氟啶胺等杀菌剂对不同发育阶段小麦赤霉病菌的毒力及其作用方式

为筛选高效防治小麦赤霉病的药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了5种杀菌剂对不同发育阶段小麦赤霉病菌的毒力,并测定了田间接种条件下对小麦赤霉病的保护和治疗效果。结果表明,氟啶胺对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发、芽管伸长和产孢的毒力均较高,EC_(50)≤0.249μg/m L;咯菌腈可抑制该病菌菌丝生长、芽管伸长和产孢,EC_(50)≤0.881μg/m L,但对孢子萌发几乎无抑制作用;菌毒清对分生孢子萌发、芽管伸长和产孢的毒力稍低,EC_(50)在5.726~10.244μg/m L之间,但高于其对菌丝生长的毒力;甲基硫菌灵和嘧菌酯对各发育阶段病菌的毒力均较低。在田间,接种前3 d施药,咯菌腈和氟啶胺对小麦赤霉病的保护效果较好,200 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理的效果在80.01%以上,可作为保护剂在发病前使用;菌毒清在接种前3 d和接种后3 d使用时保护效果和治疗效果均较高,200 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理的防效均在69.99%以上,既可作为保护剂在发病前使用,也可作为治疗剂在发病后使用。     

猕猴桃软腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

为明确引起猕猴桃软腐病病原菌的种类并筛选有效防治药剂,2015年10月于安徽省金寨县猕猴桃基地采集具有典型软腐病症状的40个果实病样,对分离所得病原菌进行致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定,同时测定了10种常用药剂对病原菌的抑菌效果。结果显示,结合分离物的形态学特征及rDNA-ITS、β-tubulin和EF-1α基因序列分析结果,确定10株经致病性验证的菌株均为葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea。药剂筛选结果显示,多菌灵对该病原菌菌丝生长抑制效果最好,抑制率高达91.97%,其次是95%三唑醇1 600倍液,抑制率为81.72%,其余药剂对菌丝生长的抑制率均低于80.00%;多粘芽胞杆菌对该病原菌孢子萌发抑制效果最好,未见该病菌孢子萌发,70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂1 000倍液、12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂3 000倍夜、10%混合脂肪酸水剂100倍液、95%三唑醇原药1 600倍液和1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐水剂180倍液对病原菌孢子萌发的抑制率均大于81.00%。表明多菌灵和多粘芽胞杆菌是防治葡萄座腔菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最佳药剂。     

丁香精油及其与壳聚糖复合物对水果采后病原菌的抑制作用

研究了丁香精油以及丁香精油-壳聚糖复合物对几种水果采后腐烂的主要致病真菌灰霉菌、链格孢,青霉菌、浆孢菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制效应,确定其最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度。结果表明,丁香精油对供试病原菌均有较强的抑制效果,10μL/mL丁香油对4种菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率达到85%以上。丁香油-壳聚糖复合物溶液在10μL/mL时(含丁香油有效成分5μL/mL)对4种菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率在80%以上,而5μL/mL丁香油对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率大都在80%以下,复合物的抑菌效应比含有相同有效浓度的丁香精油抑菌效应有明显提高。     

甘薯长喙壳菌对咯菌腈的敏感基线及咯菌腈对甘薯黑斑病的防治效果

为探索甘薯长喙壳菌Ceratocystis fimbriata 对咯菌腈的敏感性,明确咯菌腈在苗期和储藏期对甘薯黑斑病的防治效果,分别从中国河南、四川、河北、山东采集并分离得到64株甘薯长喙壳菌;采用凹玻片法观察了咯菌腈对病原菌分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长的影响;采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率法测定了64个菌株对咯菌腈的敏感性,并对50% 咯菌腈可湿性粉剂 (WP) 防治苗期和储藏期甘薯黑斑病的效果进行了评价。结果表明:随咯菌腈处理浓度增加,甘薯长喙壳菌分生孢子的萌发率逐渐下降,芽管扭曲程度逐渐加大。咯菌腈还可造成菌株芽管过早出现分支。咯菌腈对供试菌株分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀值在0.20~0.99 μg/mL,平均值为0.52 μg/mL;对菌丝生长的EC₅₀值在0.17~0.31 μg/mL,平均值为0.24 μg/mL,不同敏感性菌株所占频率呈正态分布,可作为甘薯长喙壳菌对咯菌腈的敏感基线。50% 咯菌腈WP 在有效成分500 mg/L 下浸苗处理,对薯苗黑斑病的防治效果可达90.24%,显著高于500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂 (SC) 同浓度下的处理。采用浸薯块法防治储藏期黑斑病,50% 咯菌腈WP 500 mg/L连续两年的防治效果分别达到84.41%和82.30%,也显著高于同浓度的甲基硫菌灵。药剂处理后60和90 d,甘薯块中咯菌腈的残留量低于其最大残留限量 (MRL) 标准。本研究表明,咯菌腈具有防治甘薯生长期和储藏期黑斑病的潜力。     

不同杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力作用特性比较

为筛选防治黄瓜靶斑病的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和芽管伸长法测定了19种杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力,探究了4种毒力较高杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝形态的影响。结果表明:氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽管伸长各生长发育阶段均有较强的抑制活性,其中,4种药剂抑制菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.516 3、1.538、1.605和0.648 2 mg/L,抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.164 4、1.359、1.127和0.002 5 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.189 6、0.144 7、0.060 4和0.001 5 mg/L;啶酰菌胺、百菌清和肟菌酯3种不同作用机制杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的抑制活性较强,3种药剂抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为1.564、0.373 0和0.021 3 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.629 5、0.233 4和0.405 0 mg/L,但对菌丝生长的抑制作用较弱,平均EC₅₀大于16 mg/L;氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素可引起黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝不同程度的异常生长,主要表现为菌丝隔膜间距变小、菌丝节间肿大、主菌丝上二次分枝发生频繁、菌丝变形黏连、菌丝新分枝处生长受抑制或分生孢子生长变形。研究表明,氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌具有较高的毒力,在黄瓜靶斑病的田间防治中具有较好的开发应用潜力。     

防治红枣黑斑病的杀菌剂筛选和复配研究

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发抑制法, 测定了14种杀菌剂单剂及基于单剂筛选结果的二元复配剂对红枣黑斑病菌Alternaria tenuissima菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用, 以此评价防治红枣黑斑病的杀菌剂和复配药剂的效果。结果表明, 咯菌腈和嘧菌环胺对靶标病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最佳, 其EC50分别为0.091 3和0.099 8 μg/mL; 吡唑醚菌酯和啶酰菌胺对病菌孢子萌发抑制效果最佳, 其EC50分别为0.015 3和0.293 4 μg/mL。吡唑醚菌酯与戊唑醇按照8∶2和3∶7(w/w)的比例进行复配, 对病菌菌丝生长的抑制表现出相加作用, 其SR值分别为1.124 5和0.916 9; 两者以5∶5和3∶7(w/w)的比例进行复配, 对孢子萌发的抑制表现出相加作用, 其SR值分别为1.164 6和0.901 0。吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺和异菌脲等对病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有抑制效果; 吡唑醚菌酯与戊唑醇3∶7(w/w)复配对病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果均表现出相加作用。上述结果为红枣黑斑病防治药剂的开发和后续田间应用提供了理论支持。     

新杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的室内毒力及田间防效

室内采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和黄瓜子叶法测定了咯菌腈、抑霉唑、福美双、吡唑醚菌酯和嘧霉胺对番茄灰霉病菌( Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。结果表明,菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法的测定均以咯菌腈毒力最高,EC 50分别为0.005 2 μg/mL和0.087 6 μg/mL;黄瓜子叶法测定以抑霉唑毒力最高,其EC 50为0.675 3 μg/mL。田间药效试验结果表明：50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂90 g/ hm2对番茄灰霉病的田间防效达到90%以上,显著高于对照药剂50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂300 g/hm2和40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂 480 g/hm2的防效。     

刺葡萄棒状拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病原菌的分离鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

葡萄叶斑病是一种严重影响葡萄产量的病害。为了明确引起刺葡萄叶斑病的病原菌种类及筛选有效防治药剂,本研究从福建农林大学实践教学基地采集刺葡萄‘高山二号’10片典型叶斑病病叶片,对分离得到的菌株进行形态学和分子鉴定。结果表明,通过形态学特征结合rDNA-ITS(ITS)、β-tubulin和EF-1α序列分析确定分离到的菌株均为棒状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。防治药剂筛选的结果显示,不同的防治药剂对炭疽病菌的抑制效果不同,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和25%嘧菌酯悬乳剂对该病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,其EC_(50)分别为0.119 mg/L和0.178 mg/L;其次为80%波尔多液可湿性粉剂,其EC_(50)为1.766 mg/L;抑制效果最差的药剂为50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,仅表现出轻微的抑制作用。防治棒状拟盘多毛孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最佳药剂是60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和25%嘧菌酯悬乳剂,可作为备选药剂进行田间刺葡萄叶斑病防控试验。     

枇杷心腐病病原菌鉴定及其防治药剂室内毒力测定

为明确福建省枇杷心腐病的病原菌种类并筛选有效防治药剂,采用形态学特征与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对采自漳州漳浦和云霄的枇杷心腐病样品进行病原菌鉴定,同时以菌丝生长速率法测定了17种杀菌剂的室内毒力。结果表明,枇杷心腐病病原菌的ITS序列与Gen Bank中登录的尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum的相似性为99%,结合病原菌的菌落、分生孢子形态等特征,将其鉴定为尖孢炭疽菌C.acutatum,Gen Bank登录号为KU862634,并命名为EJCA-4。室内毒力测定结果显示,17种杀菌剂中对EJCA-4菌株菌丝生长抑制作用最强的为咪鲜胺和氟硅唑,EC_(50)分别为0.1μg/mL和0.2μg/mL;其次为溴菌腈和腈菌唑,EC_(50)均为0.7μg/mL;异菌脲、三唑酮、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和丙森·醚菌酯对EJCA-4菌株也有较好的抑制作用,EC_(50)均小于10.0μg/mL;苦参·蛇床素和波尔多液对EJCA-4菌株的抑制作用最差,EC_(50)分别为536.0μg/mL和2 526.9μg/mL。     

嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力及其药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力,并进行其对梨黑斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明：嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50为0.126 8 μg/mL ;40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂250～500 mg/L对梨黑斑病的防效为66%～82%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对梨树安全。     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Monitoring of the winter populations of cereal aphids near Wageningen,the Netherlands,in 1982/1983

Cereal aphids on a wheat crop were sampled through the winter of 1982/1983 using both fixed and random quadrats.Sitobion avenae overwintered successfully anholocyclically although there was a substantial decline in the population of this species. No evidence for successful anholocyclic overwintering in other aphid species was found, althoughRhopalosiphum padi was seen to colonise the crop in early winter and was found until the end of December.Eggs ofR. padi onPrunus padus were observed through the winter. A steady decline in their numbers occurred. The overall survival rate of the 5385 eggs was c.30%.Eggs ofMetopolophium dirhodum onRosa spp. were also monitored. They also showed a steady decline in numbers through the winter. The overall survival rate of the 1360 eggs was c.34%.Egg hatch in bothR. padi andM. dirhodum was closely synchronised with bud burst of their host plant. For the latter species this resulted in egg hatch starting in January.Samenvatting In de winter van 1982/1983 werden de graanluizen in een tarwegewas regelmatig geteld in willekeurig en in van tevoren gekozen monstereenheden. Hoewel er een aanmerkelijke afname van de populatie vanSitobion avenae werd waargenomen, overwinterde deze soort toch anholocyclish. Er werden geen aanwijzingen gevonden dat de andere bladluissoorten anholocyclish overwinterden hoewel kolonies vanRhopalosiphum padi tot eind december werden waargenomen.De gehele winter werden eieren vanR. padi opPrunus padi aangetroffen, de aantallen ervan namen geleidelijk af; van de 5385 getelde eieren overleefde ongeveer 30%. Ook de aantallen eieren vanMetopolophium dirhodum opRosa spp. werden reglematig vastgesteld; ook hier werd een geleidelijke afname geconstateerd. Van de oorspronkelijk getelde 1360 eieren overleefde ongeveer 34%.Het uitkomen van de eieren vanR. padi enM. dirhodum viel nauw samen met het uitlopen van de knoppen van hun waardplant. VoorM. dirhodum betekende dit dat de eerste eieren al begin januari uitkwamen.     

沉默转录因子OsERF7提高水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性

为了解植物中特有的转录因子乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor,ERF)在植物诱导抗虫反应中的作用,通过克隆1个水稻ERF转录因子基因OsERF7,并结合分子生物学、反向遗传学及生物测定,探究其在水稻防御褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为害过程中的作用。结果显示,机械损伤处理与褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害均能在中后期诱导OsERF7的表达。沉默OsERF7能显著降低水稻上褐飞虱及白背飞虱卵的孵化率,并延长褐飞虱卵的发育历期;与野生型水稻相比,褐飞虱和白背飞虱在沉默突变体品系R1和R30上的卵孵化率分别只有野生型水稻上的62.5%～68.3%和68.0%～76.0%,褐飞虱卵的发育历期则延长0.37～0.45 d。沉默OsERF7不影响褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的水稻防御相关信号分子—茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯(ET)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量。表明转录因子OsERF7作用于防御相关信号途径的下游,并且负调控水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性。     

Occurrence of pepper yellow vein in the Netherlands

Samenvatting Het verschijnsel van geelnervigheid bij paprika (Capsicum annuum) kon door verenting en met de schimmelOlpidium brassicae worden overgebracht. Hierdoor bleek de ziekte identiek te zijn met een eerder in Engeland gemelde ziekte. Door inoculatie met zoösporen of rustsporen vanO. brassicae werden ook symptomen verkregen inC. baccatum, C. chacoense enC. frutescens. S. villosum bleek een waardplant te zijn voor het geelnervigheidsagens, waarbij zwakke nerfchlorosen werden waargenomen.Seconded to the Glasshouse Crops Research Station, P.O. Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, the Netherlands.     

Genetic Analysis of the Role of Trichothecene and Fumonisin Mycotoxins in the Virulence of Fusarium

The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisin-non-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Systemic toxicity of spinosad to the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum and to the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis

When spinosad was administered at the stem base of tomato plants grown in rockwool, the main substrate used in greenhouses in northern Europe, it was taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves. Laboratory toxicity experiments showed that systemically applied spinosad, at doses as low as 2 mg active ingredient per plant, gave excellent control of nymphs of the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum, but was less toxic to adults. The toxicity of spinosad on Homoptera has not been documented yet and a dose-response relationship was established. The persistence of toxicity was at least 22 days for whitefly nymphs. A dose-response relationship of systemically applied spinosad was also determined on third-instar larvae of the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis; a dose of 5 mg per plant consistently killed all larvae. The persistence of systemically applied spinosad reached up to 45 days after treatment. Systemically applied spinosad was harmless to the parasitic waspEncarsia formosa. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 29, 2005.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.     

Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf wormMythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages ofM. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoidsCotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday),Chelonus oculator Panzer,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg),Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoidsPseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman,Exorista rossica Mesnil,Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) andLinnaemya vulpina (Fallen) — the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofM. loreyi in Turkey.C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 91.0% of the fields in whichM. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency ofC. ruficrus onM. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels ofC. ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population ofM. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.