万兴防治香蕉叶斑病效果好

香蕉是广东省的重要经济作物,主要分布于珠江三角洲、粤西、粤东地区。香蕉叶斑病(褐缘灰斑病、灰纹病、煤纹病等真菌性病害的统称)常年发生为害,一般发病率为20%～40%,严重的达80%,对香蕉的产量和质量影响很大,一般减产20%以上。多年来在广东防治香蕉叶斑病的农药主要为丙环唑     

滇重楼稻曲拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性测定

为明确滇重楼Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch) Hand.-Mazz一种新的叶斑病病原菌, 以云南省丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县中药材种植基地内发现的一种新真菌性病害为供试研究材料, 经单孢分离培养?形态特征观察?致病性测定?多基因系统发育分析(ITS?tub2?tef1)和生物学特性测定, 对病原物进行分类鉴定?研究结果表明, 病原物CL107形态符合Pestalotiopsis sp.种属典型特征; 菌株CL107-ITS(accession no. MK156295)?CL107-BT(accession no. MN015425)?CL107-EF1(accession no. MN022941)与参比标准菌株P.oryzae CBS 353.69同源性分别为100.00%?100.00%?98.92%, 可将稻曲拟盘多毛孢P.oryzae确定为滇重楼叶斑病病原物?生物学特性研究表明, PDA培养基?pH 8.0?28℃?全黑暗条件有利于菌株CL107菌丝生长和分生孢子形成, 以葡萄糖为碳源有利于纯化菌株菌丝生长和产孢; 以酵母提取物为氮源有利于纯化菌株菌丝生长, 以牛肉膏为氮源有利于纯化菌株产孢?本研究首次报道稻曲拟盘多毛孢P. oryzae可侵染滇重楼植株, 引起真菌性叶斑病, 明确影响病害发生的环境因子, 为该叶斑病的诊断与防治提供科学依据和理论指导?     

香蕉叶斑病的防治技术

香蕉叶斑病是由真菌侵染所致的传染病,主要为害香蕉叶片,包括黄条叶斑病、黑条叶斑病、灰纹病和煤纹病,其中以黄条叶斑病发生较普遍且严重。20世纪80年代曾一度在浦北发生蔓延,发病十分严重,香蕉成熟时已基本没有青叶,甚至有些香蕉还没有成熟,叶已全部枯黄,产量低,种植香蕉的经济效益差。到20世纪80年代末,全县香蕉种植面积还不     

利用气象台站常规观测因子推算叶面结露时间长短的初步尝试

在植病流行学研究和测报中,尤其是在病害流行的模拟研究中,叶面结露时间是个相当重要的因子。它的长短直接决定叶面病原真菌孢子萌发和侵入的数量多少,从而决定真菌性叶斑病侵染概率值的高低;对细菌性叶斑病的发生也有较大影响;因此,准确掌握叶面结露时间长短对病害预测具有重大意义。     

广西烟草病毒病发生情况调查和病原病毒的鉴定

2010~2011年对广西百色市、河池市和贺州市的主要烤烟产区进行烟草病毒病发生情况和种类调查。结果显示,广西烟草病毒病以由烟草花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒引起的花叶类型症状为主,一般发病率1.0%~10.0%,个别严重发病田块发病率达到82.0%~100.0%;马铃薯Y病毒病、番茄斑萎病毒病和曲叶病则为局部发生病害,其中马铃薯Y病毒病在靖西县、南丹县、富川县和钟山县零星发生,发病率0.1%~5.0%,个别田块达到20.0%;番茄斑萎病毒病主要在靖西县、隆林县、田林县和南丹县发生;曲叶病仅在靖西县、隆林县、田林县和乐业县等百色市烟区发现。采用间接ELISA、PCR和RT-PCR等方法对田间采集的185个各类疑似病毒病样进行病毒种类检测,其中145个样品检测出病毒,分别是烟草花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒、马铃薯Y病毒、番茄环纹斑点病毒、中国番茄曲叶病毒和中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒,以及分别由上述2种病毒与云南辣椒曲叶病毒重组而来的2种重组病毒,其中以TMV的检出率最高,占检出样品的86.7%,是广西烟草病毒病的优势病原病毒。     

Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae 引起云南省香蕉细菌性叶斑病

 为明确一种新的香蕉（Musa sapientum）细菌性叶斑病病原菌,以云南省新平县香蕉园区发现的一种新病害为供试材料,通过分离培养、形态观察、致病性测定、生理生化试验和gyrB,16S rDNA 和 rpoB基因片段分析,对病原菌进行了鉴定。该病由克雷伯氏肺炎球菌肺炎亚种（Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae）引起,病菌可侵染香蕉叶片、假茎和果实。茎干被病原菌侵入3 d后即可出现黑色小斑点,在接种部位附近呈上下方向蔓延趋势,7 d后茎干上出现大面积棕色坏死,内部组织褐变。本文在世界上首次报道克雷伯氏肺炎球菌肺炎亚种可侵染香蕉植株,引起香蕉细菌性叶斑病。     

甜瓜真菌性叶斑病研究进展

甜瓜真菌性叶斑病作为多种病原真菌引起的甜瓜叶部斑点病害的统称,主要包括链格孢菌引起的甜瓜叶枯病、甜瓜黑斑病和甜瓜大斑病,瓜类尾孢引起的甜瓜斑点病,瓜灰星霉菌引起的甜瓜叶点病以及棒孢霉引起的甜瓜棒孢叶斑病.针对这几种真菌性叶斑病的病害症状、发生为害、病原菌种类、病害循环及其综合防治进行了综述.     

甘肃省红豆草病原真菌鉴定及病害发生动态调查

为明确甘肃省红豆草的病害种类、发生动态和危害状况,采用病原物分离与培养、形态学及分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定确定红豆草病害种类,于2012—2013年在通渭、渭源、榆中和碌曲4县调查各病害的发病率以确定发生动态,观察病害田间发生特点并结合调查数据评价其重要性。结果表明,4县共发生真菌性病害12种,分别为大茎点霉叶斑病(病原为大茎点霉属真菌Macrophoma sp.)、壳针孢叶斑病(病原为歪头菜壳针孢Septoria orobina)、炭疽病(病原为白蜡树刺盘孢Colletotrichum spaethianum)、黑秆病(病原为红豆草壳二孢Ascochyta onobrychis、菠菜刺盘孢C.spinaciae和链格孢Alternaria alternata混合侵染)、壳二孢叶斑病、茎点霉叶斑病、尾孢叶斑病、柱格孢白斑病、匍柄霉叶斑病、链格孢黑斑病、锈病和白粉病,其中大茎点霉属真菌、白蜡树刺盘孢和菠菜刺盘孢在红豆草上首次发现;尾孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病为甘肃新记录病害;大茎点霉叶斑病为世界新病害,仅于碌曲县发现。白粉病、锈病、链格孢黑斑病发生于红豆草生长后期,其它病害则始于6月;6—9月危害加重的为黑秆病和柱格孢白斑病,发病率最高达89.7%和96.0%;危害渐轻的为茎点霉叶斑病、壳二孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病,发病率最高达88.7%、57.4%和45.1%。黑秆病和茎点霉叶斑病在甘肃省目前危害最重。     

Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp.pneumoniae引起云南省香蕉细菌性叶斑病（英文）

为明确一种新的香蕉(Musa sapientum)细菌性叶斑病病原菌,以云南省新平县香蕉园区发现的一种新病害为供试材料,通过分离培养、形态观察、致病性测定、生理生化试验和gyrB,16S rDNA和rpoB基因片段分析,对病原菌进行了鉴定。该病由克雷伯氏肺炎球菌肺炎亚种(Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp.pneumoniae)引起,病菌可侵染香蕉叶片、假茎和果实。茎干被病原菌侵入3 d后即可出现黑色小斑点,在接种部位附近呈上下方向蔓延趋势,7 d后茎干上出现大面积棕色坏死,内部组织褐变。本文在世界上首次报道克雷伯氏肺炎球菌肺炎亚种可侵染香蕉植株,引起香蕉细菌性叶斑病。     

青蒿中番茄斑萎病毒和烟草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及相关序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)是2种重要的植物病原病毒, 对多种经济作物的产量和品质均造成严重影响。2021年-2022年, 在云南省丽江市烟草种植区不同烟区采集叶片黄化、皱缩以及无症状的青蒿Artemisia caruifolia样品共计14份, 利用免疫金标速测卡和RT-PCR对其病原病毒进行检测。利用免疫金标速测卡检测结果显示, 在所检样品中有9份样品检测出TSWV, 检出率为64.28%, 有3份样品检测出TMV, 检出率为21.43%, 2种病毒复合侵染的检出率同样为21.43%;利用RT-PCR对复合侵染的3份样品进行分子检测, 结果显示, 在3份复合侵染青蒿样品中获得3条TSWV N基因序列、3条TMV cp基因序列和2条TMV RdRp部分序列。TSWV青蒿分离物与分离自云南的TSWV-2分离物相似性最高, 为99.6%;TMV青蒿分离物与分离自辽宁的TMV-Shenyang分离物和分离自云南的TMV-Yongren-1相似性最高, 均大于99.4%。这是首次发现TSWV和TMV 2种不同属病毒复合侵染青蒿。     

Septoria Leaf Spot of Banana: A Newly Discovered Disease Caused by Mycosphaerella eumusae (Anamorph Septoria eumusae)

ABSTRACT A previously undescribed leaf spot disease of banana has been discovered in southern and Southeast Asia. The fungus identified as the causal agent of this leaf spot has a Mycosphaerella teleomorph stage and a Septoria anamorph stage. Isolation and reinoculation of the fungus to banana reproduced symptoms and confirmed its pathogenicity. Phylogenic analysis based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S ribosomal DNA regions from the different leaf spot pathogens of bananas was consistent with the definition of a new species. M. eumusae (anamorph S. eumusae) is the name proposed for the causal agent and Septoria leaf spot as the name for the disease. The presence of the pathogen has been confirmed in leaf specimens from southern India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Mauritius, and Nigeria.     

引起甜樱桃叶斑病的葡萄座腔菌的鉴定

Cherry leaf spot disease is one of the most common diseases of sweet cherry. In 2018 and 2019, a leaf spot symptom was observed on sweet cherry in Beijing city, Shandong province and Liaoning province, and the pathogen fungi were isolated from diseased samples. Seven fungal isolates (JZB310197-JZB310203) were identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea according to morphological characteristics and multi-gene (ITS, EF 1-α and TUB2) phylogenetic analysis. To fulfill the Koch′s postulation, pathogenicity assay was carried out on detached leaves and tissue cultured seedlings. The inoculation results showed that all isolates were pathogenic to cherry leaves, proving that B. dothidea was a pathogen of cherry leaf spot disease. This is the first report of B. dothidea causing leaf spot of sweet cherry in China.     

进境东盟水果病害疫情分析及检疫监管对策

随着中国-东盟自由贸易区的不断发展,越来越多的东盟水果进入我国,丰富了国内热带水果消费市场,也带来了水果病害的入侵风险。本文分析了2011~2015年我国从东盟输华水果中截获的真菌与细菌有害生物疫情,结果表明:截获的病菌中真菌有害生物占绝对的主导地位,其中检疫性真菌偶有截获。就全国口岸而言,截获病菌77 822种次,其中病原真菌占99.04%,病原细菌占0.96%;真菌截获种次排前三位的水果依次来自泰国、越南、菲律宾。就广东口岸(不含深圳、珠海)而言,尚未截获病原细菌,截获病原真菌共计15 136种次(其中检疫性真菌截获1种次);泰国、印度尼西亚和越南的水果占据截获病原真菌次数的前三位;泰国香蕉、龙眼、莲雾和番荔枝和越南火龙果携带病原真菌的风险较高;截获次数较多的病原真菌依次是胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)、匍枝根霉菌(Rhizopus stolonifer)、黏头孢属(Gliocephalis sp.)、小煤怠菌属(Meliola sp.)、可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae)等。根据上述结果,提出相应的检疫监管对策与建议,以期为口岸检疫提供参考,降低外来有害生物的入侵风险。     

Pseudostem rot caused byCorticium rolfsii,a new disease ofMusa sp. in Tamil Nadu,India

In 1987 a new disease, called pseudostem rot, was observed on 3–5-month-old banana plants(Musa sp.) cv. ’Robusta’. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified asCorticium rolfsii (Sacc.) Curzi, teleomorph ofSclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The teleomorphic stage of the fungus was observed inside the pseudostem sheath. The pathogen produced leaf spot diseases (by basidiospores) on 16 tested host plants from various families.     

香蕉黑腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae)的PCR检测

 根据香蕉黑腐病菌可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae)与其它香蕉病原真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS)ITS1和ITS2间序列差异,设计了特异引物Bth-S(5'-TCTCCCACCCTTTGTGAAC-3')和Bth-A(5'-AAAAGT-TCAGAAGGTTCGTC-3'),利用此引物对包括可可球二孢菌在内的21个菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果只有4个可可球二孢菌菌株扩增到422bp特异带,其它17个菌株无扩增产物。灵敏度测试结果表明此特异引物能对1pg的可可球二孢菌基因组DNA进行扩增。对自然感染黑腐病的香蕉果实组织和接种可可球二孢菌或多种香蕉病原真菌混合接种的果实组织进行检测,Bth-S和Bth-A引物对不仅能够在自然感染黑腐病果实组织中特异检测到可可球二孢菌,而且能在未显症和发病的接菌香蕉果实组织中特异检测得到可可球二孢菌。这为香蕉可可球二孢菌潜伏侵染检测提供了技术支持。     

贵州六盘水市猕猴桃病害调查及病原鉴定

针对2014年以来六盘水市猕猴桃病害日益严重的问题,分别于2015年10月、2016年4月及8月对六盘水市共12个乡镇26个代表性猕猴桃栽培园区病害进行了调查。采集了大量典型病害样本,综合生物学特性、分子鉴定及致病力测试对分离得到的病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,六盘水市猕猴桃夏季和秋冬季病害主要为细菌性溃疡病和真菌性软腐病、灰斑病、褐斑病,其次是炭疽病和黑斑病,春季部分园区有细菌性溃疡病,真菌病害相对较轻。本文研究结果为六盘水市猕猴桃病害的预测预报及综合防治提供了理论依据。     

Variation in Occurrence of Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes on Forage Bermudagrass over Years, Sampling Times, and Locations

ABSTRACT Leaf samples of forage bermudagrass with symptoms of infection by species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, and Exserohilum (dematiaceous hyphomycetes) were collected from three swine waste application sites in Mississippi at eight sampling times during each of 3 years. Samples were assayed for pathogens by observing sporulation on plated leaf tissue. Among 3,600 leaves assayed, eight species of the three genera were observed. Features and criteria for the practical identification of species on plated leaf samples are described. Sporulation by dematiaceous hyphomycetes was observed on 97% of leaves; a single pathogen was observed on 20% and two to five pathogens were observed on 77% of leaves. Distributions of leaves among classes with one to five pathogens per leaf, for sites within years, always differed significantly (P = 0.01) from a Poisson distribution and usually included fewer leaves than expected with four or five pathogens. Significant (P = 0.05) variation in frequencies of occurrence of pathogens among 72 samples of 50 leaves each was attributed to pathogen species, sampling times, and species-time interactions. Exserohilum rostratum, Curvularia lunata, and Bipolaris cynodontis were the most frequent pathogens across years and sites; B. spicifera and C. geniculata were intermediate; and B. hawaiiensis, B. sorokiniana, and B. stenospila were least frequent. For the five most common pathogens, significant differences in frequency among locations were commonplace. Six pathogens exhibited significant (P = 0.05) positive and negative correlations with others in overall frequencies of occurrence across years, sampling times, and sites. However, chi(2) tests of dual occurrence indicated that interactions between specific pairs of pathogens in or on leaves are not likely to be major causes for overall frequency correlations. Results indicate that dematiaceous hyphomycetes typically infect forage bermudagrass on swine waste application sites in complexes rather than as individual species; that E. rostratum, C. lunata, and B. cynodontis are the predominant pathogens; and that frequencies of pathogens often differ significantly between locations.     

一种新的香蕉黑斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

 在广西香蕉种植区发现一种引起香蕉黑斑病的新病原。通过对病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、形态学观察、分子生物学鉴定及对该病原菌生物学特性进行初步研究,表明引起该病害的病原菌为芒果球座菌(Guignardia mangiferae A.J. Roy)。该病原菌菌落为深橄榄色,产生棒状子囊、梭形子囊孢子及倒梨形分生孢子;其最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH 值为6;病原菌生长较好的碳源为果糖和阿拉伯糖,氮源为蛋白胨和酵母膏;在全光条件下,病原菌菌丝扩展速度最快;菌丝的致死温度为54℃。由G. mangiferae引起的香蕉黑斑病,在国内外为首次报道。     

Cultivar mixtures for the simultaneous management of multiple diseases: tan spot and leaf rust of wheat

ABSTRACT Because of differences in life histories between Puccinia triticina, a highly specialized, polycyclic, windborne pathogen with a shallow dispersal gradient, and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, a residue-borne pathogen with a steep dispersal gradient, wheat mixtures are expected to be more effective at controlling leaf rust than tan spot. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of two-cultivar mixtures with varying proportions and different pathogen resistance profiles on the severity of tan spot and leaf rust, to evaluate yield of the mixtures in the presence or absence of disease, and to directly compare the relative effectiveness of cultivar mixing for tan spot versus leaf rust. In a field experiment at two sites in Kansas over two growing seasons, winter wheat cvs. Jagger and 2145, which have differential resistance reactions to leaf rust and tan spot, each were planted in proportions of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00. Plots were inoculated with each pathogen alone, both pathogens, treated with a fungicide, or exposed to ambient conditions. For both diseases for all siteyears, severity decreased substantially on the susceptible cultivar as the proportion of that cultivar decreased in mixture. Mixtures were significantly more effective at reducing leaf rust than tan spot in three of four site-years. Mixtures generally yielded the same as the weighted mean of components in monoculture although, in two of three site-years, at least one fungicide-treated and one diseased mixture each yielded higher than expected values. Although this particular mixture produced only modest yield benefits, the potential for simultaneous reductions in tan spot and leaf rust was demonstrated.