草地贪夜蛾对玉米品种的取食选择性与玉米叶片中化学物质的关系

通过室内观察草地贪夜蛾幼虫在不同玉米品种上的取食选择率和取食量,测定了供试玉米品种的9种化学物质含量,研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫对6个玉米品种的取食选择性及其与玉米叶片中营养物质、次生物质、水分、叶绿素含量的关系。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾幼虫对6个玉米品种的取食选择率和取食量具有显著差异,最喜欢取食特用玉米白甜糯,最不喜欢取食普通玉米郑单958,而且随着幼虫龄期增长,取食选择性逐渐减弱。2龄幼虫对郑单958的取食量最低,为3 mg,仅为白甜糯的18.8%。3龄幼虫对白甜糯的取食量也较高,为15.03 mg,比郑单958的取食量高92%。经相关性分析,草地贪夜蛾幼虫低龄阶段的取食量与玉米叶片中的化学物质含量关系密切。2龄幼虫取食量的差异与玉米叶片中蛋白质、氨基酸含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与游离脂肪酸和还原糖含量呈显著正相关(p0.05)。3龄幼虫的取食量与氨基酸含量呈显著负相关(p0.05),与单宁含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。4龄幼虫的取食量与主要化学物质的相关性不显著。     

萧氏松茎象补充营养特性研究

在25℃恒温、RH90%的条件下,用湿地松、火炬松、马尾松、黑松、雪松、杉木、金钱松、罗汉松等8种植物对萧氏松茎象成虫补充营养特性进行研究。结果表明：成虫取食湿地松的量最大,为83.9mm^2·头^-1·d^-1,其次是马尾松、黑松和火炬松;取食金钱松和罗汉松的量最小。雌雄成虫取食量之间差异不明显。萧氏松茎象成虫选择取食马尾松次数最多,为40次;取食量也最高,为53.75mm^2·头^-1·d^-1,与其他树种差异显著。萧氏松茎象成虫的日平均取食量随体重的增加而增加,但差异不显著。     

温度和食物种类对红褐斑腿蝗取食、生长及肠道消化酶活性的影响

在实验室不同温度(10、25、35℃)下,比较茶叶和小麦苗对红褐斑腿蝗Catantops pinguis取食利用能力的影响及其与蝗虫肠道消化酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,温度对蝗虫的日均取食量、相对生长率影响极显著,均表现为35℃>25℃>10℃,对日均绝对增重(干重)的影响趋势与此相同,但各处理温度间差异不显著,对消化酶活性影响显著,总体表现为高温时活性大于低温,但不同的水解酶表现各不相同。食物种类对近似消化力影响不大,但对小麦苗的取食量极显著高于对茶叶的取食量;三个处理温度下日均绝对增重均以小麦苗为食时高于以茶叶为食,但差异不显著,以小麦苗为食时相对生长率极显著高于以茶叶为食,显示食物对相对生长率影响显著;取食小麦苗时肠道消化酶活力极显著高于以茶叶为食,只有类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力差异不显著。     

草地螟成虫期补充营养与其生殖力的关系

［目的］明确草地螟成虫期营养质量与生殖力之间的关系,为探索草地螟综合治理的新途径提供理论依据。［方法］ 应用实验生物学技术室内研究了草地螟成虫羽化后逐日取食10％蜂蜜水（Ⅰ组）、5％蜂蜜水（Ⅱ组）、羽化后当日取食10％蜂蜜水,而后逐日取食清水（Ⅲ组）和羽化后逐日取食清水（Ⅳ组）4种营养液对成虫寿命和生殖力的影响。［结果］ 成虫期饲喂不同的营养物质对其产卵前期、产卵量与雌蛾平均寿命影响显著,但对雄蛾的平均寿命及卵的孵化率无显著影响。取食试验Ⅰ组的雌蛾其产卵前期（5.71 d）、产卵量（359.14 粒/头）及平均寿命（21.0 d）高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组及Ⅳ组的;取食试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的雌蛾,其产卵历期分别为10.57、8.0 d,两处理间差异不显著;取食试验Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组的雌蛾,其产卵历期分别为4.0、3.14 d,两处理间虽无显著差异,却显著短于取食Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的产卵历期。［结论］ 草地螟雌成虫期营养质量是影响草地螟种群变动的重要因素。     

3种绿肥对黏虫营养生理的影响

为探索绿肥推广种植对黏虫暴发可能带来的风险, 本研究测定了黏虫对绿肥的营养利用情况及绿肥中营养物质和次生物质对黏虫取食量的影响?分别测定了黏虫对紫云英Astragalus sinicus L.?毛叶苕子Vicia villosa Roth?箭筈豌豆V. sativa L.等3种绿肥的营养利用情况, 并用玉米Zea mays L.作为对照, 对这4种植物的相关营养物质和次生物质含量进行了分析?研究结果表明:4种植物对黏虫幼虫的取食?食物利用?食物转化?消化以及幼虫的生长速度等有不同的影响?取食绿肥的5龄幼虫相对生长率?相对取食率?食物利用率和食物转化率明显低于取食玉米的试虫, 近似消化率则高于取食玉米的试虫?取食植物中总蛋白含量与幼虫相对取食量呈显著负相关(r=-0.988, P=0.012), 次生物质类黄酮?单宁?总皂苷?总酚含量与幼虫的取食量无相关性(P>0.05)?紫云英?毛叶苕子和箭筈豌豆对黏虫幼虫的营养效应存在显著差异, 但它们均不利于黏虫幼虫的生长发育, 其成为黏虫潜在寄主的可能性较低, 这些绿肥的推广种植应不会导致黏虫的暴发?     

寄主和非寄主植物对桑皱鞘叶甲取食行为的影响

为深入了解桑皱鞘叶甲Abirus fortunei （Baly）取食行为机制,探索安全有效的行为调控技术,通过观察其在寄主和非寄主植物上取食行为的差异,应用“Y”型嗅觉仪测试其对寄主和非寄主植物叶片气味的嗅觉行为反应,分析了寄主植物主要养分与其取食量之间的相关性。结果表明,桑皱鞘叶甲雌雄成虫在24 h内的取食选择率分别为70%和35%,其中70%以上叶甲偏向寄主植物桑树取食,对桑树嫩叶和老叶的平均取食量分别为0.21 g和0.19 g,二者无显著差异。桑皱鞘叶甲对寄主和非寄主植物叶片气味的嗅觉行为反应与对照差异不显著;其取食量与寄主植物叶片含水量、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量之间无明显相关关系。表明桑皱鞘叶甲的取食行为不受植物气味和主要营养物质的影响。     

7种林木植物对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响

为明确华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Faldermann)的嗜食植物,优化其室内人工饲养技术及为诱虫植物提供候选材料,以花生叶片为对照,研究了7种林木植物叶片对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响。结果表明,华北大黑鳃金龟对8种植物日均取食量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、刺槐、核桃、榆树、花生、柳树、香椿、毛白杨,其中金叶女贞、香椿和毛白杨与花生间有极显著差异,金叶女贞与刺槐、核桃、榆树间无显著差异;单雌产卵量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、香椿、花生、榆树、毛白杨、刺槐,其中金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、刺槐与花生间有极显著差异,而金叶女贞与柳树间无显著差异。研究表明,饲养华北大黑鳃金龟成虫适宜饲料植物为金叶女贞,日均取食量最高为4.70 g,产卵期最长为56.00 d,单雌产卵量最多为58.88个,其次为核桃和柳树。     

棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的取食行为及相对取食量的研究

应用电动穿刺记录技术(EPG)对棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的取食行为进行了测定,结果记录到棉蚜的6种取食行为基本波型。棉花的多毛、红叶性状及抗、感水平对棉蚜的取食都有显著的影响。与CK非洲E40相比,多毛可以显著降低棉蚜的取食周期E2,并可显著延长第1非取食周期和增加蚜虫口针的刺探频率。棉蚜在多毛品种上的取食周期占总时间的6.0％,仅为CK品种的1/2。棉蚜在红叶棉上取食周期E2占总时间的百分率(10％)要显著低于黄叶棉品种(15％)(P<0.01)。而棉蚜在抗、感品种间的取食周期E2及取食前期波型C的周期差异也达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。用同位素液闪技术测定了棉蚜在抗、感品种上的相对取食量,结果显示棉蚜在抗蚜品种上相对取食量也明显低于感蚜品种,并且随着取食周期的增长,抗、感品种之间比值差异更大。     

5种竹子对黄脊竹蝗生长发育和取食选择的影响

为明确寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu生长发育及取食选择的影响,采用毛竹Phyllostachys edulis、苦竹Pleioblastus amarus、大叶箬竹Indocalamus tessellatus、铺地竹Pleioblastus argenteostriatus和靓竹Sasaella glabra f.albostriata单寄主饲养黄脊竹蝗初孵若虫至成虫,分别测定取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗1～5龄若虫和成虫的死亡率,若虫的发育历期,成虫的体重和寿命,并测定了黄脊竹蝗不同发育阶段对5种竹子的取食选择。结果表明,黄脊竹蝗1、2龄若虫取食大叶箬竹的死亡率最高;3～5龄若虫取食铺地竹的死亡率最高,尤其是4、5龄若虫死亡率显著高于取食其余4种寄主;成虫期取食5种竹子的死亡率则无显著差异;黄脊竹蝗若虫取食不同竹子的总发育历期存在显著差异,其中取食毛竹的发育历期最短。发育至成虫后,毛竹处理组的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫体重均为最高,靓竹处理组雌虫体重最低,铺地竹处理组雄虫体重最低,两处理组成虫体重均显著小于毛竹处理组;取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫寿命均无显著差异。取食选择...     

短翅蚜小蜂对桃蚜的取食和寄生功能反应

为评估短翅蚜小蜂对桃蚜的搜寻及控害潜能,采用叶碟法研究了短翅蚜小蜂对甘蓝和辣椒2种植物上桃蚜2龄若虫的取食与寄生行为。结果表明,短翅蚜小蜂对甘蓝桃蚜和辣椒桃蚜的取食和寄生功能反应均符合Holling II及Holling III型方程。短翅蚜小蜂的取食和寄生搜寻效应均随蚜虫密度的增加而降低,当桃蚜密度小于35头时,短翅蚜小蜂对甘蓝桃蚜的取食搜寻效应大于辣椒桃蚜,而当桃蚜密度大于35头时,短翅蚜小蜂对辣椒桃蚜的取食搜寻效应大于甘蓝桃蚜;短翅蚜小蜂在所有密度下对辣椒桃蚜的寄生搜寻效应均大于甘蓝桃蚜。短翅蚜小蜂取食甘蓝桃蚜的瞬间攻击率a'为0.3289,处理时间T_h为0.2597,均大于辣椒桃蚜,寄生甘蓝桃蚜的瞬时攻击率a'为0.8213,小于辣椒桃蚜,而处理时间T_h为0.0275,大于寄生辣椒桃蚜;短翅蚜小蜂对甘蓝桃蚜的理论最大取食量和寄生量均小于辣椒桃蚜。研究表明,短翅蚜小蜂对不同密度的桃蚜均有一定的控制能力,且对辣椒桃蚜的控制作用大于甘蓝桃蚜。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.