电镜病毒检测为无病毒苗。茎尖微繁培养以补加2.5mg/1BA和0.4mg/l NAA的B_5培养基为最佳,使脱毒苗每2个月芽的繁殖率为16—20倍。按理论计算,1个鳞茎1年可繁出4096个芽,从而解决了大蒜茎尖繁殖率低的问题,为新疆大蒜种苗生产实现工厂化,提供了理论依据。     

变温热处理与茎尖培养相结合在苹果砧木组培苗脱毒中的应用

为探索建立一种简便高效的苹果砧木脱毒方法,提高脱毒苗成活率和脱毒率,本研究以常用苹果砧木系NY2和QD-V-2组培苗为材料,利用变温热处理结合茎尖培养的方法对苹果砧木所携带的ASGV、ACLSV、ASPV病毒进行脱除。结果表明,苹果砧木系NY2组培苗经变温热处理平均存活率为55.17%,经恢复培养的茎尖平均存活率为11.07%;QD-V-2组培苗经变温热处理平均存活率为57.96%,经恢复培养的茎尖平均存活率为15.98%。最终获得脱除ACLSV和ASGV的NY2脱毒苗4株,获得脱除ASPV和ASGV的QD-V-2脱毒苗4株。该方法操作简便,可应用于苹果无毒苗木的培育工作中。     

Detection and elimination of viruses infecting sweet potatoes in Hungary

Sweet potato has been grown in Hungary for the last three decades, and its popularity is increasing among farmers and consumers. Its production is hampered by pests and diseases due to poor agricultural practices, such as the use of virus-infected propagation materials. We tested the presence of 15 viruses by PCR and quantitative PCR in 110 sweet potato plants collected from seven regions in Hungary. Seven viruses in single or multiple infections associated with a wide range of foliar symptoms were detected: sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV), sweet potato virus G (SPVG), sweet potato virus C (SPVC), sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2), sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV), and sweet potato pakakuy virus (SPPV). This is the first report on the occurrence of the begomovirus SPLCV in sweet potatoes in Hungary. The infectivity and identity of these viruses were confirmed through bioassays (grafting to Ipomoea setosa) and sequencing of the PCR-amplified sections of their genomes, respectively. Due to the necessity for virus-free sweet potato propagation material in Hungary, virus elimination was carried out successfully in five out of six genotypes important for Hungarian farmers using heat treatment and meristem tip culture. All five viruses detected in the plants before heat treatment were removed except SPPV, which persists after heat treatment. Production and strict regulation of virus-free sweet potato propagation materials are recommended to avoid exacerbating the virus situation and protect Hungarian farmers from further losses.     

国家种质广州甘薯圃病毒种类鉴定及分析

为明确引起国家种质广州甘薯资源圃中病毒病的病毒种类及优势种,为甘薯种质安全保存提供支持,2017年从甘薯资源圃中未脱毒更新的盆栽苗和大田苗中采集155份具有不同病毒病症状的甘薯资源样品,利用PCR和RT-PCR检测技术对这些样品进行了17种病毒的分子检测.155份样品均有病毒检出,包括甘薯羽状斑驳病毒Sweet pot...     

稻曲病菌薄壁分生孢子制备的影响因素分析

本文研究了培养基、温度、振荡速度等因素对稻曲病菌Ustilaginoidea virens薄壁分生孢子产孢量的影响。结果表明,稻曲病菌薄壁分生孢子在培养第7天基本达到最大孢子量;该菌最适宜产孢的培养基为马铃薯煮汁,在煮汁中添加蔗糖可大幅提高产孢量;适宜的产孢温度为26~28℃;静止培养不利于产孢,振荡培养有利于产孢,并表现为转速越高产孢量越多;光照条件对产孢量没有影响。     

Effects of sweet potato feathery mottle virus and sweet potato sunken vein virus on sweet potato yields and rates of reinfection of virus-Free planting material in Israel

Yield reductions ofca 50% or more were observed in field plots infected with both sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and sweet potato sunken vein virus (SPSVV) (‘complex’), compared with plots planted with virus-free propagation stocks. No yield reductions were observed in a plot planted with SPFMV-infected cuttings. In plots infected with SPSVV alone, no significant effect on tuber yields was observed in one year, whereas in the second year there was aca 30% reduction in yield compared with virus-free control plants. Reinfection in the field, in the absence of introduced infection sources, was observed only with SPSVV. However, natural spread resulted when SPFMV-infected source plants were introduced. This implies that aphid vectors were present during the growing season, but that SPFMV infection sources were absent from the area.     

侵染甘薯的DNA病毒研究进展

甘薯是重要的粮食作物和食品加工及工业原料。我国是世界上最大的甘薯生产国。病毒病是甘薯上的重要病害,目前世界上已报道的侵染甘薯的DNA病毒主要归属于双生病毒科Geminiviridae和花椰菜花叶病毒科Caulimoviridae。近年来,双生病毒等DNA病毒严重影响我国甘薯的产量、品质以及食品加工产业。本文简介了甘薯在我国的重要地位和种植情况;具体介绍了侵染甘薯的菜豆金色花叶病毒属Begomovirus、玉米线条病毒属Mastrevirus及杆状DNA病毒属Badnavirus的病毒特征、分子变异、分类现状和检测方法。结合甘薯生产的实际情况,提出了目前甘薯DNA病毒研究中存在的问题及思考。本文旨在为我国甘薯DNA病毒病的综合防控提供理论依据。     

甘薯病毒病害SPVD抗性鉴定方法及产量损失估计

为了建立规范、有效的甘薯病毒病害（sweet potato virus disease,SPVD）抗性鉴定方法,于2011—2012连续两年,利用田间人工嫁接病毒接穗的方法对12个甘薯品种进行抗性鉴定和产量损失测定。结果显示,嫁接接种后,接穗成活率接近100%,12个品种都有不同程度发病,病情指数在51.0~95.2之间;感染SPVD的甘薯植株叶绿素含量降低、蔓长缩短;单株薯块产量损失范围在55.1%~97.8%之间。研究表明,供试的12个甘薯主栽品种感染SPVD后均可引起严重的产量损失,且田间人工嫁接病毒接穗是一个有效的SPVD抗性鉴定方法。     

我国发现由甘薯褪绿矮化病毒和甘薯羽状斑驳病毒协生共侵染引起的甘薯病毒病害

甘薯病毒病害(Sweet potato virus disease,SPVD)是由毛形病毒属(Crinivirus)的甘薯褪绿矮化病毒(Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus,SPCSV)和马铃薯Y病毒属(Potyvirus)的甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(Sweet potato feathery mottle virus,SPFMV)协生共侵染甘薯引起的病毒病害[1].     

中国甘薯病毒的血清学检测

 作者用4种甘薯病毒抗体(IgG),3种血清学方法(DAS-ELISA、Dot-blot-ELISA和ISEM)对北京,江苏、四川、山东四省(市)的253份甘薯病毒病样品进行了检测。结果表明:上述地区甘薯中普遍存在甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(SPFMV)和甘薯潜隐病毒(SPLV),尚难确定是否存在甘薯轻斑驳病毒(SPMMV)和甘薯花叶菜花叶状病毒(Sweet Potato Caulimo-like Virus,SPCLV)。21%的显症样品同上述4种病毒的抗血清不产生反应,显示我国甘薯上尚存在其它病毒。用Dot blot-ELISA和ISEM检测甘薯病毒比用DAS-ELISA灵敏准确。     

Uneven distribution of two potyviruses (feathery mottle virus and sweet potato latent virus) in sweet potato plants and its implication on virus indexing of meristem derived plants

Abstract

The distribution of two sweet potato potyviruses, FMV and SPLV, was assessed in three plants infected with both viruses and in one plant infected with FMV only. All leaves, the top and basal sections of the main stem, and branch sections were tested by ELISA. Both symptomless leaves and leaves showing symptoms including purple rings, chlorotic spots, mottle or discoloration were found to contain the viruses. However, neither could be detected in every leaf or stem piece. SPLV was found in a lower proportion of leaf and stem samples than FMV. This indicates that the two viruses are either very unevenly distributed within sweet potato plants or that the virus concentration in some parts is below the detectable level. Testing of each leaf is recommended for reliable virus indexing of small, meristem‐derived sweet potato plantlets, if the ELISA method is used. Additional indexing of all ELISA‐negative materials by grafting to susceptible indicator plants is nevertheless still necessary.