番茄几种有机挥发组分对尖镰孢的抑制作用

 用悬滴法测定了番茄10种主要有机挥发组分对尖镰孢孢子萌发和芽管生长的影响。结果表明:10种化合物中除(+)-2-蒈烯外,其它对尖镰孢孢子萌发都有抑制作用。但各化合物的作用效果有较大的差异,3类化合物中抑制作用最强的化合物分别是(E)-2-己烯醛(EC₅₀,1.2 μmol/L)、丁子香酚(EC₅₀,1.9μmol/L)和1R-α-蒎烯(EC₅₀,13.0μmol/L);这些化合物对芽管生长的抑制作用强于对孢子萌发的抑制作用,且各组分间除(+)-2-蒈烯外,其它没有很大差异。表明番茄是通过多组分共同作用来抑制病原菌的。     

1S,2R-((3-溴苯乙基) 氨基)-N-(4-氯-2-三氟甲基苯基) 环己烷基-1-磺酰胺对灰葡萄孢的抑菌活性及作用方式

研究了磺酰胺类化合物1S,2R-((3-溴苯乙基) 氨基)-N-(4-氯-2-三氟甲基苯基) 环己烷基-1-磺酰胺 (代号SYAUP-CN-26) 的抑菌活性及防治病害的作用方式。结果表明,SYAUP-CN-26可抑制多种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发,尤以对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的抑制活性较强,EC₅₀值分别为1.82 μg/mL和14.98 μg/mL。20 μg/mL的SYAUP-CN-26处理能显著降低灰葡萄孢的产孢量、产菌核量,增加单菌核重。经该化合物处理过的灰葡萄孢孢子及菌丝致病力均降低。200 μg/mL的SYAUP-CN-26对番茄灰霉病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为83.11%和47.52%,保护作用优于治疗作用。     

基于转录组分析的哈茨木霉thga3基因功能研究

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum Th-33的Ⅲ型Gα亚基Thga3可能参与调控木霉菌的生长、产孢、几丁质酶活性、疏水性等生物学过程。为进一步明确其功能,本研究采用Hiseq2500（Illumina）测序平台,对野生菌Th-33和thga3基因敲除突变株△thga3进行转录组测序,分析其G蛋白信号系统、细胞壁降解酶类和产孢相关基因的差异表达。与野生菌相比,△thga3有3个G蛋白偶联受体基因发生下调表达,3个几丁质酶基因以及产孢调控基因brlA下调表达,1个G蛋白信号调控蛋白RGS1上调表达。推测thga3可能通过调控brlA的表达正调控产孢;通过调控疏水蛋白基因Tha_09745的表达调控菌丝疏水性。此外,通过调控几丁质酶基因的表达、G蛋白信号网络中其他蛋白的表达,影响菌株的拮抗和重寄生能力以及其他生物学特性。本研究为进一步探索G蛋白信号途径调控木霉菌生防特性及其机制奠定了基础。     

武夷菌素对活体微生物农药的影响

本文以武夷菌素为主要对象,以牛津杯抑菌测试法和菌丝生长抑制法观察武夷菌素对几种常见的真菌类活体微生物农药之间的影响。武夷菌素对于真菌孢子的抑制试验结果显示,武夷菌素在高浓度处理下对球孢白僵菌的抑制作用显著大于金龟子绿僵菌,其中对球孢白僵菌的最小抑菌浓度为400 mg/L,对金龟子绿僵菌的最小抑菌浓度为200 mg/L。武夷菌素对绿色木霉、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉菌丝生长率的抑制试验结果显示：武夷菌素100 mg/L浓度对于三种真菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为64.6%、48.6%、39.2%,进行毒力回归方程计算,数据表明武夷菌素对绿色木霉的EC₅₀为57.13 mg/L,对哈茨木霉的EC₅₀为109.81 mg/L,对淡紫拟青霉的EC₅₀为170.03 mg/L。武夷菌素在防治病害过程中实际用药量约100 mg/L,会对金龟子绿僵菌、球孢白僵菌、绿色木霉、哈茨木霉和淡紫拟青霉产生不同程度的抑制,建议应错开使用。本研究所获得的结果对指导武夷菌素及活体微生物农药的生物防治应用具有重要的意义,为生物防治技术集成提供理论基础。     

引起西洋参锈腐病的Ilyonectria属4种病原菌的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性

 Ilyonectria属真菌是引起西洋参锈腐病的主要病原菌,每年给西洋参生产造成重要经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省及山东省栽培的西洋参的I. mors-panacis、I. robusta、I. vredehoekensis及I. communis 4种病原菌,通过平板培养,测定它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源和光照条件下菌丝生长和产孢量;采用生长速率法测定对6种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。生物学试验结果表明:Czapek培养基为Ilyonectria spp.菌丝生长的最适培养基,PDA、OA和CMA培养基有利于产孢;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源分别是可溶性淀粉和硝态氮,不同碳源对各菌株产孢的作用不同,最适产孢氮源为硫酸铵;I. vredehoekensis最适生长温度为25 ℃,I. robusta为20～25 ℃,其他2种菌则为20 ℃,产孢最适温度范围为15～20 ℃;黑暗条件适宜供试菌的生长,全光照有利于I. mors-panacis和I. robusta产孢,但不利于I. vredehoekensis和I. communis产孢。药剂试验结果表明:同一杀菌剂对4种病菌的作用存在差异,在供试的6种杀菌剂中,4种病菌对多菌灵最为敏感(EC₅₀<0.5 μg·mL^-1),其次是戊唑醇(EC₅₀<15 μg·mL^-1),恶霉灵的抑制效果最差(EC₅₀>960 μg·mL^-1)。上述研究结果为了解西洋参锈腐病菌Ilyonectria的环境适应性及防治策略提供了有益参考。     

无花果炭疽病菌的生物学特性及8种杀菌剂对其抑制作用

 通过十字交叉法和血球计数板计数法测定无花果炭疽病菌的生物学特性及其对8种杀菌剂的敏感性,结果表明,菌丝体生长、产孢的最适温度都为25～30℃,最适生长pH值为5~6。同时明确了不同碳、氮源对无花果炭疽病菌菌落生长及其产孢的影响。氟硅唑和戊唑醇抑制毒力最高,EC₅₀分别为0.025 7 μg·mL^-1和0.183 μg·mL^-1,分别为醚菌酯的1 395.55和195.99倍;其次为苯醚甲环唑和异菌脲,EC₅₀分别为0.187 9 μg·mL^-1和0.434 9 μg·mL^-1;醚菌酯毒力较小,不适合用于防治无花果炭疽病。     

醚菌酯对假禾谷镰孢的抑制作用及对小麦茎基腐病的防效研究

 为了明确醚菌酯对假禾谷镰孢的抑制作用,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发抑制法分别测定了醚菌酯对2019年从河南省13个地市分离的50株假禾谷镰孢的毒力。两种方法结果表明,醚菌酯对供试50株菌株的EC₅₀值范围分别在0.127 3~3.070 9 μg·mL^-1和0.001 3~0.070 9 μg·mL^-1,平均EC₅₀值为(1.304 1±0.804 2)μg·mL^-1和(0.017 4±0.017 0)μg·mL^-1。敏感性频率分布图显示,两种方法分别有80％(40株)和70％(35株)的菌株敏感性频率呈正态分布,其平均EC₅₀值分别为(1.135 2±0.531 2)μg·mL^-1和(0.011 4±0.006 3)μg·mL^-1,可作为假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯的敏感性基线。方差分析结果表明,同一县市的假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯的敏感性差异较大,EC₅₀值变化范围为0.545 2~2.156 4 μg·mL^-1和0.001 9~0.036 7 μg·mL^-1。聚类分析结果显示,河南省假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯敏感性差异与菌株的地理来源无明显关联性。温室防效结果显示,小麦种子与醚菌酯悬浮种衣剂进行拌种处理可以起到一定防治效果,0.42 μL AI/2g处理防效最高,防治效果可达50.33％。本研究结果可为河南省假禾谷镰孢对醚菌酯的敏感性监测提供信息,同时为醚菌酯对小麦茎基腐病的防治提供理论依据。     

斯高威尔刺盘孢菌次生代谢产物分离纯化及其对大斑凸脐蠕孢菌的抑制作用

采用硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析、薄层层析和高效液相色谱等技术对一株斯高威尔刺盘孢菌Colletotrichum scovillei次生代谢产物进行分离纯化，得到两个化合物1和2，结构经波谱综合解析并与文献数据比对，确认化合物1为未见文献报道的神经酰胺类化合物6-甲基-12-羟基-十四烷基-N-(2’,3’,4’-三羟基丁基)-2E,4Z-二烯酰胺，化合物2为已知化合物sambutoxin。抑菌活性测定结果表明，两个化合物均对大斑凸脐蠕孢菌Exserohilum turcicum具有较强的抑制作用，EC₅₀值分别为11.43μg/mL和18.42μg/mL。离体叶片法测定结果表明，化合物1在800μg/mL质量浓度下对玉米大斑病的相对防治效果可达84.8%，与对照药剂百菌清相当。     

烟叶米根霉检测、碳源代谢表型及其对7种杀菌剂的敏感性

采用组织分离法检测了烘烤烟叶霉烂病病原菌米根霉Rhizopus oryzae,采用Biolog FF代谢板分析了其碳源代谢表型特征,并测定了其对7种杀菌剂 (多菌灵、异菌脲、咪鲜胺、氟硅唑、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯) 的敏感性。结果表明:米根霉在田间烟叶、编烟杆和编烟绳上的检出率均为100%。米根霉能代谢和产孢的碳源分别有66和30种,主要包括核糖醇、D-阿拉伯醇和?-环式糊精等;不能代谢和产孢的碳源分别有29和65种,包括α-环式糊精、L-海藻糖和D-半乳糖醛酸等。7种杀菌剂对烟草米根霉的菌丝生长均表现出不同的抑制作用,抑菌活性最强的是氟硅唑和苯醚甲环唑,其EC₅₀值分别为8.31和9.71 mg/L;其次为丙环唑、异菌脲和咪鲜胺,其EC₅₀值分别为14.24、32.84及 > 10 mg/L;最弱的为嘧菌酯和多菌灵,其EC₅₀值均 > 100 mg/L。研究结果可为烘烤烟叶霉烂病化学防治提供参考和依据。     

应用玉米秸秆生产淡紫拟青霉36-1菌株孢子

为降低淡紫拟青霉36-1菌株生产成本,以玉米秸秆和玉米粉不同配比筛选,并通过添加氮源、碳源等单因子试验及玉米秸秆、玉米粉、米糠、硫酸铵等4个因子3水平正交试验。筛选出淡紫拟青霉36-1菌株固体发酵最佳产孢配方为:玉米秸秆∶米糠∶玉米粉=6∶4∶15(质量比),硫酸铵含量为1g/kg,含水量50%,其发酵产物产孢量为7.77×109个/g(干重)。发酵产物在室温下贮藏2~11个月,孢子萌发率仍达90%左右。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.